evidence of negligence (Watson v. Weekes, C. A. unreported), but what would be negligence to persons passing to and fro on a highway may not be negligence on private premises as against a bare licensee. Surely,' said A. L. Smith J., a man may leave his horse and cart unattended in his own yard or field, unless he has reason to know at the time he so leaves it that by so doing he is likely to injure an individual who in fact is there or is known as likely to be there.' For a licensee to complain, as Willes J. said in Hounsell v. Smith (7 C. B. 731), wears the colour of ingratitude.' He takes the premises as he finds them. But what if the owner of a park with wild cattle in it permitted people to roam about it? would it wear the colour of ingratitude if a licensee complained of being gored? It would seem that such a danger, in the absence of reasonable express warning, or knowledge otherwise brought home to the party injured, would come within the 'nature of a trap.'

That a man who shoots at a fowl with intent to steal it and accidentally kills somebody is guilty of murder, is a doctrine that does not commend itself to common sense (more especially as the doctrine depends on the fowl being a tame and not a wild one); but Lord Coke treats it as undoubted law, and Lord Bramwell in Reg. v. Horsey (3 F. & F. 287) laid down the law to the jury that where a person in the course of committing a felony caused the death of a human being, that is murder. For the credit of English jurisprudence it is satisfactory to find Stephen J. in Reg. v. Serné (16 Cox C. C. 311) doubting very much whether the law is so. Instead that learned judge thinks it would be proper to say that any act known to be dangerous to life and likely in itself to cause death, done for the purpose of committing a felony which causes death, is murder. For instance, if a man intending to commit a rape on a woman, but without wishing to kill her, squeezed her by the throat to overpower her and in so doing killed her, that would be murder.' Setting fire to a house to get the insurance money without regard to the lives of the inmates (the crime charged in Reg. v. Serné) is of course murder if any of the inmates is burnt to death. It is very desirable that the criminal law should not be at variance with the moral sense of the community. Doubting is a convenient first step towards getting rid of archaic portions of the law. We may add that the books of authority are not even consistent in absurdity on this point. A fires a pistol at B under such provocation that if he killed B it would be only manslaughter. The bullet strikes and kills X. By Coke's rule this should be murder: but there can be no doubt that the offence is manslaughter, and so it is laid down by Sir Michael Foster.

A stipulation in a bill of lading exempting the shipowner from liability for loss or damage arising from the negligence of the master and crew is invalid by American or at least by Massachusetts law; by English law it is valid and, surprising as it may seem that shippers should submit to it, common. In Re Missouri Steamship Co. (58 L. T. R. 377) a cargo of cattle were shipped by an American citizen at Boston on a British ship under a bill of lading containing such a stipulation for exemption. The ship was stranded on the Welsh coast, and thereupon the question arose which law was to govern the contract, the lex loci contractus or the law of the flag. Contracts for carriage by sea are presumed to be governed by the law of the flag (Lloyd v. Guibert, L. R. 1 Q. B. 115). Lloyd v. Guibert was a case of a British subject chartering a French vessel at a Danish port in the West Indies for a voyage to Liverpool. In P. & O. Steamship Co. v. Shand (3 Moo. P. C. Cas. 272) both parties to the contract were British subjects, and the contract was made in England. There was more against the presumption in Re Missouri Steamship Co., but not enough to rebut it. It is

a fair inference that the parties in such a case intend the contract to be governed by the law which gives validity to the exemption and not by the law which vitiates it.

