soon after to look at the cathedral, which is not above three or four hundred yards from the inn. It stands in a very deep valley, so deep that the tower, though quite of the usual height, rises but very little above the general level of the country around. This valley, which is, in fact, the close, is entered by an ancient, ruinous gateway, in which we could discern the remains of some beautiful arches. It is after passing through this that one first sees the body of the cathedral, as well as the ruins that stand near it. For adjoining the western end of the cathedral, and reaching to a very considerable extent along the bottom of the valley, are the remains of the ancient palace, built, as it is said, in the reign of Edward III. by Bishop Gower, who also erected another magnificent residence for his successors in the see at Lamphey, near Pembroke. This ruin, with its long range of small pointed arches, would have fixed my attention, and excited my curiosity, had there not been another object of so much deeper interest in the cathedral itself. Near these ruins, but rather more to the south, there are several sycamores; the effect they have on the scene can only be conceived by those who have travelled for some distance in a bleak and barren country, and have suddenly come upon some spot of a very different character. There are also one or two small, verdant looking meadows, very unlike the general aspect of this neighbourhood.

I was surprised at the size of the cathedral, which I should judge to be considerably larger than Hereford. It is of the usual formthe cross. I observed the roof was gone from nearly all the eastern extremity, beyond the transepts and the choir. The western end, which has been repaired of late years, is in a much more perfect state; and there we admired some beautiful specimens of the simple lancet arch, which is the characteristic feature of the churches in Pembrokeshire; though this western front is not perhaps (as a whole) restored in very good taste. As we went round to the north side, we saw another ruin, like that of a smaller church, which put me a little in mind of the appearance of St Margaret's, close to Westminster Abbey. This I afterwards learnt was the chapel of a college called St. Mary's, founded by Bishop Houghton, A.D. 1388, and once comprising a master and seven fellows. When it was determined, some years since, to found a college for the education of the Welsh clergy, some persons (as I have heard) suggested St. David's as the natural and most proper situation. The suggestion was, however, overruled, and the college built at Lampeter, many miles from thence. From this ruined chapel I had a very good view of the northern transept, the window of which is now filled up with lath and plaster, some of the laths lying open to view; and the only light is a small rectangular window, of the very homeliest modern construction. It was too late to see the inside of the cathedral that evening.

On the following day (Sunday) there was service and sermon,

The length of the whole building within the walls is 307 feet; of the nave, 129; choir and chancel, 98; breadth of nave, 69 feet 6 inches; dimensions of cach transept, 47 by 33.

VOL XIV.-Sept. 1838.

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morning and evening, in the nave, for the parishioners,-for the nave is their parish church,-and there were two English services in the choir. I found that all four were to be performed by one and the same clergyman. The precentor or canon, when there is one in residence, usually preaches the English sermon in the choir, but was prevented by indisposition the Sunday I was there. But I was told that it is not very unusual for the perpetual curate, who is also a vicar choral, to perform the whole of this laborious duty. I went to the cathedral service. The psalms and hymns were sung as usual by the choir, but the prayers were not chaunted, nor the amen. An anthem was introduced between the communion service and sermon. I observed that the officiating minister read the litany from a litany desk in the middle of the choir, kneeling to the east; and that after the sermon he returned to the altar to read the prayer for the church militant, according to the rubric. There was no anthem in the evening service, but the psalms and hymns were sung as in the morning. I found the next morning that on week days there is no singing at all, though a few of the choristers attend to read the responses. The service this day was read by another vicar choral, who I was told is incumbent or curate of some adjoining parish.

After service on that day, I went over the interior. The roof of the nave is supported by six magnificent Norman arches on each side. All these are perfectly round, except the two against the western end, which are a little pointed. All are richly worked, every one differing from the other in the pattern. Above these is another row of smaller arches of the same beautiful character, two upon each one of those below, so as on each side to make up again the sacred number of twelve. Within these, and reaching half-way up their height, are twice as many pointed arches, of a simple Gothic character, so that of these there are four-and-twenty on each side. The stone of which the cathedral is built is of a reddish grey; but these columns and arches in the nave are very thickly coated with whitewash. I inquired of my guide why this had been done; and his answer was, that it was on account of some order that came out a few years since, that all places should be whitewashed on account of " a catching complaint" then prevailing. The ceiling is of Irish oak, and most richly carved; it seemed to me the most beautiful I have ever seen: I wish that I knew in what way to describe it. The choir, which is approached as usual by several steps, is small, compared with our English cathedrals, but very lofty. The roof richly painted; the arches here, of which there again are two rows, are all pointed, but the work on them is not unlike that on the arches in the nave. The stalls of the precentor, canon, and archdeacons, are arranged much as usual; but our guide seemed pleased to shew me that even the bottoms of the seats were elaborately ornamented with figures of animals and other devices. The bishop's throne is unusually magnificent; it contains three seats, the middle one higher than those at the side; the purpose of this I could not learn. The altar is considerably elevated, there are several steps leading up to it, and that part of the choir is paved with Roman tile.

