Church, and fathers of the Latin Church. The former are: | The Fathers of the Latin Church are-1st, LACTANTIUS, who died A.D. 316. 2nd, Hilarius, bishop of Poictiers, who died about 368. He was much concerned in the controversy against the Arians, and wrote several books against Constantius, who patronized them. 3rd, AMBROSE, archbishop of Milan, died in 397. 4th, JEROME, the translator of the Bible, died A.D. 420. 5th, AUGUSTIN, bishop of Hippo, died A.D. 430. With Augustin the list of the great fathers of the church is generally considered as terminating, although this title has been also bestowed on some subsequent prelates and theologians; but these, such as Bernard, Thomas Aquinas, &c., are more properly distinguished by the name of doctors of the church. The study of the Fathers is interesting not only to theologians, but to those who would examine carefully the phisophy and the state of society in their time. They are now uch studied in the Protestant universities of Germany. FATHOM. [MEASURES.] FATIMIDES, the name of a race of kings, who assumed the title of caliphs, and reigned for many years over the north of Africa and Egypt. They obtained the name from the pretensions of the founder of the dynasty, Abu Mohammed Obeidallah, who asserted that he was descended from Fatima, the daughter of Mohammed and wife of Ali. The Arabic historians however generally deny the truth of this assertion; and many of them say that his grandfather was a Jew or of the Magian religion. The princes of this family were also called the Aliades, in consequence of their descent, real or pretended, from Ali. i. Obeidallah, the first Fatimide caliph, was born A.D. 882. Having incurred the displeasure of Moktafi, the reigning Abasside caliph, he was obliged to wander through various parts of Africa, till, through fortunate circumstances, he was raised from a dungeon in Segelmessa (A.D. 910) to sovereign power. He assumed the title of Mahadi, or director of the faithful,' according to a prophecy of Mohammed's that if the space of 300 years such an individual would arise in the west. He subdued the princes in the north of Africa, who had become independent of the Abassides, and established his authority from the Atlantic to the borders of Egypt. He founded Mahadi on the site of the antient Aphrodisium, a town on the coast of Africa, about a hundred miles south of Tunis, and made it his capital. He became the author of a great schism among the Mohammedans by disowning the authority of the Abassides [ABASSIDES], and assuming the title of Emîr al Mûmenîn, prince of the faififul,' which belonged exclusively to the caliphs. His fleets ravaged the coasts of Italy and Sicily, and his armies frequently invaded Egypt, but without any permanent success. 2. Caiem succeeded his father A.D. 933. During his reign an impostor, Abu Yezid, originally an Ethiopian slave, advanced certain peculiar doctrines in religion, which he was enabled to propagate over the whole of the north of Africa, and was so successful in his military expeditions as to deprive Caiern of all his dominions, and confine him to his capital, Mahadi, which he was besieging when Caiem died. a. Mansour succeeded his father (A.D. 946) when the kingdom was in a state of the greatest confusion. By his valour and prudence he regained the greater part of the dominions of his grandfather Obeidallah, defeated the usurper Yezid, and laid the foundations of that power which enabled his son Moez to conquer Egypt. 4. Moez (A.D. 955) was the most powerful of the Fatimide caliphs. He was successful in a naval war with Spain, and took the island of Sicily; but his most celebrated conquest was that of Egypt, which was subdued by his lieutenant A.D. 972. Two years afterwards he removed his court to Egypt, and founded Cairo. (See D'Anville's Mémoires sur l'Egypte, p. 132.) The name of the Abasside caliph was omitted in the public prayers, and his own substituted in its place; from which time the great schism of the Fatimide and Abasside caliphs is more frequently dated than from the assumption of the title by Obeidallah. The armies of Moez conquered the whole of Palestine and Syria as far as Damascus. The Arabic historians greatly extol the virtues of this caliph. 5. Aziz (A.D. 978). The dominions recently acquired by Moez were secured to the Fatimide caliphs by the wise government of his son Aziz, who took several towns in Syria. He married a Christian woman, whose brothers he made patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem. 6. Hakem was only 11 when he succeeded his father, A.D. 996. He is distinguished even among oriental despots by his cruelty and folly. His tyranny caused frequent insurrections in Cairo. He cruelly persecuted the Jews and Christians, and burnt their places of worship. By his order the church of the resurrection at Jerusalem was destroyed (A.D. 1009). His persecution of the Christians led them to appeal to their brethren in the West, and was one of the causes that led to the crusades. His folly induced him to become the founder of a new religion, and to assert that he was the express image of God. He was assassinated in consequence of the intrigues of his sister, and was succeeded by his son 7. Dhaher (A.D. 1021). He was not so cruel as his father, but was addicted to pleasure, and resigned all the cares of government to his vizirs. In his reign the power of the Fatimide caliphs began to decline. They possessed nothing but the external show of royalty: secluded in the harem, they were the slaves of their vizirs, whom they could not appoint and dared not disobey. In addition to the evils of misgovernment, Egypt was afflicted in the reign of Dhaher with one of the most dreadful famines that ever visited the country. 