hyoides by a shallow ginglymoïd joint allowing of a free motion. Excepting the straight hyoglossi, the muscles all terminate at the base of the tongue. The tendons of the former muscles run along the under part of the lingual cartilage, and expand to be inserted at its extremity, where a few fibres again proceed forwards to the extreme point of the tongue.' In the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London (Gallery) is a preparation, No. 524 E, of the crop, proventriculus, and gizzard of a Flamingo, Phonicopterus ruber of Linnæus; and No. 1470 of the same museum is a preparation of the tongue of that bird. Skull and mandibles of the Flamingo. From a specimen in the Royal College of Surgeons. mandible, form together a sort of filter, and, like the plates | of whalebone in the Balance, allow the superfluous moisture to drain away, while the small mollusca and other littoral animalcula are detained and swallowed. The structure of the gullet is in accordance with the size of the substances which serve for nutriment. In the typical Grallatores, as Ardea and Ciconia, which swallow entire fish and other food in large morsels, the oesophagus is remarkable for its great and uniform capacity; but in Phoenicopterus it is not more than half an inch in diameter when dilated. At the lower part of the neck it expands into a considerable pouch, which measured, in the specimen here described, 3 inches in diameter, and 4 inches in length. In Perrault's specimen the diameter was only 1 inch, and it was probably in a state of contraction, as he describes it as furnished internally with many small longitudinal ruga. The circular fibres around this part were very distinct. Beyond this pouch the oesophagus again contracts to about 4 lines in diameter, and so continues for 3 inches, when it terminates in the proventriculus. This glandular cavity was 1 inch 8 lines in length, and 5 lines in diameter: the gastric follicles were broad, short, and simple, and were arranged in two long oval groups, blending together at the edges. The proventriculus terminates in a small but strong gizzard, of a flattened spheroidal form, measuring 1 inch 5 lines in length, and the same in breadth; the lateral muscles were each half an inch in thickness. The gizzard was lined with a moderately thick and yellow-coloured cuticle, disposed in longitudinal ridges, the extremities of which projecting into the pyloric aperture form a kind of valve, as in the gizzard of the Ostrich. In a Flamingo dissected by Colonel Sykes, in which the duodenum was blocked up by two large tape-worms, the muscles of the gizzard were 1 inch in thickness. The duodenal fold extended towards the left side 4 inches from the pylorus. This intestine was 4 inches in diameter. The pancreas, which occupied its common situation between the two portions of the fold, had a more complete peritoneal covering than usual. The intestinal canal soon diminished in diameter to 3 and then to 2 lines. The small intestines formed an oval mass, and were disposed in twenty-one elliptical spiral convolutions, eleven descending towards the rectum, and ten returning towards the gizzard in the interspaces of the preceding; a disposition analogous to that of the colon in RuDescription.-Length from the end of the bill to that of minants. The villi of the intestines were arranged in longi- the tail four feet two or three inches, but to the end of the tudinal zigzag lines. There were two cæca, each about 3 claws sometimes more than six feet. Bill 44 inches long; inches in length, and 5 inches in diameter. The testes upper mandible very thin and flat, and somewhat moveable; were about the size of grains of wheat, and were situated the under mandible thick, both of them bending downon the anterior part of the renal capsules. The latter bodies wards from the middle; nostrils linear and placed in a blackwere about the size of hazel-nuts. Both these glands were ish membrane; end of the bill as far as the bend black, from of a bright yellow colour. The fat of this bird is of a re- thence to the base reddish-yellow, round the base, quite to markable orange tint. The principal diseased appearances the eye, covered with a flesh-coloured cere; neck slender were in the lungs, which were filled with tubercles and and of great length; tongue large, fleshy, filling the cavity comice. I was much struck with finding the inner surface of the bill, furnished with twelve or more hooked papilla on of the latter cavities, and that of most of the smaller rami- each side, turning backwards; the tip a sharp cartilaginous fications of the branchial tubes, covered over with a green substance. The bird when in full plumage wholly of a vegetable mould or mucor. As the individual was examined most deep scarlet, except the quills, which are black. From within twenty-four hours after its death, it seemed reason the base of the thigh to the claw thirty-two inches, of which able to conclude this mucor had grown there during the the feathered part takes up no more than three; bare part lifetime of the animal. Thus it