He shal never more agilten in this wise,
But shal maken as ye woll devise,
Of women trewe in loving al hir life.
But now I charge thee, upon thy life,
That in thy legende thou make of this wife,
Whan thou hast other smale ymade before.
In Robert de Brunne's Prologue to his Chronicle, Hearne's ed., p. xcix., I
Make occurs, in the same sense, in the Confessio Amantis of Gower, Pauli's edition, vol. iii. 384
My muse doth me for to wite
And saith, it shall be for my beste,
Fro this day forth to take reste,
That I no more of love make, &c.
See also notes to vol. i. of Dyce's edition of Skelton, p. 186, and passages there
18. P. 578. Vagueness of terms of abuse.
Il m'appelle jacobin, révolutionnaire, plagiaire, voleur, empoisonneur, faussaire, pestiféré ou pestifère, enragé, imposteur, calomniateur, libelliste, homme horrible, ordurier, grimacier, chiffonnier, *** Je vois ce qu'il veut dire; il entend que lui et moi sommes d'avis différent. Paul Louis Courier. Seconde Lettre Particulière.
19. P. 587. The conjunction or equivocal.
In modern English, either, used as a conjunction, is always a disjunctive, and is only grammatically distinguished from one of the senses of or; but in some early English writers, as, for example, in the Wycliffite school of translators, there are traces of a logical distinction between these particles. Either was very commonly employed to indicate difference, alternation, opposition, and or to mark identity of meaning. Thus, in both texts, Col. i. 20, "tho thingis that ben in erthis, ether that ben in heuenes." In the numerous glosses of the older, or Wycliffe's version of the New Testament, or is always employed as the sign of identity, or of likeness, as in v. 21 of the chapter just cited, "aliened, or maad straunge;" in v. 25, "mynistre, or seruaunt;" in v. 26, "the mysterie, or priuete." This distinction is not uniformly observed by Wycliffe, but still so generally as to show that he recognized it.
A, pronunciation of, 475.
Abandon and abate, obsolescent in 17th cen-
tury, 278.
-able, termination, force of, 135.
Abuse, terms of, vague in meaning, 578, 692.
Accent and quantity, relation of, 516.
Accent, strong in English, 528.
Accents ancient, introduction of, 286.
Accentual system, characteristic of lan-
guages, 473.
Acceituation as affected by inflection, 373;
change of in English, 528.
Accusative before infl-itive, 349.
Adjective, English and Latin, 311, 327; com-
parison of, 136, 312, App. 4.
Affectation, universality of, 291.
Agglutination, what, 196.
Alliteration in poetry, 545; sig.ificance of,
American accent, 674; dialect, Lecture
XXX.; pronunciation, 670; student of
English, want of facilities of, 14.
Americani, Lame for cotto is in Levant, 146.
Ancients studied aloud, 411.
Angles in England, 45.
Bible English, see Tyndale, Wycliffe, and
generally Lecture XXVIII.; why Caxton
did not print, 452; of 1611, dialect of, 86,
6.22, 634, orthography of, 450; revision not
re-translation, 629, principles adopted by re-
Visers, 622, 624; vocabulary of, 86, 123, 263,
630; compared with dialect of Shakespeare,
&c., 629; must have special dialect, 631;
new revision of, impracticable at present,
640; not needed, 659, inexpediency of, 636.
Books, ancient, compared with modern, 407,
463
Both, how used by Coleridge, 116.
Bow wow way, Johnson's, 36.
Bread, figurative use of, 247.
Bribe, no word for in French, 228; ancient
and modern mear li gs of, 249.
British people, relations of, to civilization
Angli and Anglia, names given by Rom-
ish missionaries, 46.
Anglo-Saxon, first use of term, 46; Gospe's,
Vocabulary of, 199; elements in Egish,
163, 172; la guage, grammatical structure
of, 4, 356, 377, 580, 381; imortance of to'
English stude it, 86, 105; mixed in charae.
ter, 42, embodies formative rinciple of and liberty, 24
English, 160, 172, i fucced by Late,
131; relations of to Anglo-Norman, 192; to
Iceland c, 94, to moder i E. gish, 123, 160,
162, 172, 382; pro uneration of, o scure,
471; Teutode rather than Sea.di ravian,
44; literature, Christian, 131, App. 3.