8. Mostanser (A.D. 1037) was only nine when he suc ceeded his father. The Turks invaded Syria and Palestine in his reign, took Damascus and Jerusalem (A.D. 1076), where the princes of the house of Ortok, a Turkish family, established an independent kingdom. They advanced to the Nile with the intention of conquering Egypt, but were repulsed. 9. Mostali (A.D. 1094), the second son of Mostanser, was seated on the throne by the all-powerful vizir Afdhal. The government was entirely in the hands of Afdhal during the whole of his reign. The invasion of Asia Minor by the crusaders (A.D. 1097) appeared to Afdhal a favourable opportunity for the recovery of Jerusalem. Refusing to assist the Turks against the crusaders, he marched against Jerusalem, took it (A.D. 1098), and deprived the Ortok princes of the sovereignty which they had exercised for twenty years. His possession of Jerusalem was however of very short duration, for it was taken in the following year (A.D. 1099) by the crusaders. Anxious to recover his loss, he led an immense army in the same year against Jerusalem, but was entirely defeated by the crusaders near Ascalon. 10-13. The reigns of Amer (1101-1129), Hafedh (11291149), Dhafer (1149-1154), Faiez (1154-1160), contain nothing worthy of notice. During their reigns the power of the Fatimides rapidly decayed. 14. Adhed (1160) was the last caliph of the Fatimide dynasty. At the commencement of his reign Egypt was divided into two factions, the respective chiefs of which, Dargham and Shawer, disputed for the dignity of vizir. Shawer implored the assistance of Noureddin [NOUREDDIN], who sent an army into Egypt under the command of Shiracouh, by means of which his rival was crushed. But becoming jealous of Noureddin's power in Egypt, he solicited the aid of Amauri, king of Jerusalem, who marched into Egypt and expelled Shiracouh from the country. Noureddin soen sent another army into Egypt under the same commander, | with circumstances which appear to render the work free who was accompanied by his nephew, the celebrated Saladin. from the defects above mentioned. [SALADIN.] Shiracouh was again unsuccessful, and was obliged to retreat. The ambition of Amauri afforded shortly afterwards a more favourable opportunity for the reduction of Egypt. Amauri, after driving Shiracouh out of the country, meditated the design of reducing it to his own authority. Shawer, alarmed at the success of Amauri, entreated the assistance of Noureddin, who sent Shiracouh for the third time at the head of a numerous army. He repulsed the Christians, and afterwards put the treacherous vizir to death. Shiracouh succeeded to his dignity, but dying shortly after, Saladin obtained the post of vizir. As Noureddin was attached to the interests of the Abassides, he gave orders for the proclamation of Mosthadi, the Abasside caliph (A.D. 1171), and for depriving the Fatimides of the caliphate. Adhed, who was then on a sick bed, died a few days after, ignorant, as it is said, of his loss. (Mill's History of Muhammedanism, pp. 134-143; Mill's History of the Crusaders, vol. i.; D'Herbelot's Bibliothèque Orientale, articles Fathemiah,' 'Obeidallah,' Hakem,' Adhed,' Saladin,' &c.; Gibbon's Decline and Fall, cc. 57, 58, 59.) FAULT. [MINING.] FAUN, FAUNUS, was the name given in the Roman mythology to the gods or genii of the woods, corresponding with the Panes of the Greek mythology. The Fauni were supposed to be the descendants of Faunus an old mythical king of Latium, who resided in the forest Albunea with his wife Fauna or Fatua, near the pond of sulphureous water, which is between Rome and Tivoli; both were gifted with the faculty of prophesying. In subsequent ages the forest of Albunea continued to be the Delphi of Latium; the oracles were delivered by a voice issuing from its recesses. (Virgil, Eneid, vii. 82, &c.) Several statues in the Italian and other museums are believed to represent Fauni; among the most remarkable are those in the gallery of Florence, and a very handsome one in the museum of the Capitol. The sleeping Faun of the Barberino is now in the gallery at Münich. FAUSSE-BRAYE, a name given to the rampart which is sometimes formed on the exterior of and parallel to that which constitutes the principal enceinte of a fortress. In the antient fortifications a bank of earth was frequently raised in the ditch, nearly or quite contiguous to the wall of stone or brick surrounding the place, in order to protect the latter against the battering-engines of the besiegers; and the Italian engineers of the sixteenth century make mention of a detached wall of masonry similarly situated, which seems to have been intended for a like purpose. This was then called a fossa-brea, and, subsequently, by the French engineers, a fausse-braye; the first term indicating a covering work in the ditch, and the other simply a secondary or advanced rampart. In and immediately before the time of Vauban the faussebraye constituted the exterior part of the general rampart of a fortress; its terreplein, or upper surface, was