would appear that internal above the knee thirteen inches, and from thence to the parasites are not exclusively derived from the animal king-claws sixteen; colour of the bare parts red, and toes furdom, but that there are Entophyta as well as Entozoa.' The tongue of the Flamingo is remarkable for its texture, magnitude, and peculiar armature. It is almost cylindrical, but slightly flattened above, and obliquely truncate anteriorly, so as to correspond with the form of the inferior mandible. The lower part of the truncated surface is produced in a pointed form, and is supported beneath by a small horny plate. The whole length of the tongue is 3 inches; its circumference 24 inches. Along the middle of the flattened superior surface there is a moderately deep and wide longitudinal furrow, on either side of which there are from twenty to twenty-five recurved spines, but of a soft and yielding horny texture, measuring from one to three lines in length. These spines are arranged in an irregular alternate series, the outer ones being the smallest, and these, indeed, may be considered a distinct row. At the posterior part of the tongue there are two groups of smaller recumbent spines directed towards the glottis. The substance of the tongue is not muscular, but is chiefly composed of an abundant, yielding, cellular substance, with fat of an almost oily consistence. It is supported by a long and thin concave cartilage articulated to the body of the os Tongue of Flamingo. From a specimen in the Royal College of Surgeons. There were no Entozoa in the specimen dissected by Mr. Owen; but he characterizes the species found by Colonel Sykes, and above alluded to, as Tania lamelligera: length seven inches; breadth five lines; thickness one line. (Zool. Proc., 1832, pp. 141 and 143.) SPECIES OF THE OLD CONTINENT. Phoenicopterus ruber (Linn.); Phoenicopterus Antiquorum (Temm.). nished with a web deeply indented. Legs not straight but slightly bent, the skin rather projecting. (Latham.) a Nest formed of earth, and in the shape of a hillock, with cavity at top; eggs two or three, white, of the size of those of a goose, but more elongated. Utility to man.- -Flesh pretty good meat: the young thought by some equal to partridge. The inhabitants of Provence, however, are said to throw away the flesh as fishy and only to use the feathers as an ornament to other birds at particular entertainments. Not so the Roman epicures. Apicius has left receipts for dressing the whole bird with more than the minute accuracy of a modern cookery book, and the 'Phoenicopterus ingens' appears among the luxuries of the table in Juvenal's eleventh satire. The brains and the tongue figure as one of the favourite dishes of Heliogabalus, and the superior excellence of the latter was dwelt upon by the same Apicius and noticed by Pliny where he records the doctrine of that nepotum omnium altissimus gurges.' (Lib. x., c. 48.) Neither has it escaped the pointed pen of Martial 'Dat mihi penna rubens nomen; sed lingua gulosis The 'garrula lingua' most probably alludes to the tongues and | pause in their progression, and they appear for a moment brains of singing birds, which sometimes formed one of the immoveable in the air; then tracing by a slow and circular monstrous dishes at the enormously expensive Roman en- movement a reversed conical spiral figure they attain the tertainments. Dampier does not forget the delicious tongue end of their migration. Brilliant in all the splendour of of the Flamingo, observing that a dish of these tongues is their plumage and ranged in line, these birds offer a new worthy of a place at a prince's table. The bird itself seems spectacle, and represent a small army ranged in order of to have been held in high repute by the antients, for it ap- battle, the uniformity and symmetry of which leaves nopears to have been one of the victims offered to Caligula,* thing to be desired; but the spectator should content himwho is said to have been sprinkled, while sacrificing, with self with observing this peaceful colony from afar. Woe to the blood of a Phoenicopter the day before he was murdered.+ him if he dare approach the lake at this deadly season. Phoenicopterus ruber, Locality. The European Flamingo is recorded as having been seen everywhere on the African coast and the adjacent islands quite to the Cape of Good Hope. There is a specimen in the South African Museum. Le Vaillant found thousands of Pelicans and Flamingos on the river KleinBrak, where the water is brackish owing to the flowing of the tide. It has been occasionally observed on the coasts of Spain, of Italy, and on those of France which lie on the Mediterranean sea; it has been met with at Marseilles and some way up the Rhone. The prince of Musignano notes it as very rare and accidental in the neighbourhood of Rome. In some seasons it has been remarked at Aleppo and in the parts adjacent. It has been noticed on the Persian side of the Caspian Sea, and thence along the west coast as far as the Wolga, but at uncertain times, and chiefly in considerable flocks, coming