Annomination, what, 566,
Anomous constructions in E: sh, 403,
Aralue in Spain, a d Sirly, 141, 142.
Archaism in English, 176.
Archery, vocabulary of, 267
Articulation of different languages, 283, 374,
Ascham, Roger, on E-glish, 445.
Assonance in Spanish poetry, 508, 564.
Bronchitis, why common among elergy men,
Browne, Sir Thomas, works of, 115; his com
parison of Anglo Saxon and English, 48;
Browning, Mr», diction of, 126, 568
Bainn, Icelandic participial adjective, 277,
App. 9.
pronunciation of, 490.
Campbell's “* angels' vis t»,” 552.
Cint of parties and profesio s, 238.
Carving, Lomone'ature of 591
Castle of Indolence, dict on and versification
of, 177, 540.
Catalan language, 99, 370.
Caxton printed few religious books, 452.
Celtic, whether affected by Latin, 138; insig-
nificance of in English Etymology, 136.
Chaucer, literary character of, 22, 27, 111,
168; description of the "gentleman," 258;
vocabulary of, 111, 124, 167; versification
of, 23; to his copyist, 424.
Chemistry, nomenclature of, 213.
Children, dialect of, 305, App. 10.
Christianity taught to Gothic tribes in ver-
nacular, 371; introduced foreign words
into Anglo-Saxon, 132.
Church, Papal, hostile to cultivation of mod-
ern languages, 102, 452.
Churchyarde's phonology, 474.
Cicero's supposed deference for Plato, 599.
Cimbric dialect in Italy, 140.
Classical languages and literature, value of,
77, 95.
Classification, principles of, 191; of lan-
guages, 192.
Cobbett's rules of composition, 447; vocabu-
lary and style, 126, 437.
Coccus and coccum, what, 67.
Cockeram's Dictionary, 278.
Coincidence, more frequent use of, 272.
Coleridge, philological value of his works,
Comeling, good English word, 275.
Come-outer, introduction of, 275.
Comfort, peculiarly English word, 613.
Commence, syntax of, 183.
Composition, rapid, 447.
Composition of words, 195.
Compounds, when better than arbitrary
words, 211; resolution of, 392; clumsy in
English, 204; Greek and in other lan-
guages, 201; scientific, 186.
Concurrent mental action of different indi-
viduals, 449.
Conjugate words, 593.
Consonances in prose writers, 507.
Consonants, coalescence of, 488; stability of,
487; confusion of, 489.
Continental languages and literature older
than English, 100.
Copies of books how multiplied in ancient
times, 423.
Copyists, licenses of, 421, 423.
Copy-right, influence of, 450.
Corn, use of in different countries, 246.
Cornewaile, John, introduced study of Eng-
lish in schools, 102.
Corps and corpse, use and syntax of, App. 12.
Corruptions of language, Lecture XXIX.;
Latham's views on, 645.
Courier, P. L., on knowledge of French in
France, 99; vagueness of terms of abuse,
App. 16; style of, 448.
Crabbe's synonyms, 594.
D, pronunciation of, 491.
Danish scholars, services of, to Anglo-Saxon
literature, 6.
Deaf mutes, memory of, 2; natural signs of,
Definite form of nouns, traces of in English,
388.
Demosthenes on delivery, 600; his use of
ejaculation, 290; style of, 80, 354; wrote out
his speeches, 448; derivation of words, 193.
Dialecte, ancient, classical and vulgar, 362;
Greek, ancient and modern, 682; Italian,
677; modern Romance, 369; local, incon-
veniences of, 676; how extirpated, 679.
Dictionaries, imperfections of, 56, 62, 184
App. 6; especially modern, 460.
Diphthongs, 487.
Directly, vulgar use of, 645.
Dramatists, minor, importance of, 114.
Drawling in American pronunciation, 670.
Dutch, scientific nomenclature, 215.
E, pronunciation of, 477.
Elephant called by Arabic name in Ice-
landic, 145.
Elizabeth, Queen, education of, 615.