situated a little above the level of the natural ground, and it carried a parapet for the protection of the defenders. The terreplein and parapet of the interior part of the rampart were several feet higher than those of the fausse-braye, and the interval between the two parapets was sometimes broad enough to allow room for artillery. A good indication of the nature of this work may be obtained from the lower flanks of the bastions at Portsmouth, and, in order to render the example complete, it is merely necessary to suppose their parapets continued along the curtains and before the faces of the bastions. The fausse-braye, thus formed, was intended for the defence of the ditch and covered way by a closer and more grazing fire than that of the principal rampart; but the enfilading fire to which the parts in front of the bastion were liable, and the destructive effects of the shells and grenades thrown into the work by the enemy, rendered it impossible for the defenders to remain in it at the time when their services were most required; it also afforded to the enemy some facilities in escalading the rampart. On account of these defects, this kind of fausse-braye has been long since suppressed, and the use of it in defending the dutch is supplied by the tenaille. [BASTION, Fig. 1. p. 17.] It should be observed however that Carnot and other French engineers have recently proposed constructions which may be considered as partial revivals of the fausse-braye, but FAUST, DR., a German scholar in the beginning of the fifteenth century, who is not, as is frequently supposed, the same person as Fust, the assistant of Guttenberg. The popular traditions of Northern Germany give very strange accounts of this man, which are somewhat confirmed by contemporary chroniclers, and represent him as having been in the possession of supernatural secrets, of a magic cloak, and other conjuring apparatus: he was said to have commanded the elements, and to have performed the greatest wonders, with the aid of his associate the devil, who at last carried him off. The simple fact is, that Dr. Faust being far in advance of his contemporaries in the physical sciences, made experiments, the results of which must have appeared superhuman to the narrow understandings of the people. But the poetical personification of the character which has gradually developed itself is much more interesting than the historical personage. Some of the greatest poets of Germany have represented Faust as a man inflamed by the most ardent desire for knowledge, who, after having devoted himself for many years to intense study, arrives at the conviction that the depths of truth are inaccessible to the human understanding. The despair of a mind thus disappointed, and the fiction of the use of magic to get admission to the forbidden regions of knowledge, impart to this character a particularly romantic charm. The idea itself is very old, and may be clearly traced to a primitive age. The circumstance that the wandering Punch and Judy showmen, those rude fathers of the drama in Germany, and even in France, have for centuries made, and are still making, the subject of Dr. Faust's deeds and descent to hell the favourite entertainment of their auditors, proves how well adapted this character is to dramatic action. In modern times, Lessing, the originator of German dramatic art, undertook to dramatise the subject; it was an undertaking grand in conception and plan, but unfortunately it has remained a fragment. The same idea however was taken up by Göthe, the greatest poet that Germany has yet produced. The following are the leading features of Göthe's work:Faust, doctor and professor in all the faculties, highly admired for his wisdom, carries in his breast the conviction of the insufficiency of his knowledge to reach the fountain of truth. Accordingly he has recourse to magic. At his command appears the Erdgeist, the symbol of the original power which vivifies all matter, directs its motions, and its organic conformation and action. The spirit proceeds to explain to Faust its mode of creation and of action; but the limited human understanding is incapable of conceiving the immensity of the spirit, who disappears and leaves Faust in despair. Faust now resolves to release himself by death from all material forms, and to enter the secret regions of knowledge. But the moment he puts the deadly cup to his lips, the tolling of bells, the sound of the organ, and sweet chanting fall on his ears, and bring back to his mind such charming recollections of infancy and of earthly delights, that he cannot summon resolution to shake off the chains of existence. While he is still irresolute and doubtful, in the comfortless weariness of all human knowledge, the devil appears (the negative and destructive principle in opposition to the vivifying and creating), and Faust, recollecting his impotence when in presence of the Erdgeist, resolves to enter into a compact with the reprobate spirit; not with the expectation of satisfying his longing after knowledge, for he knows that the human mind, notwithstanding its narrow limits, rises higher and is more closely allied to truth than the evil spirit; neither is it his intention to obtain enjoyment by his agency, as the pleasures of the world have no charm for the man who is eager after truth; but the object which Faust contemplates in this union is constant