In front of the altar, but at some distance from it, is the tomb of the Earl of Richmond, the father of Henry VII.; and on the left hand side (as you go up) is the shrine of St. David, who, in the fifth century, removed the metropolitan seat from Caerleon, in Monmouthshire, to this place, for the sake of greater retirement. The shrine is plain, but in good preservation. There are besides two tombs of the Tudors in the choir.

In one of the transepts are several curious pieces of stone work, a very old font of dark stone in a dilapidated condition, and under some modern stairs leading up to a sort of gallery or organ-loft were two or three very curious and beautiful pieces of stone work, found, as we were told, in different parts of the cathedral; one of these represented the crucifixion. There is another font in the nave, with several stone steps up to it. Here I conclude the children are now christened, for I saw a leaden basin in it; but the glaziers, who were then mending the windows, had put some glass and a hat into it. Against the northern transept, and adjoining the north side of the chancel, is the chapter room, which has a handsome ceiling of groined stone work. Our guide told me there were no books of any value there, except some journals of parliament, the ponderous folios of which filled the lower shelves. However, I saw among the smaller books the two epistles of St. Clement, Lactantius, and a translation of the epistles of St. Cyprian, by a person named Marshall, in the early part of the last century, which I never saw before. I have already said that most of the eastern extremity had lost its roof; however, there is one chapel or oratory immediately at the eastern end of the choir, the ceiling of which is preserved, and is a beautiful and perfect specimen of florid Gothic. It was built by Bishop Vaughan, in the reign of Henry the Eighth; and here he was buried. The side aisles adjoining are quite unroofed, but the walls are not in very bad preservation, and here are one or two remarkable monuments. The Lady Chapel is in just the same state; this is situated, as usual, at the very extremity to the east, and is (as I should judge) nearly as large as that at Gloucester. When I had thus gone over all the interior, I walked once more round the outside; and when I had looked for some time at its roofless, mouldering walls, so singularly beautiful in their "deep decay," though disfigured in some places by such attempts as have been made to preserve them, I went away thinking sadly to myself what will be the state of our cathedrals a century hence, should any portion of that property which has been consecrated to their preservation be now taken away. I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,

G. P.

ADVICE OF THE BISHOPS TO POPE JULIUS III.

MY DEAR SIR,-Will you allow me to say a word or two on the "Advice" to Pope Julius III., quoted in your Magazine for August, p. 175.

It was, I believe, first published in English in the year 1688, in quarto, under the title of "The State of the Church of Rome when

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CORRESPONDENCE.-ADVICE OF THE BISHOPS TO POPE JULIAN.

the Reformation began, as it appears by the Advices given to Paul III. and Julius III. by Creatures of their own." This translation was reprinted in Gibson's Preservative against Popery; and is there assigned to Dr. Clagett. The original has been (I imagine, correctly) ascribed to Vergerius. I take it for granted that the brochure from which Mr. Tufnell transcribed contains little or nothing more of the document than what he has given in his letter; for I think that no one could read the whole "Advice" without (to say the least) very strong suspicions that it was a protestant satire.

Allow me to offer one or two extracts :

"When we had well, and long considered, what was the state of this weighty controversy, recollecting all things from the beginning, (for we should always run back to the first principles) we at last found it to be this: The Lutherans hold and confess all the articles of the apostles' creed, that of Nice, and Athanasius. This is very certain, for we ought not to deny (especially amongst ourselves) what we all know to be so true. And these Lutherans refuse to admit of any other doctrine, but that alone, of which the prophets, Christ and his apostles were authors; and wish likewise that all men would be content with those few things that were observed in the apostles' time, or immediately after, and would imitate the primitive churches; nor think of receiving any traditions which it is not apparent, as the light, were delivered and instituted by our Lord Jesus Christ, and his apostles. Thus do our adversaries judge, but indeed they judge ill: We on the other hand, following the opinion of your holiness, would have all traditions, constitutions, rules, and ceremonies, which have hitherto been brought into the church, by the fathers, councils, or any private man, (with a good intention) believed and received as doctrine necessary to salvation: But particularly as to tradition, we believe as an article of faith, what the council of Trent, lawfully assembled, with the Holy Ghost, has decreed in the third session, viz. That our Lord Jesus Christ, and his apostles, delivered more precepts, relating both to manners and faith, by word of mouth, than are in the scriptures; and that these, without writing, were handed down to us: And although we can't prove this clearly, (for amongst ourselves we plainly acknowledge, that we have no proofs, but some sort of conjectures, to make out what we teach concerning tradition) yet we confess this to be true, because the Roman church maintains it. This, in short, is the hinge on which the whole controversy turns; hence these tumults and contentions proceed. But we ought to venture all to keep their doctrine from spreading any farther, although it has got too far already, which in truth can never enough be lamented: For 'tis no trifle that is under debate, but the safety and welfare of your whole state, and of us, who are all your creatures and members, is now at stake. For in the days of the apostles, (to tell you the truth, but you must be silent) and for several years after them, there was no mention made of either pope or cardinal; there were none of these large revenues belonging to bishops and priests; no sumptuous temples were raised; there were no monasteries, priors or abbots, much less any of these doctrines these laws, these constitutions, nor the sovereignty which we now exercise over people and nations."-p. 19.

