is concerned in these subjects only as necessary foundations for the collegiate work in similar branches the courses are adequate to his needs. The commercial student who is required to take the same courses in building an educational foundation for a superstructure that will never be reared and is missing a practical training in science, history, and language that would be of great value to him in business. The Federal Board plans to secure more freedom in the development of better related academic courses. Up to the present time history, science, general mathematics, and foreign language have all been taught without reference to vocational needs. If the pupil can be made to see the relation between his science and the vocation for which he is preparing, he is sure to take more interest in his work and to reap a greater benefit from it.

MORE CONSIDERATION FOR LOCAL NEEDS.

Commercial courses have been more or less uniform throughout the country, and local needs have played a small part in their organization. This condition has resulted largely from a lack of contact with the local business interests. The Federal Board is taking steps to secure a closer cooperation between business men and commercial educators not only in the organization of commercial courses, but also in their conduct. The development of differentiated academic work referred to in problem No. 10 will aid in the solution of this problem as it will give the commercial director a larger control of the time of the commercial pupils who will be scheduled in classes by themselves. They can be called together at convenient times for talks by local business men and others. Special activities of interest to commercial students, such as industrial expositions, chamber of commerce meetings, "ad-club" activities, etc., may be made available to them. Plans for utilizing all such business agencies in giving commercial training will be prepared and distributed by the Board.

ADVANCED BUSINESS EDUCATION.

Advanced courses in business have been organized during the past few years by some of the more progressive colleges and universities. This field of training has, however, just been opened up and many problems connected with it remain to be solved. In many colleges the business courses show that the mistakes of the high schools are being repeated. A group of electives, usually drawn from the department of economics, is offered as advanced business training. The same differentiation and adaptation to vocational needs are required in this field as are recognized as essential in secondary education, and the Federal Board plans to help in the more effective development of this be of training for business. It has in preparation a bulletin dealing

with what has been called a new profession-commercial engineering. This bulletin will indicate the need for men who are not only trained as engineers, but who have had the business training which is absolutely necessary to enable them to take charge of engineering enterprises as chief executives. It will also outline courses of study and subject matter content. The general benefits that will result to business from the development of this new commercial vocation will be very large and the Federal Board intends to give publicity to what is being done along this line and to utilize all its facilities in the extension of opportunities for getting this kind of training.

STATE ORGANIZATION OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION.

At the present time commercial education is not under the control of the State vocational boards. It is largely in the hands of those who administer the academic courses. To develop this type of training along lines that have been pointed out in this report it is necessary to bring it under the control of the vocational department to the extent that definite vocational training is contemplated.

The Federal Board for Vocational Education has been called upon by several States to assist in the preparation of a new vocational education law that will comprehend commercial education. Two of the leading States have already drafted such a law providing for a specialist in commercial education in the vocational education. division, whose duty it will be to supervise and direct all activities in this field of education. There is every indication that the other States will follow the lead of these two in this respect and that at an early date the Federal Board will be able to deal with States in matters pertaining to commercial education through the vocational education board and its specialist in this field.

EVENING SCHOOL COMMERCIAL EDUCATION.

Evening school commercial training is not at present on a satisfactory basis. It should be entirely reorganized on the basis of parttime extension and part-time preparatory educational needs. Unit courses designed to meet specific vocational needs are required.

The Federal Board has been called upon to cooperate with directors of this work in the reorganization of the commercial courses, and a plan for such reorganization on a unit basis has been prepared. If these reorganized courses are as successful as the Board has reason to believe they will be, it is quite likely that the plan will be adopted by evening school systems quite generally. Through the field representatives of the Federal Board much improvement in the present working methods of evening school instruction will be accomplished.

PUBLICATIONS.

The following is a list of publications of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, including the bulletins now in preparation or in press:

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.

This report covers the period from July to December, 1917. All preliminary work of organization, appointment of the board, staff, etc., conferences with State officials, examination of State plans, and arrangements for regional administration are described. Cooperation with other Government departments in the matter of training conscripted men is dealt with in detail and a list of studies and investigations in progress is given. A table of allotments of funds to States is also contained in the report. Under the heading "Response of States to the Smith-Hughes Act" the action taken by the States up to the time of the publication of the report is shown.

BULLETIN NO. 1.-STATEMENT OF POLICIES.

All policies outlined in Bulletin No. 1 refer to the administration of the Smith-Hughes Act by the Federal Board. This bulletin is divided into two parts. Part I contains general administrative policies, such as relate to the State boards in general, the distribution of the Federal money, standards, supervision, etc. Part II gives the policies in the form of questions and answers (1) of a general nature, (2) in relation to agricultural education, (3) in relation to industrial education, (4) in relation to home-economics education. The text of the Smith-Hughes Act is given and the legal requirements imposed by it on the States, the Federal Board, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the State boards. There are three tables showing the allotments to the States arranged by regions, by years, and by quarterly payments.