uninterrupted activity. To be continually ag tated by the conflict of the ever-changing elements of life is the only thing which can offer any compensation to man for knowledge which is denied. But whoever deserts the province of inquiry and plunges into the stream of life is unavoidably drawn into the vortex of sensuality, and as soon as the intellect of man loses its empire, he is carried into the abyss of material existence. This is the fate of Faust. The first volume of the work, published about twenty years previous to the second, leaves Faust degraded and sunk in sensuality, and struggling in vain to emerge from it. Instead of following up the conflict of the two opposing principles (the one spiritual and vivifying, the other male rial and destroying), and of exemplifying the triumph of the former clearly and impressively, Göthe, who was then far advanced in years, gave shortly before his death, in the second volume (in which his glowing genius manifests itself most conspicuously), only mystical and fragmentary hints, instead of the forcible exposition of which the character is capable. The same subject has been dramatically treated by Klingemann and Röder, but their productions are far beneath Göthe's. FAUSTI'NA, ANNIA, was the daughter of Annius Verus, præfect of Rome; she married Antoninus before his adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third year of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She left only one surviving child, named Faustina.. The historians have represented her conduct as very licentious. [ANTONINUS PIUS.] Coin of Faustina the Elder. British Museum. Actual Size, Copper. Weight, 346 grains. FAUSTI'NA the Younger, daughter of the preceding, married her cousin Marcus Aurelius, and died, A.D. 176, in a village of Cappadocia at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her husband's return from Syria. She is represented by Dion and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her conduct than her mother, and yet Marcus in his Meditations (i. 17) extols her obedience, simplicity, and affection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Verus, whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father as Emperor. [AURELIUS, MARCUS.] J. Marchand (Mercure de France, 1745) and Wieland have attempted to clear this princess of the imputations against her character. Coin of Faustina the Younger. British Museum. Actual Size. Copper. Weight, 395+ grains. FAUVETTE. [SYLVIADE.] FAVASTRA. [MADASTREA.] FAVERSHAM. [KENT.] FAVO'NIA. [MEDUSA.] FAVORI'NUS. [PHAVORINUS.] FAVOSITES. [MILLEPORIDE.] FAWKES, GUY. During the latter years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth the Protestants, who, since the death of Mary, had so increased in numbers and in power as to govern the kingdom as they would, endeavoured, by the severity of laws enacted against Roman Catholics, and by continual oppression, to extirpate that religion from England. Not only were the Catholics forbidden to use the rites and ceremonies of their own faith, but were required to attend upon the services of a church which, if conscientious and consistent, they were bound to abhor. If they refused or forbore to come to a Protestant church on the Sabbath, they were liable to a penalty of 207. for every lunar month during which they absented themselves.' "very priest who said mass, and every person who heard it, was liable to a fine of 100 marks, and imprisonment for a year. The ministers of their religion, without whose presence they were precluded from the exercise of the sacraments and other rites, were in effect proscribed and banished; for by a statute passed in 1585 it was enacted "that all Jesuits, seminary and other priests, ordained since the beginning of the queen's reign, should depart out of the realm P. C., No. 621 within forty days after the end of that session of parliament, and that all such priests or other religious persons ordained since the same time should not come into England, or remain there under the pain of suffering death as in case of treason." It was also enacted by the same statute that all persons receiving or assisting such priests should be guilty of a capital felony.' It may be truly said that these and other rigorous statutes were not at all times enforced; but they placed the whole body of the Catholics at the mercy of the Protestant government: for them therefore there was no liberty, personal or religious, but such as the privy council thought proper to allow; and with reference to their religion, the law gave them no rights, and afforded them no protection. The facts, that James I., although himself a Protestant, was born of Catholic parents, had been baptized by a Catholic archbishop, and approved several of the ordinances of the Roman church, gave to the Catholics at his accession hopes of a revival of their liberties. At first, indeed, it appeared that their wishes would be realised, and the severity used toward them relaxed, for the fines paid by the recusants, which in the last year of Elizabeth had amounted to 10,333., in the first year of James's reign scarcely exceeded 3007., and in the second they were little more than 2001. James however was no sooner firmly seated upon the throne than he overthrew all their expectations. In February, 1604, he assured his council that he had never any intention of granting toleration to the Catholics,' that