It is not easy to find any clue to the labyrinth of cases on what is an 'interest in land' within s. 4 of the Statute of Frauds. Why, for instance, should a sale of growing fruit be a contract for an interest in land (Rodwell v. Phillips, 9 M. & W. 501), and a sale of growing potatoes not (Evans v. Roberts, 5 B. & C. 829)? If the earth is a warehouse for sold timber (Marshall v. Green, 1 C. P. D. 35), why should it not be for sold grass (Carrington v. Roots, 2 M. & W. 248)? Not much help is to be got out of the latest case (Lavery v. Pursell, 57 L. J. Ch. 570), deciding that the sale of a house to be pulled down and taken away for building materials is a contract for an interest in land. Mr. Justice Chitty, having the instincts of a conveyancer, could not get over a house being a hereditament. All these difficulties have come in the first instance from not having adopted Mr. Justice Littledale's common-sense construction of the section as meaning land taken as land, and next from not fixing attention on what is the real subject-matter of the sale. Of course it is in each case a question of the construction of the contract, but a person who buys growing potatoes simpliciter contracts for potatoes, not for potatoes plus so much soil. Whether the buyer or seller severs the thing sold cannot signify, though the distinction has been often taken. A license to enter and cut sold timber does not make the contract one for an interest in land (Smith v. Surman, 9 B. & C. 573): why should a license to enter and remove building materials? Every part of the house, like every tree, becomes the purchaser's goods as and when it is turned into goods by severance; the contract operates on it, parcel by parcel, until the whole is removed. There is no more difficulty than in the case of a license to a man to eat my meat, or to fire the wood in my chimney to warm him by' (Vaughan 351).

The second volume of the publications of the Selden Society, which like the first will be edited by Mr. F. W. Maitland, will consist of selections from the earliest manorial rolls extant. The Council of the Society will be grateful for information as to the existence of any rolls of the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. It is by no means unlikely that, besides the early court rolls which are known to be extant in public libraries, and which have been more or less examined, there are unexamined ones in collegiate and other corporate libraries, or in private hands. Information may be sent to the Honorary Secretary, Mr. P. E. Dove, Lincoln's Inn, or to the Editor of this REVIEW.

The University of Bologna having been enabled by special Royal Decree to confer degrees honoris causa, on the occasion of its octocentenary, in each of its four Faculties, degrees were accordingly conferred by the Faculty of Law upon the following persons :-Asser, T. M. C., Amsterdam; Bar, L. von, Göttingen; Bufnoir, C., Paris; Brunner, E., Berlin; De Parieu, E. E., Paris; Dietzel, E., Dorpat; Fischer, J., Bonn; Field, D. D., New York; Fitting, E., Halle; Friedberg, E., Leipsic; Gneist, R., Berlin; Goldschmidt, L., Berlin; Hinschius, P., Berlin; Holland, T. E., Oxford; Holtzendorff, F. von, Munich; Jourdan, A., Aix; Ihering, R. von, Göttingen; Lucas, C., Paris; Lorimer, J., Edinburgh; Leroy, B. P., Paris; Maassen, F., Vienna; Mommsen, T., Berlin; Rivier, A., Brussels; Roscher, W., Leipsic; Randa, A., Prague; Schulte, F., Bonn; Stein, L. von, Vienna; Thonissen, J., Louvain; Windscheid, B., Vienna; Unger, J., Vienna.

491

CONTENTS OF EXCHANGES.

(The titles of articles in foreign reviews are given in the original, translated, or abridged in English, without any fixed rule, as appears in each case most convenient for our readers.)

The English Historical Review. No. 11, July 1888. London: Longmans, Green & Co.

The Suitors of the County Court (F. W. Maitland)-The West-Saxon Conquest of Surrey (H. E. Malden)-Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim (W. H. Hudson) The Early Life of Thomas Wolsey (T. W. Cameron)-The Great Condé (S. Breck Perkins).

The Journal of Jurisprudence. Vol. XXXII. Nos. 379-381. 1888. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

No. 379. The Valuation Acts, I.—The Royal Commission on Loss of Life at Sea, II- Compensation to Publicans The Civil List-A Strange

Rencontre.

No. 380. The American Copyright Bill-Breach of Promise-The Valuation Acts, II-Bookmakers and American Copyright-The Lost Diary; or, the Devil's Temptation '-Criminal Liability of Employers-Poetry: Conditio Defendentis.

No. 381. Mr. Parnell v.' The Times'-Duties of Nautical Assessors at Board of Trade Inquiries-Lord Kames, and the Realization of his proposed Reforms in Scottish Law-Sunday Sailing-The Lost Diary; or, the 'Devil's Temptation,' II-Lawyers and Partisanship-Eviction of Railway Passengers not producing Tickets.