England, completely protestantized in 16th
century, 617; why this name applied to
country, 41.
English, appellation bestowed by foreign
missionaries, 41; language, composite but
radically Saxon, 86, 118; epochs in, 48;
awkward forms in, 402; changes in, 49,
166, 262; late formation of, 101, compara-
tively difficult, 98; gains and losses of, 128,
174, 200, 267, 274; relation of elements in,
86, 203; etymological proportions of, 118,
126; general sources of, Lectures VI. and
VII.; how far cosmopolite, 438; inflections
of, 382, 385; new inflections of, 386; saved
by loss of French provinces, 170; double
vocabulary of, 160; future fortunes of, 5;
colloquialisms in, 253; in America, Lec-
ture XXX.; literature, late origin of, 101;
old, not specially difficult, 21, 109; author's
value of, 17; modernization of, 20, 104;
philology, revival of and causes, 6; scien-
tific nomenclature, 213; words in other
languages, 147.
Engraving, minute, 462.
Enlightenment, not yet received, 158, 275.
Equivocal language, 216.
Etymologists, extravagances of, 58.
Etymological proportions of style of English
authors, 124.
Etymology, offices of, 56; mistaken, influence
of, 63; no guide to meaning of scientific
terms, 84; familiar, eflect of, 81; compara
tive, uses of, 64.
Etymology of abominable, 63; aneal, 231;
argosy, 145; atonement, 230; bound, in Lav-
gation, etc., 277; carmine and crimson, 73,
cash, 73; caste, 73; cattle and chattel, 246,
App. 8; cochineal, 74; coconut, 73; ecir,
73; commodore, 73; copy, 73; demyckn,
144; drake, 61; dungeon, 144; exorbitant,
187; false, 231 fetish and feticism, 75 : frst,
154; flesh, 247; gemini! £95; gentleman,
256; gospel, 30; grain, as a dye, 66 ; house,
231; the humanities, 55; hunt, 392; ime
and island, 129; issue, 63; law, 123; ¡y den,
leden, App. 1; mastery, mister and systery,
251; meal, 257; métier, 252; precipitate,
65; right, 123; scroll, 495; sense and sen
tence, 601; soldier, 250; specie, species and
spice, 253; tenpenny tail, etc., 184; umpire,
389; vermilion, 74; world, 59; year, 245;
yuis, or iuis, 333.
Euphemism, 576.
Euphuism, what, 567.
Expletives, what, 293.
Extemporary composition, 446; translation
F, pronunciation of, 492.
Family relations, names of, 155.
Fetch becoming obsolete, 588.
Fire-arms, vocabulary of, 268.
Flesh, etymology and use of, 248.
Foreign philology not indispensable to study
of English, 76; new in modern poetry, 525.
Formulas, religious, 619, 637.
Franklin ignorant of foreign philology, 83;
style of, how formed, 614.
French, better spoken than English, 99; ele-
ment in English, 435; important to student
of English, 94; poor in inflections, 13;
Norman influence of, 384.
Friends, "plain language" of, 392.
Frisic dialects, 43, 378.
Froissart's Chronicle, 434.
Fuller, Thomas, euphuism of, 568; on words,
58; licenses in word-making, 203; works,
value of, 115.
Future tense, why wanting in some lan-
guages, 314.
G, pronunciation of, 492.
Gallicisms in Old English, 112.
Gender, grammatical, no relation to sex, 338.
General propositions, liable to misinterpreta-
tion, 76.
Genin overruled by printer, 418; on French
pronunciation, 457.
Gentleman, meaning and use of, 256, 612.
German language, character and importance
of, 13; borrows foreign words, 612; litera-
ture, 207; philologists, superiority of, 12;
services of to English, 11; purism, 206;
scientific nomenclature, 205, 208; high, re-
ligious dialect of all Germany, 623.
Gibbon, style of, 447.
Gils photographic system, 474.
Globe, sphere, and orb compared, 575.
God, used as verb by Sylvester, 304.
Goethe, not linguist, 78; opinions of, on
study of languages, 77; style of, 78, 448.
Gooden, old verb, 316.