he would fortify the laws against them, and cause them to be put into execution to the utmost. which this article is extracted, for a fuller account of the We must refer to the 2nd vol. of Criminal Trials,' from enactments made at this time against the Catholics: sufficient has been said to show the cause of their discontent with the government, the king, and the Protestants in general. The design of blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder at the opening of parliament, and thus destroying at a single blow the King, the Lords, and the Commons, was formed about the summer of 1604. The conceiver of this desperate and bloody vengeance was Robert Catesby, a Catholic, the son of Sir William Catesby, who had been several times imprisoned for recusancy. Catesby disclosed his scheme to John Wright and Thomas Winter, the former descended from a respectable family in Yorkshire, the Wrights of Plowland in Holderness: the latter from the Winters of Huddington in Worcestershire, where they had been in possession of estates since the time of Henry VI. At a conversation held between these conspirators, it was agreed that Winter should go over to the Netherlands to meet Velasco, constable of Castile, who had arrived at Flanders on his way to England, to conclude a peace between James and the king of Spain, and request him to solicit his majesty to recal the penal laws against the Catholics, and to admit them into the rank of his other subjects. Winter received no encouragement from Velasco that he would stipulate in the treaty of peace for the liberties of the English Catholics, and so returned to England, having in company Guido or Guy Fawkes, who, it was thought, would be of assistance in the business. Fawkes was a gentleman of good parentage and respectable family in Yorkshire; his father, Edward Fawkes, was a notary at York, and held the office of registrar and advocate of the Consistory Court of the Cathedral. Of his education and early history nothing is known; but having spent the little property that he derived from his father, he enlisted in the Spanish army in Flanders, and was present at the taking of Calais by the Archduke Albert in 1598. Soon after Winter's return to London, Thomas Percy, the relation and confidential steward of the Earl of Northumberland, joined the four conspirators already mentioned, and the following oath of secrecy, was administered to each, kneeling with his hands placed upon the Primer :- You swear by the blessed Trinity, and by the sacrament you now propose to receive, never to disclose directly or indirectly, by word or circumstance, the matter that shall be proposed to you to keep secret, nor desist from the execution thereof until the rest shall give you leave.' They then heard mass, and received the sacrament from Father Gerard in confirmation of their vow. Percy took the next step. He was a gentleman pensioner, and upon pretence that it would be convenient to him when in attendance in that capacity, he purchased of one Ferris the remainder of a short term which he had in the lease of a house adjoining the parliament house. VOL. X.-2 E Fawkes, who was unknown in London, and had assumed and under the pretence of making levies for the archduke the name of Johnson, acted as Percy's servant, and took in Flanders, assembled friends who might be armed in the possession of the house. Parliament was soon afterwards country when the first blow was struck. As considerable adjourned till the 7th of February, and the conspirators sums of money were necessary for these purposes, it was having first hired a house in Lambeth for the preparation proposed to admit into the confederacy three wealthy men, of timber for the mine and a place of deposit for combusti- Sir Everard Digby [av], Ambrose Rookwood of Coldbles, agreed to meet in London about the beginning of No-ham Hall in Suffolk, and Francis Tresham, the son of Sir vember. The custody of the house in Lambeth was com- Thomas Tresham of Rushton in Northamptonshire. These mitted to Robert Keyes, the son of a Protestant clergyman gentlemen were afterwards sworn in. in Derbyshire, but himself a Catholic; the oath of secrecy As the day of meeting of parliament approached, it was was administered to him also. The proceedings of the star finally determined that Fawkes should fire the mine with a chamber during the interval of their meetings so exaspe- slow match, which would allow him a quarter of an hour to rated the conspirators that they became more eager than escape. Sir Everard Digby was to assemble a number of ever about the plot. Catesby and his confederates, accord- Catholic gentlemen in Warwickshire on the 5th of Noveming to a previous agreement, assembled in the house about ber under pretence of a hunting party, and Percy was to the 11th of December, and a mine was immediately com- seize the prince of Wales, or the duke of York if the prince menced. The stone wall, however, which separated them should go to the parliament house with the king. One subfrom the Parliament House being found three yards inject of discussion only arose, whether and how the Catholic thickness, Keyes and the younger brother of John Wright peers should be warned of their danger: each conspirator (who was enlisted as the others had been) were called in had friends, if not relations among them; but the danger of to assist, and the seven men were thus occupied