"So will it come to pass, that the common people, who admire these pomps and ceremonies, and are wont to make much money where there are many rich men, will at last be brought over either by courtesy, or their own advantage to favour your side: And we need not fear for the future, what Luther, Brentius, Melancthon, or that late heretic Vergerius shall write. Oh! how much did it concern us, that he should not have escap't from us, but have here been either clapt into prison, or thrown into Tiber? For he who was brought up in your public and private affairs, is acquainted with a great deal of our concerns, and of all our councils. But your holiness has long hands, and in your great wisdom will find a remedy for this evil : for it is, and ever will be lawful to take all ways to free ourselves from the snares of our enemies; nor did we think fit to name those men, but for a very good reason ; a word to the wise."-p. 23.

"Nor are these which we have mentioned the only things to be observed, but the most reverend the cardinals and bishops, ought likewise to be mindful of this.

"That they themselves sing mass with the greatest pomp and magnificence they can possibly, and also consecrate fonts, give orders, purifie churches, altars, and bury

ing-places, christen bells, veil nuns, in the eyes of the people, and in the sight of all the congregation. For the vulgar are given to admire, and to be amused, with these things, in the contemplation of which their minds are as it were so intangled in a snare, that they have no relish for any other food or any inclination to any other doctrine. As indeed (to say the truth) they were designed for that purpose. And really in our judgment, these things should be augmented and multiplied, for if the introducing and appointing those few which we have now mentioned, were of such use to the settlement of your kingdom, of what advantage would it be, were there some new ones added. For example, that threefold oyl for the crismes and for the sick is consecrated every year upon Maundy Thursday: and that by one bishop, together with twelve priests, with that thrice repeated adoration and salutation, with those exorcisms, with those breathings upon it, and with that rich balm which is usual. Let your holiness appoint, that the consecration be not performed under five salutations, and twenty priests. Command likewise that some other precious liquor besides balm, such as manna be added, because we find it rained that in the wilderness, which therefore deservedly ought to take place amongst our ceremonies.

...And whereas the bishops only anoint the palms of the priests' hands, order them to anoint both the palms and the backs of their hands, as well as their head and whole face.

"For if that little oyl has so much virtue to sanctify them, surely a greater quantity of oyl will have more virtue for that purpose. Lastly, when bells are christened, they make a perfume of frankincense and other incense, appoint that musk and amber be mixed with it, to raise and increase the religion of the thing, and the wonder of the people. Once more, when any bishop sets himself to officiate in any divine service, with pomp and solemnity he ought to have many ornaments to distinguish him from ordinary priests: such as (to omit the rest) the bones and reliques of some dead men, which he usually wears at his breast, set in gold in the form of a cross. Do you command him to hang a whole naked leg, arm, or head of some saint about his neck, by a good thick cord; for that will contribute very much to the increase of the religious astonishment of all that see it. The truth is, these ceremonies were all invented and continued by popes; you therefore that are pope, may if you please, augment them."—p. 25.

I know not how to believe that all this advice was seriously given by the bishops to the pope. I am, my dear Sir, yours very truly, S. R. MAITLAND.

CLERICAL ATTENDANCE AT BALLS.

my

SIR, I readily comply with the expressed wish of your correspondent "J. C.," that I should carry somewhat farther remarks (published in your July number) on public amusements. Those remarks were directed to two points-1st, that, excepting in matters purely indifferent, (where the question turns rather upon the danger of giving offence, than upon the abstract rightness or wrongness of the action,) there is but one rule of duty for clergy and others. 2ndly, That with all Christians, the question should be rather, what is suitable to the Christian character, than what is (merely) defensible.

I can easily conceive a person taking the ground, that balls (e. g.) fall within the class of things indifferent which are wrong for the clergy and not wrong for the laity. Did I look upon balls as indifferent, I should agree in the propriety of this distinction. But what I said in my former letter was, that one of your correspondents made objections to balls, which, if just, (as I believed them,) would render it wrong for any Christian to encourage them, while he seemed to urge these objections as against clerical attendance at balls only. He used the expression (if I remember rightly) of "midnight revelry," as ap