from the north coast mostly in October and November. Col. Sykes records it in his catalogue of birds in the Dukhun (Deccan) as the Rajah Huns of the Hindoos. It breeds in the Cape de Verd islands. This species is very shy. Dampier killed fourteen at once by secreting himself and two more; they are not to be approached openly. Kolben speaks of their numbers at the Cape, where by day they resorted to the borders of lakes and rivers, and lodged at night in the long grass on the hills. M. de la Mormora, in his voyage to Sardinia, gives the following interesting account of this species. It quits Sardinia about the end of March to return about the middle of August: then it is that from the bastion which forms the promenade of the inhabitants of Cagliari flights of these magnificent birds may be seen to arrive from Africa. Disposed in a triangular band, they show at first in the heavens like a line of fire. They advance in the most regular order, but, at the sight of the neighbouring lake, there is a Phoenicopterus parvus, Vieill. Phoenicopterus minor, Flammant Pygmée, Temm. M. Temminck observes that no difference is perceptible between the Flamingo of the Antient Continent and that of the New World in the form of the mandibles; their upper mandible shuts on the lower one, and is so constructed as to offer, when the bill is shut, a very slight difference in the height of the two mandibles. In Phoenicopterus parvus the lower mandible, very deep and strongly arched, is formed to receive, within the space which separates its walls, the whole of the upper mandible, which it entirely hides, so that the upper edges of the lower mandible raise themselves to the height of the surface of the upper jaw. The plumage of the adult is pure rose-colour without spot or streak; the head, the neck, the back, and all the lower parts are of this beautiful tint, which is more lively and pure in the living bird than in the preserved skin, for the fugitive brilliancy of this tint becomes tarnished and passes into whitish from exposure to the light. The great wing coverts and those of the tail are slightly deeper in colour than the other parts of the plumage. The whole wing is covered with feathers of a brilliant scarlet or purple, surrounded by a wide rosy border; the tail-feathers are black. Base of the bill, cere, and region of the eye deep purple: middle of the lower mandible orange-red, and the point black. Joint of the knee, toes, and their membranes of a fine red: the tarsus has a livid tint. Total length nearly three feet. Young of the year.-White or whitish, marked with small brown streaks (mèches) spread over the head, the neck, the breast, and the coverts of the wings. The first red tints show themselves on the wings. Bill black. Feet of a reddish livid tint. Locality.-Lakes of Africa. Those received by Professor M. Temminck were natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The young bird in the museum at Paris was brought from Senegal. SPECIES OF THE NEW CONTINENT. Phoenicopterus Chilensis (Molina), Phoenicopterus ruber, Red Flamingo (Wilson). This species in its adult state scarcely differs from the European Flamingo: it is perhaps not so bright. Catesby says, When they feed (which is always in shallow water, by bending their necks) they lay the upper part of their bill next the ground, their feet being in continual motion up and down in the mud, by which means they raise a small round sort of grain, resembling millet, which they receive into their bills; and as there is a necessity for their receiving into their mouths some mud, Nature has provided the edges of their bills with a sieve or teeth like a fine comb, with which they retain the food and reject the mud which is taken in with it. This account I had from persons of credit; but I never saw them feeding myself, and therefore cannot absolutely refute the opinion of others, who say they feed on fish, particularly eels, which seem to be the slippery prey Dr. Grew says that the teeth are contrived to hold.' The development of the gizzard in this genus makes it very probable that vegetable substances form part of the diet of the Flamingoes; but it is not likely that large fish, or indeed water animals of any great size, are ordinarily devoured by these birds. The bill is a colander, admirably contrived for separating the nutritious parts, whether animal or vegetable, from the mud and other useless parts. Locality.