until communicating the project to so large a number of persons Christmas-eve without their ever appearing in the upper was considered so imminent, that they despaired of saving part of the house. During their laborious employment they all of them, and it was concluded that no express notice had much consultation respecting the scheme to be adopted. should be given them, but only such persuasion, upon It was supposed that Prince Henry would accompany the general grounds, as might deter them from attending. king to the Parliament House and perish there with his Many of the conspirators were averse to this advice and father. The Duke of York, afterwards Charles I., would angry at its adoption; and Tresham in particular, for his then be the next heir, and Percy undertook to secure sisters had married Lords Stourton and Mounteagle. Inhis person, and carry him off in safety as soon as the deed Tresham so passionately required that Lord Mountfatal blow was struck. If this scheme should fail, the eagle should have warning of his danger, that very high princess Elizabeth was to be surprised and secured by a words ensued; and when he was thwarted in his wishes, party provided in the country. It was the intention to he hinted that the money which he had promised would proclaim one of the royal family as king. It was also ar- not be forthcoming; and from this time he ceased to ranged that Warwickshire should be the general rendez- attend their councils. vous, and that supplies of horses and armour should be sent to the houses of several of the conspirators in that county, to be used as occasion might require. On Saturday, the 26th of October, ten days before the meeting of parliament, Lord Mounteagle unexpectedly gave a supper in a house which he had not lately occupied. In the midst of these deliberations Fawkes brought intel- Circumstances have given rise to a belief that he was privy ligence that the parliament had again been prorogued from to the plot at the time that he invited his friends, and that the 7th of February to the 3rd of October following. The the supper was only given as a convenient opportunity of conspirators therefore separated for a time; and in the mean discovering the conspiracy to them. Be this as it may, while John Grant of Norbrook in Warwickshire, and Robert whilst he was at table a letter was brought to him by one Winter of Huddington, were sworn in among their number. of his pages, who stated that he had received it in the In February (1604-5) their labours were resumed, and the street from a stranger, who pressed its instant delivery into stone wall nearly half broken through. One morning while his master's hands. The letter ran thus:- My lord out working upon the wall, they suddenly heard a rushing noise of the love i beare to some of youer frends i have a caer of in a cellar nearly above their heads. At first they feared youer preservacion therefor i would advyse yowe as yowe they had been discovered; but Fawkes being despatched to tender youer lyf to devyse some exscuse to shift of youer reconnoitre, found that one Bright to whom the cellar be- attendance at this parleament for God and man hathe conlonged was selling off his coals in order to remove. Fawkes curred to punishe the wickednes of this time, and thinke carefully surveyed this large vault situated immediately be- not slightlye of this advertisment but retyere youre self low the House of Lords, and perceived its fitness for their pur- into youre contri whcare yowe may expect the event in pose. The difficulties connected with breaking through the safti for thowghe theare be no apparance of anni stir yet wall, its thickness, the damp of the situation, for water was i saye they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parliament continually oozing through the stone work, and the danger and yet they shall not seie who hurts them, this councel of discovery from noise, disposed the confederates to aban- is not to be contemned because it may do yowe good and don their operations, and to possess themselves of the cellar can do yowe no harme for the dangere is passed as soon of Bright. The vault was immediately hired, and about as yowe have burnt the letter, and i hope God will give twenty barrels of powder were carried by night from Lam- yowe the grace to mak good use of it to whose holy protec beth: iron bars and other tools that had been used in tion i commend yowe.' To the right honorable the Lord mining were also thrown among the powder that the breach Mounteagle.' This letter has been ascribed to Anne, the might be the greater, and the whole was covered over with daughter of Lord Vaux, to Mrs. Abington, Lord Mountfaggots. Lumber of various kinds was placed in the eagle's sister, to Percy, and to others; but there seem cellar to prevent any suspicion of the curious or the watch-greater reasons for believing that no one of these was the ful. In May, 1605, the preparations were complete: the writer of it, but rather that Tresham was its author. It is conspirators having marked the door, in order that it might a point, however, we have not room to discuss, and therebe seen if any one entered the vault, consented to separate; fore must refer the inquiring reader to Criminal Trials before their separation, however, it was proposed that an (vol. ii. p. 66) for further remarks upon it. attempt should be made to obtain foreign