Gothic languages, inflect by letter-change,
562; early culture of, 131; derivation and
composition in, 201; philological impor
tance of, 96; influence on Spanish, 141.
Goths, Crimæan, 93,
Gower, works of, 49.
Grain, as a dye, etymology and history of,
Grammar, want of in English, 88.
Grammatical structure as test of linguistic
affinity, 360.
Greek language, etymology of, 80; modern,
vocabulary of, 242; literature, value of, 95.
Greeks, ancient, little grammatical training,
4; no foreign philological training, 80;
studied grammar before reading, 88, 412.
Grundtvig, services of to Anglo-Saxon phi-
lology, 6.
II, pronunciation of in English, 492, 674; In
Latin, 493; disappearance of in Romance
languages, 674.
Hakluyt, value of, 114.
Half rhyme, 562.
Halliwell's dictionary, 104.
Hand, in etymology, 303
Havelers, used by Gower, 135
He bear and she bear, clumsy formis, 204.
Hegist and Hora, namestil common, 45
Heywod, T., verbal lice..ses of, 514.
Heyse on language, 1.
Hicroglyphics, Egyptian, number of, 182.
Higden on study of English, 102.
High, as verb, 316.
His, masculine and reuter possessive, 365,
397; sign of possessive case, 400.
Hooker, works of, 113; his use of plural ad-
jective, 312.
Humanities, as designation of classical stu-
dies, 56.
Humility, no word for in classic Greek, 226.
Hunting and hawking, nomenclature of, 590.
I, pronunciation of, 481.
Icelandic language and literature, 94, 100;
sagas, character of, 18; versification, 554.
Idioms and idiotisms, distinguished, 606, 609.
Ignis fatuus translated by Fuller, 152.
Imitative words, 36, 569.
Immigrant, why American, 274.
Improvisatori, Italian and Icelandic, 503, 561
Income, use of, 279.
Infinitive past becoming obsolete, 317.
Inflections, generally, Lectures XV., XVI.,
XVII, XVIII.
Inflections, grammatical, origin of, 196, 335,
338, 389; offices of, 319; modes of, 331, 334
Latham on, 364; favor continuity of
thought, 358; suited to poetical form, 372,
499; influence pronunciation, 373, 512;
structure of period, 354; of unwritten lan-
guages, 366; of Latin, 325, 329, 341; of
modern languages, 330, 337, 360, 365, 386;
English, 385, 386.
Inscriptions, dialect of, 422.
Interjection, generally, Lecture XIII.
Interjections, inherently expressive, 288.
Intonation in pronunciation, 284; In Chinese,
Danish, and Swedish, 284.
Inversion in syntax, 355.
Irving, W., vocabulary of, 130.
Italian language, 224.
Its, possessive pronoun, origin of, 397.
Johnson, Samuel on sufficiency of English,
127; vocabulary of, 127.
Jonson Ben, on la gunge, 223; English
grammar, 108; pronunciation, 484.
Keats, diction of, 23.
Krox, John, orthography of, 483.
L, pronunciation of, 495.
Language, origin of, Lecture II., 31, 38; as
mental discipline, 216; of anima's, 31; so-
cial, not individual, faculty, 44, 297; local
tenacity of, 25, 139.
Language, relation of to character, 222, 224,
227; foreign, study of, 76; native and
foreign, comparison of, 98, how affected
by foreign influence, 367; confus on of, in
middle ages, 369, eliswilleation of, 192, 197 ;
corruption of, Lecture XXIX.; changes of,
200, 364; of Roman Empire, changes in,
309; of superior race prevas, 140, revival
of primitive forms in, 261, 563; modern,
simpated in inflection, 360; first employ
ment of interature, 371, 441; written and
unwritten, 366, 389; v.olest, evil influence
of, 234, how af cted by emigration, 241
Latham os erruption of languages, 645.
Latin, value of as grammat! al disc p'ine, 85,
90, 347, character of, 90, 413, influer ce of,
on Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, etc), 123, 151, 138 ;
relations of to English, 158, 404, words and
phrases in English, 151; as is guage of
Papal eburch, 570; extens.on of, 90, 139.
Lautgeberden, 289.
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