-Warmer parts of North America, Peru, Chili, Cayenne, coast of Brazil, and the West India Islands, particularly the Bahamas, where they breed. Wilson speaks of it, but he gives Latham's description, &c. The prince of Musignano, in his Specchio Comparativo,' states that it is very rare and accidental in the neighbourhood of Phila- | delphia. FLAMINI'NUS, TITUS QUINTIUS, was made consul, B.C. 198, before he was 30 years of age, and had the province of Macedonia assigned to him, with the charge of continuing the war against Philip, which had now lasted for two years without any definitive success on the part of the Romans. Flamininus having landed in Epirus, opposite the island of Corcyra, with a reinforcement of 8000 foot and 800 horse, marched up the country, where he found Philip posted in a rugged pass on the banks of the Aous, among the mountains of Eastern Epirus. After some fruitless negotiations with the king of Macedonia, the Romans, under the guidance of an Epirote shepherd, attained by a mountain path the rear of the Macedonian position, and Philip was obliged to make a hurried retreat across the chain of Pindus into Thessaly. He was followed by the Romans and their allies, the Etolians and the Athamanians, who overran and ravaged the country. Meantime L. Quintius Flamininus, the brother of the consul, sailed with a fleet to the eastern coast of Greece, where, being joined by the ships of the Rhodians and of Attalus of Pergamus, he scoured the coasts of Euboea, Corinth, and other districts which were allied or subject to the king of Macedonia. The consul himself marched into Phocis, where he took Elatea, and having there fixed his winter-quarters, he succeeded in detaching the Achæans from the Macedonian alliance. In the following year Flamininus, being confirmed by the senate in his command as proconsul, before beginning hostilities afresh held a conference with Philip on the coast of the Maliac gulf, and allowed him to send legates to Rome to negotiate a peace. The senate however having required the king to evacuate all the towns of Greece which he had cccupied, including Demetrias in Thessaly, Chalcis in Eubea, and Corinth, the negotiations were broken off and Flamininus resumed military operations. He marched from Phocis into Thessaly, where Philip was stationed near Larissa with a body of 16,000 phalanx men, 2000 peltastæ, and 5000 Thracian and other auxiliaries. After some previous demonstrations and partial attacks, the two armies met between Phere and Larissa, in a country broken by small hills called Cynoscephale, or Dogs' Heads. The Macedonians had at first some advantage, especially on the right wing where the king commanded in person, and where he had formed his phalanx on a hill, but Flamininus observing the left wing moving in column with a narrow front to their assigned post, attacked it with his elephants and threw them into confusion before they had time to form. In the pursuit of this body a tribune of the victorious legion being led beyond the flank of the right wing, ventured to attack it on the rear, and he succeeded in spreading dis order into the ranks of the close and cumbersome phalanx. Panic pervaded the Macedonians; many threw down their. arms and fled, and Philip himself, seeing the rout becoming general, left the field, and rode off towards Tempe. The Macedonians lost 8000 killed and 5000 prisoners on that day. Soon afterwards the king asked for a truce, which was granted by Flamininus, in order that messengers might be sent to Rome to treat of peace. The senate appointed ten legates, who, in concert with Flamininus, drew up the conditions, which were that Philip should evacuate every Grecian town and fortress beyond the limits of his paternal kingdom, that he should give up all his ships of war, reduce his military establishment, and pay 1000 talents for the expenses of the war. Flamininus was then continued in his command for another year, 196 B.C., to see these conditions executed. In that year, at the meeting of the Isthmian games, where multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece, Flamininus caused a crier to proclaim that the senate and people of Rome and their commander Titus Quintius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, restored the Corinthians, Phocæans, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Phthiota, Magnetæ, Perrhæbi, and Achæans to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.' Bursts of acclamation followed this proclamation, and the crowd pressed forward to express their gratitude to Flamininus, whose conduct throughout those memorable transactions was marked with a wisdom, moderation, and liberality seldom found united in a victorious Roman general. He checked by his firmness the turbulence of his Ætolian allies, who vociferated for the entire destruction of Philip, while he satisfied all just claims of the rest; and although his Macedonian expedition led ultimately to the entire subjugation of both Macedonia and Greece, yet he was at the time the means of restoring peace to both countries, and of protracting the independence of the Greek states for half a century longer. In the following year, 195 B.C., Flamininus was entrusted with the war against Nabis, tyrant of Lacedæmon, who had treacherously seized the city of Argos. Flamininus advanced into Laconia and laid siege to Sparta, but he met with a brave resistance, and at last agreed to grant peace to Nabis on condition that he should give up Argos and all the other places which he had usurped, and restore the descendants of the Messenians to their lands. His motives for granting peace to Nabis were, he said, partly to prevent the destruction of one of the most illustrious of the Greek