co-operation by informing Sir William Stanley and Owen of the project. This was agreed to on condition of their being sworn to secrecy, and Fawkes was despatched to Flanders for the purpose of conferring with them. Sir Edmund Baynham was also sent on a mission to the pope, that when the news of the explosion arrived at Rome he might be prepared to negotiate on behalf of the conspirators, and to explain that the design of the plot was the re-establishment of Catholicism. Soon after Fawkes's return from Flanders the parliament was further prorogued from October to the 5th of November. These repeated prorogations alarmed the conspirators, and led them to fear that their project was suspected. Their alarms however having been discovered to be groundless, Catesby purchased horses, arms, and powder, On the same evening Lord Mounteagle showed the letter to several lords of the council, who with him agreed that no steps should be taken until the king returned from hunting at Royston. The contents of the letter and its communication to many of the council, as well as to the secretary of state, soon reached the ears of the conspirators; but though their danger was evident, and the vessel which was to convey Fawkes to Flanders was lying in the river, they made no attempt to escape. All suspected Tresham to be their betrayer, and he was accused by them, but he vehemently denied the accusation. Since they did not know accurately to what extent their proceedings had been divulged, they had still hope of effecting their desisal, especially as, upon examination, Fawkes found that the cellar was not watched, and had not been disturbed. When, however, they heard that on the 31st of October the letter had been shown to the king, their hope diminished and their fears increased. Some of the conspirators left London; others concealed themselves in an obscure lodging; all held themselves ready to start at a moment's warning. Fawkes alone, with the extraordinary courage which he had displayed throughout the transaction, took up his station in the cellar. Thus they passed three days of anxiety and suspense. On Monday the chamberlain, with Lord Mounteagle, commenced the search, which appears to have been somewhat strangely delayed. Their suspicions were excited both at finding that Percy was the occupier of a house of which he was known to make no use, and at the unaccountably large store of fuel which filled the cellars, and by the side of which a tall dark suspicious-looking man (Fawkes) was standing. They therefore gave orders to Sir Thomas Knevet, a magistrate in Westminster, to search the houses, the cellars, and the whole neighbourhood. The search was commenced, and about twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th Fawkes was seized as he came out of the cellar: matches and touchwood were found upon his person, a dark lantern with a lighted candle stood behind the cellar door, and under the faggots 36 casks of gunpowder. Fawkes at once avowed his purpose to the magistrate, and declared that if he had happened to be within the house when he took him, he would not have failed to have blown him up, house and all.' His courage and composure were not disturbed when he was examined before the king and council. He gave his name as John Johnson, the servant of Thomas Percy, declared his intention to blow up the king, lords, and bishops, and others who should have assembled at the opening of the parliament, refused to accuse any one as his accomplice, and upon being asked by the king how he could enter upon so bloody a conspiracy against so many innocent persons, declared that 'Dangerous diseases require a desperate remedy.' After having received the news of the apprehension of Fawkes, it was agreed by the conspirators, who had assembled at Ashby Ledgers, to take up arms with the few followers they could collect, and to endeavour to excite to rebellion the Roman Catholics in the counties of Warwick, Worcester, and Stafford, together with those of Wales. This scheme was immediately adopted; arms and horses were seized upon, and different parties despatched over the country. But all their efforts were in vain [DIGBY], and the failure of the project so complete, that their proceedings served no other purpose than to point them out as members of the confederacy. A party of the king's troops pursued Some of the conspirators to Holbeach, and here an obstinate defence was made, in which the two Wrights, Percy, and Catesby were killed, and Rookwood and Thomas Winter wounded. The others were eventually taken. Tresham died a natural death in prison, and on the 27th January, 1606, eight persons, namely, Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Thomas Bates, were tried at Westminster by a special commission, for being concerned in the powder-plot. Sir Everard Digby was arraigned and tried separately for the same crime. Upon the trials no witness was orally examined: the evidence consisted of the written declarations of Digby's servant and of the prisoners themselves. There is reason to believe that Fawkes was tortured in order to make him confess more fully. All the prisoners were found guilty, and upon all the sentence of death was passed. Care was taken to render their execution, which took place on the following Thursday and Friday, as solemn and impressive as possible. FAYAL is one of the Azores or Western Islands. It is situated in 38° 