SAI

St. John, Henry, becomes minister as a
moderate Tory, 681; obtains the re-
jection of an Occasional Conformity
Bill, 682; turned out of office, 687;
is a member of a purely Tory ministry,
691; orders Ormond not to fight, 695;
created Viscount Bolingbroke, ib.; see
Bolingbroke, Viscount

St. John, Knights of, 157

St. Malo, expedition against, 753
St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged

at, 119

157

St. Paul's, Old, burnt, 592; rebuilt, 677
St. Vincent, battle of, 835
Saladin takes Jerusalem,
Saladin tithe, the, 157
Salamanca, battle of, 869
Salic law, the so-called, 232

Salisbury, great Gemot at, 113; cathe-
dral at, 207: Penruddock captures the
judges at, 571

Salisbury, Marquis of, becomes Prime
Minister, 971

Salisbury. Richard, Earl of, his connec-
tion with the Duke of York, 324;
takes part in the battles of Blore
Heath and Northampton, 326; be-
headed, 328

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, as Sir
Robert Cecil, secretary to Elizabeth
and James I., 480, 481: becomes Earl
of Salisbury and Lord Treasurer, 484
orders the levy of new impositions, iv.;
death of, 486

Salisbury, Countess of, executed, 401
San Domingo, Penn and Venables
attack, 572

San Stefano, treaty of, 969

Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, deprived for refusal to take
oaths to William, 651

Sandwich, Earl of, informs against
Wilkes, 770

Santa Cruz, Blake destroys Spanish
ships at, 573

Saratoga, capitulation of, 786
Sardinia, Kingdom of, conferred on the
Duke of Savoy, in lieu of the Kingdom
of Sicily, 786

Sarum, Old, 34

a

Savile Sir George, presides over
meeting in support of economical re-
form, 789: passes a Bill in relief of
Roman Catholics, 792
Savoy, the, burnt, 269
Savoy Conference, the, 585

Savoy, Duke of, persecutes the Vaudois,

572

Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, 292
Saxon shore, the defence of, 25; over-
run by the Jutes, 27

Saxons, the (see East Saxons, South
Saxons, West Saxons), ravage Roman
Britain, 24; settle in Britain, 27;
merge their name in that of English,
28:
are known by the Celts as
Saxons, 29
Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, 323

SCO

1015

Scheldt, the, opening of, 825
Schism Act, the, passed, 699; repealed,

710

Schomberg, Marshal, lands in Ireland,
655; killed at the Boyne, 656
Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, 347
Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a
union of Scots and Picts, 63; its rela-
tions with England under Eadmund,
64 its relations with Cnut, 84; with
William I., 104; with William II.,
119; with Stephen, 133; with Henry
II., 154; with Richard I., 159; dis-
puted succession in, 214; Edward I.
acknowledged Lord Paramount of,
216: its league with France, 218;
twice conquered by Edward I., 219,
221; incorporated with England, 222;
conquered a third time by Edward I.,
224; independence of, 226; first war
of Edward III. with, 231; struggle
between Edward Balliol and David
Bruce in, 233, 234; accession of the
Stuarts to the throne of, 295; assists
France in its wars with England,
307; power of the nobles in, 404;
Hertford's invasion of, 409; Protestant
missionaries in, 412 Somerset's inva-
sion of, 413; the Reformation in, 432;
the intervention of Elizabeth in, 433;
Presbyterianism in, 434; Mary lands
in, 435; Mary's government of, 437
449; civil war in, 443; projected
union with, 482; Episcopacy and
Presbyterianism in, 524; introduc-
tion of a new prayer book in, 525;
national covenant signed in, ib.; first
Bishops' war with, 526; episcopacy
abolished by the Assembly and Parlia-
ment of, 527; the second Bishops'
war with, 529; visit of Charles I. io,
532; solemn league and covenant
with, 540; sends an army into Eng-
land, 542; its army recalled, 553; pro-
posal of a new invasion of England by,
554; engagement signed with Charles
I. by Commissioners of, 556; Charles
II. and Cromwell in, 563; Restoration
settlement of, 595; Lauderdale's in-
fluence in, 602; Lauderdale's manage-
ment of, 619; Covenanters in, ib.;
rising of the Covenanters in, 620;
under James II, 639; Presbyterianism
established in. 652; the crown offered
to William and Mary in, ib.; pacifica-
tion of the Highlands of. 654; the union
with, 685; enthusiastic support of the
Darien expedition in. 671; Mar's
rising in, 705; disruption of the
Church of, 940

Scots, the ravages of, 23: abode of, in
Ireland, 23; renewed ravages of, 26;
settle in Argyle, and are defeated at
Degsastan, 42; their relations with
Eadward the Elder, 63; see Scotland
Scott, Sir Walter, works of, 889
Scottish army, the, encamps on Dunse
Law, 526; routs the English at New-

SCR

burn, 529; invades England, 542:
besieges York, ib.; takes part in the
battle of Marston Moor, 543; receives
Charles I. at Southwell, and conveys
him to Newcastle, 551; negotiation
for the abandonment of Charles I. by,
553; returns to Scotland, 553; is de-
feated at Dunbar, 563; and at Wor-
cester, 564

Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed,
296

Scrope, Lord, execution of, 301
Scutage, 141

Scutari, hospital at, 947

Sebastopol, siege of, 945; reduction of,
947; destruction of the fortifications
of, 948

Second Civil War, the, 556, 557
Secular clergy, the, 67

Sedan, battle of, 965

Sedgemoor, battle of, 637

Sedition Act, the, 830

Selby taken by the Fairfaxes, 542.