cities, and partly because of the great preparations which Antiochus, king of Syria, was then making on the coast of Asia. Livy suggests, as another probable reason, that Flamininus wished to terminate the war himself, and not to give time to a new consul to supersede him in his command and reap the honours of the victory. The senate confirmed the peace with Nabis, and in the following year, 194 B.C., Flamininus having settled the affairs of Greece prepared to return to Italy. Having repaired to Corinth, where deputations from all the Grecian cities had assembled, he took a friendly leave of them, signifying to them that he was going to withdraw all his army and garrisons, and leave them to themselves; advising them at the same time to make a temperate use of that liberty which the Romans had been the means of restoring to them, and above all to preserve concord in their councils, as civil factions would certainly lead to the loss of their independence; for those who find themselves the weaker at home are apt to apply to strangers for support. He accordingly delivered the citadel of Corinth to the Achæans, withdrew his garrisons from Demetrias, Chalcis, and the other towns of Euboea, and having broken up his camp at Elatea in Phocis, he sent the soldiers to embark on the coast of Epirus, whilst he repaired to Thessaly to settle the internal affairs of that country, which were in a state of great confusion. He organized the various towns, choosing the magistrates and senate from among the wealthier class. He then repaired to Oricum, on the coast of Epirus, where he embarked for Brundisium. In Italy both he and his soldiers were received with great demonstrations of joy, and the senate decreed him a triumph of three days. On the first day were displayed the arms and the statues of brass and marble taken from the enemy; on the second the silver and gold, whether coined or in vases, shields, and various ornaments; and on the third the golden crowns, the gift of the liberated cities. Before the car of Flamininus appeared the captives and hostages, and among the latter Demetrius, son of Philip, and Armenes, son of Ñabis, and in the rear fol The following table, constructed from the reports of the late commissioners of the Irish fisheries, shows the number of boats and men employed, and the produce of cured fish in each year from 1821 to 1829. Number Cwts, of Cod, Ling, Barrels of Cwte of Number of Barrels of lake. Herrings other Fut Fishermen. Herrings Haddock, exported.exporte.. creasing scarcity of all fish which breed in the Channel, com- | Waterford, and from Mizen-head to Cahore point on the pared with what was the ordinary supply 15 to 20 years Wicklow coast, in Ireland. ago, operating prejudicially to the fishermen, at the same time that a continued fall of prices has taken place in the markets. This fall of prices could not have occurred in consequence of any scarcity in the supply. That there was a diminished quantity taken by the English fishermen may possibly have been true; but considering that the supply in our markets was actually increased so as to provide our growing population at progressively decreasing prices, we can only account for the facts adduced by the committee by supposing that the foreign fishermen, of whose interference such grievous complaint was made, were better skilled and more persevering in their calling than our own countrymen Supposition which seems to be borne out by the circumstance of our having, since this report was delivered, been still more abundantly supplied with fish for our tables; while t'e ery of distress on the part of the fishermen has passed away, doubtless owing to the greater degree of skill and in lustry which they have since exerted. 1-22 cured. &c. 1821 7,655 36.159 9,726 22.689 404) 9,304 44,892 12,258 28,314 1.5-9 A complaint, the opposite to that brought forward by the committee, has of late been preferred against our fisherinen by the owners of the boats, who allege that, having advanced all the capital necessary for the undertaking, and having probably also contributed to the support of the men during the dead season, under the faich of an agreement to receive at stipulated prices all the produce of their nets, the men so bound to them sell a considerable part of the fish which they take to boats despatched from the coast of France. These circumstances have been mentioned, because a great and it is thought a groundless impression was created by the result of the inquiry of 1833, which inquiry, it has been alleged, was undertaken to satisfy the desires, of certain interested parties who wished to me out a case for the interference of government. One branch of fishing wholly different in its object from all other branches has been described by the committee of 1833 under the title of the Stow-Boar Fishery. This fishery prevails principally upon the Kentish, Norfolk, and Essex coasts; and the object is the catching of sprats, not for food, but as manure for the land, for which there is a constant demand. This branch of fishing is represented by