30′ N. lat. and near 29° W. long., and is more than 24 miles long from east to west. Like the other Azores, it has an uneven surface, and in some places the hills rise into mountains. Though the soil is rocky, it is very fertile, and vegetation is favoured by the mildness of the climate. The island grows firs and palms, pine-apples, oranges, cabbages, and potatoes; but the principal object of agriculture is the vine. In good seasons, from 8000 to 10,000 pipes of wine are exported, chiefly for America; oranges are sent to England and corn to Brazil. Its harbour, Horta, is the best in the whole group. Boats alone can land on the adjacent islands of Pico, Flores, and Corvo; and the produce of these islands is accordingly brought to Fayal for exportation. Fayal has also the advantage of lying directly in the track of European ships homeward bound from South America and India, and is visited by many vessels for provisions or refitting. Its capital, Horta, sometimes but improperly called Fayal, is a pretty little town with 5000 or 6000 inhabitants; it is the place of export for the product of this and the neighbouring islands. FAYETTE, MARIE MAGDELAINE DE LA VERGNE, Countess de la, was the daughter of an officer and a nobleman of Provence. She took lessons in Latin of Ménage and Father Rapin, and soon made great progress in that language. In 1655 she married Francis Count de la Fayette, and her house became the rendezvous of the literary men and the wits of the age. Lafontaine, Ménage, Huet, and Segrais were her most frequent visitors. The Duke de la Rochefoucault, celebrated for his wit and his licentiousness, became acquainted with her, and she boasted afterwards of having contributed to his reformation. Madame de Sevigné, in her letters, speaks highly of the moral character of Madame de la Fayette as well as of her talents. She wrote several novels which obtained a high reputation at the time, being the first of the kind in France written in a natural style, and free from the exaggerations and affectation of former novelists. She also wrote:1. Mémoires de la Cour de France, pour les années 1688-89,' which_contain some curious particulars. 2. Divers Portraits de quelques Personnes de la Cour,' being true sketches of living characters. 3. Mémoires de Henriette d'Angleterre,' not so interesting as the other two. Madame de la Fayette left also other memoirs of contemporary history which have not been published. Her printed works were collected and published together in 8 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1786, with a notice of her life, and again in 1804, together with the works of Madame de Tencin. Her correspondence was published in 1805. Madame de la Fayette died in 1693. FAYETTE, GILBERT MOTTIER, Marquis de la, was born on the 1st of September, 1757, at Chevagnac, near Brioude, in the present department of the Haute Loire. He married at the age of sixteen Mademoiselle de Noailles d'Ayen, and his wife's relations offered him a place at court, which he refused. When the American revolution broke out, La Fayette, who was deeply interested in the cause, made an offer of his services to Benjamin Franklin, which being accepted, he armed a vessel at his own expense and landed at Charlestown in April, 1777. He fought as a volunteer at the battle of the Brandywine on the 11th of September, 1777, in which he was wounded. Congress having given him a brevet of major-general, he served in the north under Washington's orders, and was at the battle of Monmouth in June, 1778, and afterwards received the thanks of Congress for his gallant conduct, and the present of a valuable sword. In 1779 he returned to France, the government of that country having acknowledged the independence of the American States, and he obtained assistThe atrocity of the design and the extent of the mischief ance in men and money, with which he returned to America. contemplated form the principal features of the gunpowder- In 1780 he commanded the advanced guard of Washingplot. It is also remarkable for having been imagined and ton's army; and in the following year he was intrusted contrived, not by needy and low-born adventurers, but by with the defence of Virginia against Lord Cornwallis. gentlemen of good family and for the most part ample Being joined by Washington and Rochambeau, he contrifortune. Its effect continued long to be felt; for it not buted to the operations in consequence of which Lord Cornonly determined the feeble and wavering mind of the king wallis was obliged to capitulate at York Town. After the against the Roman Catholics, but prejudiced the whole surrender of Cornwallis he returned to France for fresh nation against them to such an extent, that not only were reinforcements, but the peace of 1783 prevented his sailing the severe acts then in force against them left unrepealed, back to America. He however revisited that country some but others equally harsh were enacted. (Abridged and ex-years after, and was received in triumph by its grateful tracted from Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Criminal Trials, vol. ii.) Of the implication of the Jesuits in this conspiracy we shall speak in the article GARNET. FAWN. [DEER, Vol. viii. p. 358.] citizens, whose independence he had powerfully contributed to establish. After his return to France he travelled through Germany, and was received with marked distine |