The Scottish Law Review. Vol. IV, Nos. 43-45, 1888. Glasgow: W. Hodge & Co.

No. 43. The Double Sheriffship-Mr. Caldwell's Law Agents Bill-Law Agents and Notaries-Important Amendment of the law relating to Stamp duties.

No. 44. Presumption of Life, etc.

No. 45. Property v. Possession-Some Traits in the Law of Diligence. The Canada Law Journal. Vol. XXIV. Nos. 11-14, 1888. Toronto: J. E. Bryant & Co.

Progress of the Torrens System of Registration-The Value of Women (R. V. Rogers)—The Devolution of Real Estate-Legal Education.

The Canadian Law Times. Vol. VIII, Nos. 10-12, 1888. Toronto: Carswell & Co.

Ancillary Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration-Pagan Marriages-The Remedy against a Preferred Creditor-Wills of Married Women -Ontario Legislation, 1888.

The Cape Law Journal. Vol. V, Part III, 1888. Grahamstown, Cape of
Good Hope: for the Incorporated Law Society, J. Slater.

The Theory of the Judicial Practice: Arrests, II-Insanity in its relation. to Contract-Notes on some Controverted points of Law-DebenturesThe Ballot.

Political Science Quarterly. Vol. II, Nos. 2-3, 1888. New York: Ginn & Co.

Control of Immigration (R. M. Smith)-Surplus Revenue (C. F. Randolph)-Reform of the Federal Service (F. P. Powers)-The State and the Poor (H. W. Farnam)-The English Local Government Bill (F. J. Goodnow) -The German Emperor (J. W. Burgess)-Economic and social aspect of Trusts (F. Gunton)-Inequality of the States (W. A. Dunning)-Suspension of Habeas Corpus during the war of the Rebellion (Sydney G. Fisher)—Constitutions of the State of New York (J. H. Dougherty).

The New Jersey Law Journal. Vol. XI, Nos. 6-8, 1888. Somerville, N. J.:
Honeyman & Co.

The Medico-Legal Journal. Vol. V, No. 4, 1888. New York.

Inaugural Address (Clark Bell)-Medical Jurisprudence of Inebriety (E. C. Mann, M. Ellinger, L. W. Baker, M. Louise Thomas, and Lucy M. Hall) Best methods of Capital Punishment (Illustrated) (J. M. Bleyer)— Inebriety (Rev. W. Tucker)-Criminal Jurisprudence (P. Bryce).

Journal du Droit International privé. Par M. Clunet. Paris: 1888. 15o Année.

Nos. 3-4. La question des étrangers en France au point de vue économique (Leroy-Beaulieu)-Compétence des Tribunaux à l'égard des souverains et des Etats étrangers (Gabba)-Condition faite aux étrangers créanciers de la succession d'un sujet ottoman (Salem)-Légitimation des enfants naturels par mariage subséquent en droit international privé (Stocquart)-Questions relatives à la propriété littéraire en Allemagne et en Angleterre dans les rapports internationaux (Chavegrin)-Obligation pour les sociétés britanniques en France de faire agréer un français responsable de l'impôt (Barclay).

Nos. 5-6. Compétence de la juridiction mixte dans les contestations entre les indigènes et l'Etat en Egypte (Padoa-Bey)-Contrefaçon des œuvres artistiques et littéraires étrangères aux Etats-Unis (Valadon)— Condition des sociétés étrangères en Italie (Danieli) - Négociation à l'étranger de titres au porteur perdus ou volés (Vincent)-Situation des étrangers en Portugal dans le nouveau code de commerce (Lehr)—Propriété littéraire à propos de la musique d'un ballet.

Bulletin de la Société de Législation Comparée. 19o Année. Nos. 5-7, 1888. Paris.