the committee to have much increased, and to give employinent on the Kentish coast alone to from 400 to 500 boats, which remain upon the fishing grounds frequently for a week together and until each has obtained a full cargo of dead fish. The facility which the pretence of employing vessels in fi hing gives to the operations of smugglers has led to an act of parliament, 6 Geo. IV., c. 108, under which vessels and boats of certain descriptions are required to be licensed by the commissioners of the customs. The licenses thus granted specify the limits beyond which fishing-vessels must not be employed: this distance is usually four leagues from the English coast, and it is affirmed that our fishermen are injured by this restriction, because some valuable fishing grounds lie beyond the prescribed limits and are thus abandoned to foreigners. The pilchard fishery, which is carried on upen parts of the Devon and Cornish coasts, is of some importance. The number of boats engaged in it is about 1000, which give employment to about 3,500 men at sea and about 5000 men and women on shore. The pilchards visit our shores in August and September, and again in November or December: they come in large shoals into shallow water. As soon as caught they are salted or pickled and exported to foreign markets, chiefly to the Mediterranean: the average export amounts to 30,000 hogsheads per year. The quantity was much greater formerly, when a bounty of 85. 6.7. per hogshead was paid upon all exported. This bounty has now ceased, and as additional reasons for the diminution of the fishery, it is said that Lent is not now so strictly observed as formerly in the countries to which the exports are made, and that the heavy duty, equal to 1ss. per hogshead, aposed upon importation into Naples, which has long been the principal market, has checked consumption. The extent of the British herring fishery has already been noted. The places where it is principally carried on are Yarmouth, Lowest off, Hastings, Folkestone, Cardigan Bay, and Swansea, in England and Wales; the coasts of Caith ness, Sutherland, Aberdeenshire, Banffshire, Morayshire, and Ross-share, in Scotland; and Galway, Killybegs on the coast of Donegal, Mayo, the estuary of the Shannon, the coast between Dingle Bay and Kenmare, Bantry Bay, 1825 64.771 1836 10,761 51,119 16,855 60,3-0 The principal herring-fishery off the coast of Norfolk and Suffolk commences in September and ends in the beginning of December. Mackerel fishing begins 1st May and ends 1st July. No material changes have occurred in the seasons, but herrings are more numerous of late years on the Yorkshire coast. For both fisheries decked-vessels of 30 to 60 tons register are generally used. Our chief salmon-fisheries are carried on in the rivers and estuaries of Scotland. As no bounty has been at any time payable upon the taking or exporting of this kind of fish, it has been difficult to ascertain its actual or comparative amount. Some partial returns have been obtained from persons who have rented the different fishing grounds, bet these do not offer a complete view of the fishery, and its produce being consumed within the kingdom, the customhouse, which takes no note of goods conveyed from port to port, affords no help towards supplying the deficiency. A detailed account has been given of the produce of the sal mon-fisheries in the rivers on the coast of Sutherland, from which the following table, giving the produce for three years to 1835, has been taken: Esk No. of fish 29,096 42,205 54,559 The average weight of the fish may be estimated at 10 pounds. The produce of the fishings in the rivers Tay, Dee, Doa, and of the coasts adjacent, are conveyed in steam-boats and Spey, Findhorn, Beauly, Borriedale, Langwell and Thursh small sailing vessels to Aberdeen, where they are packed shipments thus made from Aberdeen, in each of the three with ice in boxes and sent to the London market. The years ending with 1833, were as follow: situated near the mouths of the rivers; the most important are the following: Burntisland.-Herrings. Stonehaven.-Herrings, haddocks halibut, cod, ling The Boyne with its tributaries, the Mattock and Black-skate, mackerel. water. The Glenarm, the Main and the Glenariff, in Antrim. The Bush with its tributaries, the Pound, Burn Gashet, and Dervock. The Bann with its tributaries, the Roe, the Agivey, The Foyle with its tributaries, the Roe, the Faughan, The Ballynass and the Raye. The Esk or Donegal river, with its tributary the The Erne. The Blackwater and its tributaries, the Owbeg, the Collieston.-Herrings, haddocks, cod, mussels (inhabit ants all fishermen). Peterhead.-Herrings, cod, haddocks. Findhorn-Herrings, cod, haddocks. Wick.-Herrings, cod, ling, hake, salmon, haddock flounders. Thurso.-Herrings. Loch Carron.-Herrings, cod, ling, hake Campbelton.-Herrings, turbot, sole, flounders. Shetland Isles.-Herrings, cod, ling. Donegal.-Soles, plaice, oysters, herrings, turbot, cod, eels, haddock, dorees, hake, whiting, conger, mackerel, sprat, glassen. Sligo.