BULLETIN NO. 2.-FOR USE IN TRAINING CONSCRIPTED MEN FOR SERVICE AS RADIO AND BUZZER OPERATORS (INTERNATIONAL CODE) IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY,

This bulletin was first published as Circular of Information No. 1. It gives information regarding the enrollment, equipment necessary, course of study, standards, certificates, and general management of the classes for radio and buzzer operators to be used in guiding school authorities undertaking this work. Supplementary material may be found in Bulletin No. 16.

BULLETIN NO. 3.-EMERGENCY TRAINING IN SHIPBUILDING, EVENING AND PART-TIME CLASSES FOR SHIPYARD WORKERS.

This bulletin is divided into three parts. Part I gives instructions and suggestions to school officials, so that they may conduct evening or part-time classes to assist in the training of men for employment in shipyards. Information in regard to the classes of men to be trained, kind of classes to be given, reports, certificates, etc., is furnished. Part II contains a table giving summary of shipbuilding and kindred trades. There is a description of three classes of shipbuilding trades: (1) Trades to which there is no corresponding outside trade, (2) trades in which there is a corresponding trade, and (3) trades into which outside craftsmen may enroll without special training. Part III is made up of courses of study, suggestions for general lines to be followed in classes, a glossary of terms and tables of analyses of trades, giving necessary qualifications, comparisons with other trades, etc.

BULLETIN NO. 4.- -MECHANICAL AND TECHNICAL

TRAINING FOR CON

SCRIPTED MEN (AIR DIVISION, UNITED STATES SIGNAL CORPS).

This bulletin is divided into two parts. In Part I is found general information in regard to the enrollment, certificates, records, teachers, etc., in classes for training conscripted men. This training was organized and supervised throughout the country by the Federal Board at the request of the War Department. Part II contains courses of study for mechanicians and technicians needed by the Aviation Service. It comprises cabinetmakers and carpenters, chauffeurs, coppersmiths, and metals workers, motor repairmen, instrument repairmen, ignition and magneto repairmen, and welders. Appendix A comprises a letter of authorization by The Adjutant General to the commanding generals of all departments.

BULLETIN NO. 5.-VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION OF DISABLED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS A PRELIMINARY STUDY.

This bulletin gives the experience of foreign nations in the vocational rehabilitation of disabled soldiers and sailors and general principles and policies toward which this experience points as a basis for any program of Federal action. Part I takes up general principles and policies, such as cost, public support, public versus private control, military discipline, etc. Part II gives a sketch of foreign legislation and experience in England, France, Canada, Belgium, Australia, Italy, South Africa, Newfoundland, India, and New Zealand. Part III deals with factors to be taken into consideration in estimating the number that will require vocational reeducation.

Part IV is an outline for an exhaustive study and report on the whole subject of reeducation. A bibliography of the war cripple is given in Part V. Also published as Senate Document No. 166.

BULLETIN NO. 6.-TRAINING OF TEACHERS FOR OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY FOR THE REHABILITATION OF DISABLED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.

This bulletin takes up the problem of the training of teachers for occupational therapy in Part I. A course of study is given and the necessary qualifications for teachers for directing occupational therapy and for vocational education are indicated. Part II takes up the functions of occupational therapy, psychological and physiological, and discusses the present field of occupational therapy. Part III contains the social and economic aspects of occupational therapy. The contributions of the vocational expert are given and his duties described. The last few pages are devoted to blanks for use in the hospital, curative workshop, and vocational school.

BULLETIN NO. 7.-EMERGENCY WAR TRAINING FOR MOTOR-TRUCK DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS.

This is the third bulletin prepared for the training of conscripted men. After a general introduction giving the qualifications for admission to classes, qualifications of instructors, equipment, etc., three courses are outlined: Unit A-1, classroom instruction; Unit A-2, shopwork; and Unit A-3, driving. The equipment and material necessary for a unit of 24 men is indicated and there are 570 test questions for the use of the instructors.

BULLETIN NO. 8.-EMERGENCY WAR TRAINING FOR MACHINE-SHOP occuPATIONS, BLACKSMITHING, SHEET-METAL WORKING, AND PIPE FITTING.

This bulletin is preceded, as are all the emergency war-training bulletins, by a general description of the purpose, qualifications for admission to classes, duration of course, etc. The courses for machine operators are divided as follows: Lathe work, Unit M-1-4; drill-press work, Unit M-21-22; planer work, Unit M-31-32; shaper, Unit M-41; grinding, Unit M-51-53; milling-machine work, M-6181; bench work, Unit M-91-96; courses for toolmaking, Unit M-101102; courses for blacksmithing, Unit B-1-5; courses for sheet-metal working, Unit S-1-4; course for pipe fitters, Unit P-1. The equipment necessary for the courses is described.

BULLETIN NO. 9.-EMERGENCY WAR TRAINING FOR ELECTRICIANS, TELEPHONE REPAIR MEN, LINEMEN, AND CABLE SPLICERS.

This bulletin, after the usual introduction in regard to the qualifications of instructors, equipment necessary, etc., outlines the courses