Trustees in Bankruptcy, in France and abroad (Serville)-The London Congress, 1887, for the reform and Codification of the law of nations (Lachau) The Montenegrin Civil Code (Bogišić)-- Bankruptcy Legislation in Belgium, Italy, and Spain (Thaller)-Le jury correctionnel dans les cantons de la Suisse romande (Leloir) The marriage customs of the Morlachians (Dalmatia) (Pappafava, tr. by P. David)—The Zadrugas in Croatia (Rivière) Legislative Chronicle: Germany, France, and Portugal-The Italian mercantile marine Code (Prud'homme).

1

Annales de l'Ecole libre des Sciences Politiques. 3° Année. No. 3. Paris: 1888. Les origines de la constitution allemande (Lebon)-L'incidence des impôts sur l'intérêt des capitaux (Delatour) — L'Afrique équatoriale: Ogooué, Congo, Zambèze (suite et fin) (Poinsard)-La politique française au congrès de Rastadt, 1797-1799 (Koechlin)-Du frai des monnaies, spécialement dans l'Union latine (Fauchille)-La conférence internationale des sucres-Analyses et comptes rendus-Chronique de l'École-Mouvement des périodiques (Poinsard).

Annales de Droit Commercial. 2ème Année. Nos. 3-4. 1888. Paris.

Quelques mots sur la faillite en droit international privé (Weiss)—Articles 105 and 108 of the Code of Commerce (Péronne)-German (Bankruptcy) and Swiss industrial and commercial law and legislation (Kohler)-The Spanish Code of Commerce, etc.-Souscription d'actions non libérées comme emploi des deniers d'un mineur (Buchère)—De l'insaisissabilité des polices d'assurance sur la vie (Labbé).

Zeitschrift für das Privat- und Öffentliche Recht der Gegenwart. Vol. XV. No. 4. Vienna.

The legislative treatment of fundamental error in contracts (Unger)—— Questions on priority of mortgagees (Burckhard)-Duelling as a criminal offence (Zucker).

1888. Berlin:

Zeitschrift für Deutschen Civilprozess. Vol. XII, No. 3. 1888.

Carl Heymann.

Ueber die Vertagung einer mündlichen Verhandlung nach der Civilprozessordnung und nach § 48 des Gerichtskostengesetzes (Barkhausen)— Der Rechtsschutz des Beklagten gegen Theilklagen (Muskat).

Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft. Vol. VIII. Nos. 4-5. 1888. Berlin und Leipzig: J. Guttentag.

The International Prison Congress in Rome, 1885 (Köhne)-Erläuterung des Artikel 49 Absatz 3 der preuszischen Verfassung (Siebenhaar)-Über Handeln und Handlungseinheit, als Grundbegriffe der Lehre vom Verbrechen und von der Strafe (Bünger)-Einige ältere Leipziger Schöppensprüche in Strafsachen und Ähnliches (Distel).

Centralblatt für Rechtswissenschaft. Vol. VII, Nos. 10-12. 1888. Stuttgart. Reviews.

Beiträge zur Erläuterung des Deutschen Rechts. Vol. XXXII. Nos. 4-5, 1888. Berlin: Franz Vahlen.

Ueber die juristiche Natur des Anfechtungsrechts (Meisner)-Das Versicherungsrecht, etc. (Scherer)-Der Begriff des Klagegrundes (Staub)—Zur Lehre von der Sicherheitsleistung (Cohn)-The German Civil Code (Kloeppel and others)-Cases in modern German Law.

Zeitschrift für das Gesammte Handelsrecht.

Vol. XXXIV, New Series.

Vol. XX, Nos. 1-2. 1888. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.

Nach dreiszig Jahren (Goldschmidt)-Die Elektrizität im Recht (Ludewig)-Lex Rhodia und Agermanament (Goldschmidt)-Erben eines Gesellschafters in der öff. Handelsgesellsch. (Viezens).

Archivio Giuridico. Vol. XL. Nos. 3-6. 1888. Pisa.

I Senatoconsulti Orfiziano e Tertulliano studiati con riguardo agli istituti giuridici affini (Moscatelli)-The Bologna Law School (Tamassia)