-Turbot, cod, and all kinds of fish that frequent the Irish coast. sprat, bream. Galway.-Cod, ling, pollock, mackerel, bream, herrings, conger, sun-fish, haddock, gurnet, whiting, hake, turbot, glassen, soles, plaice, doree, halibut. Clare.-Turbot, cod, ling, haddock, hake, soles, whiting, gurnet, mackerel, thornback, doree, ray, skad. The Bray and its tributaries, the Enniskerry, Powers-ling, court and Glencree, and the Liffey. Mackerel are fish of passage which visit every part of our roasts in the spring and early part of the summer, and are ken in great abundance. In this country they are used Mayo.-Turbot, sole, cod, ling, haddock, hake, whiting, fresh, and great quantities are conveyed by rapid land jour-glassen, conger, gurnet, pollock, mackerel, herrings, skate, neys from the coast to London. For the encouragement of the mackerel and other similar fisheries, the carriages in winch the fish are thus conveyed are exempted from the post-horse duty. The general desire to obtain this fish in perfection has led to the well-known relaxation of our laws Against Sunday trading, which permits the open hawking about of mackerel on that day, a practice which is punishable with regard to any other fish, or indeed to articles of any kind, with the exception of milk. The fishing-boats Cork.-Turbot, sole, cod, ling, haddock, mackerel, conger, on those parts of the coast which are sufficiently near to the Thames are accompanied by fast-sailing cutters, which col-hake, whiting, shad, pilchards, herrings, plaice, pollock, lect the takings of the fishing-boats and proceed with the cargo to Billingsgate market while the boats pursue their upation. During a favourable season 100,000 mackerel re brought to Billingsgate market every week. Those fish which, as described, are brought by land conveyance to Lonbon are sold at a kind of auction on the beach by the fisheren to the owners of the carts or vans, whose success in the speculation depends mainly upon their quickness in bringing them to the market for consumption. The principal fisheries on the eastern coast of England re in the neighbourhood of Whitby, Hartlepool, and Robin Hood's Bay. The fish-markets of Liverpool and Manchester, and, since the opening of the Grand Junction Railay, that of Birmingham also, are generally well supplied by land carriage with fresh fish, both round and flat, from those fishing grounds. A good deal of fish likewise comes to that port by steam-vessels from the Isle of Man. The demand for fresh fish in the west of England is said to be extensive and increasing. In the season of 1835, acording to the Report of the Commissioners, probably 12,000,000 of pilchards were sold for home consumption, lesides a large supply of mackerel, hake, &c., fresh and sed. The fish is distributed throughout the country in earts and on horses. Pilchards are often sold at 1s. to 1s. 6d., and herrings at 28. per 126; cod-fish at 2s. each; red mullets 2 to 6d. each; turbots 2d. to 6d. per lb.; mackerel 1d. to 3d. each. The different fishing grounds of Scotland and Ireland, and the kinds of fish found most abundantly at each, are as follow: SCOTLAND. Leith.-Herrings, cod, ling, haddock. Kerry-Turbot, haddock, gurnet, pollock, plaice, sole, doree, cod, whiting, ray, conger, mullet, mackerel, shad, bream, herrings, pilchards, hake, ling, glassen. halibut, doree, skate. Waterford.-Cod, ling, hake, haddock, glassen, herrings. Wexford.-Cod, ling, hake, gurnet, whiting, pollock, turbot, mackerel, herrings, pilchards, lobsters, conger, bream, soles, plaice. Wicklow.-Herrings, cod, oysters, ling, haddock, whiting, mackerel, soles, plaice, pollock, trout, salmon. Cod.-The cod fishery at Newfoundland was carried on as early as 1500 by the Portuguese, Biscayans, and French, but it was not until 1585 that the English ventured to interfere with them. In that year Sir Francis Drake being sent to the island with a squadron, seized the foreign ships which he found engaged in the fishery, and sent them to England, where they were declared lawful prizes. Seven years before that time attempts had been made to settle a colony upon Newfoundland under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, but without success. In 1610 a company was incorporated for the same purpose by King James I., and so successfully was the fishery prosecuted, that in 1614 there were near 200 vessels engaged in it: in the following year the number exceeded 250. The author of 'Considerations on the Trade to Newfoundland,' inserted in the second volume of Churchill's Collection of Voyages,' tells us that 'towards the end of the seventeenth century the French were in the habit of employing in these fisheries about 500 sail of ships, a great many of which were of good burthen, and mounted from sixteen to forty guns, to man which they have by a moderate computation about 16,000 men.' This writer adds, that the French by their extraordinary frugality, joined with their other great advantages, such as the cheapness of salt, and having the best and most convenient part of the country for fishing, have quite beaten the English |