Selden, John, takes part in drawing up

the Petition of Right, 508
Self-denying Ordinance, the, 545
Selsey, landing of the South Saxons

near, 27

Seminary priests, the, 453; Act of Parlia-
ment against, 456

Senegal ceded by France, 766
Senlac, battle of, 96

Separatists, the, principles of, 470;
settlement of, in Leyden and New
England, 489; receive the name of
Independents, 543; see Independents
Sepoy mutiny, the, 951-955
Septennial Act, the, 706
Serfs, see Villeins

Seringapatam stormed, 838

Servia, becomes an independent king-
dom, 969

Settlement, Irish Act of, 595
Settlement, Act of; see Act of Settlement
Seven Bishops, the, petition presented
by, 642; trial of, 643

Seven Years' War, the, beginning of,
749; end of, 766; results of, 767
Severn, West Saxon conquest of the
Valley of, 35

Severus fails in conquering the Cale-
donians, 19

Seymour, Jane, see Jane Seymour
Seymour of Sudley, Lord, execution of,
415

Seymour, William, heir of the Suffolk
line, 480

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

Earl of, early life of, 602; policy
of, 603; supports the Declaration of
Indulgence, 605; becomes Earl of
Shaftesbury and Chancellor, ib.; his
invective against the Dutch, 606; dis
missal of, 608; leads the opposition,
ib.; supports toleration for Dissenters
only, 610; declares the present Par-
liament to be dissolved, 612; en-
courages belief in the Popish Plot,

SIN

616; his position similar to that of
Pym, 618; supports the Exclusion
Bill, ib.; indicts the Duke of York as
a recusant, 621; supported by the
third Short Parliament, ib.; the Grand
Jury throw out a Bill against, 622;
Dryden's satire on, 623; proposes to
attack the king's guards, 624; exile and
death of, ib.

Shakspere, William, teaching of, 474
'Shannon,' the, captures the Chesa-
peake,' 872

Sharp, Archbishop, murder of, 620
Shelburne, Earl of, takes office in
Rockingham's second ministry, 795:
becomes Prime Minister, 796; resig.
nation of, 800

Shelley, opinions of, 888

Sherborne taken by Fairfax, 548

Sherfield, Henry, fined by the Star
Chamber, 515

Sheridan, takes part in the impeach-
ment of Hastings, 811
Sheriffmuir, battle of, 705

Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's
reign, 73; weakened by Henry II., 148
Ship-money, levy of, 523; resisted by
Hampden, 524

Ships, comparison between English and
Spanish, 459

Shires, origin of, 73

Shire-moot, the, 73; see County Courts
Shore, Jane, penance of, 340

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, drowned, 689
Shrewsbury, Duke of, becomes Lord
Treasurer, 700

Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Lord
Shrewsbury, Parliament of, 283; battle
of, 294

Shrines, destruction of, 398

Sicily, the Duke of Savoy becomes king
of, 696; given to Austria, 710; ceded
to the son of Philip V., 724; retained
by Ferdinand I., 857

Sidmouth, Viscount, included in the
Ministry of All the Talents, 855; is
Home Secretary in Lord Liverpool's
ministry, 877 holds that meetings in
favour of Radical reform are treason-
able, 880; see Addington

Sidney, Algernon, execution of, 626
Sidney, Sir Philip, death of, 457
Sikhs, the, allied, under Runjeet Singh,

with the British, 949; wars with, 951
Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour
of, 347

Simon de Montfort, early career of, 193;
takes the side of the barons, 195; em.
ployed in Gascony, 196; executes the
Provisions of Oxford, 199; heads the
baronial party, 200; wins the battle of
Lewes, 201; constitutional scheme of,
ib.; killed at Evesham, 203; com-
pared with Archbishop Thomas,

Slave trade, the, carried on by Eliza-
bethan sailors, 447; recognised in the
Assiento Treaty, 696; denounced by
Clarkson, 823; attacked by Wilber-
force and Pitt, ib. abolished, 855, 857
Slavery, agitation for the abolition of,
910; abolition of, 911

Slaves preserved alive at the English
conquest, 30

Sluys, battle of, 239

Smerwick, slaughter at, 453

Smith, Adam, his Wealth of Nations,

810

Smith, Sir Sidney, defends Acre, 838
Solemn league and covenant, the, 540
Solway Moss, defeat of the Scots at,
405; Charles I. urged by the Scots to
take, 551

Somers, Lord, one of the Whig Junto,
659; resignation of, 670; dissuades
the Whigs from impeaching Sache-
verell, 691

Somerset, Welsh driven out of, 53
Somerset House, building of, 416
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke
of, commands in Normandy, 320; sup-
ported by Henry VI., 323; slain at
St. Albans, 324

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke
of, executed, 334

Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of,
invades Scotland as Earl of Hertford,
406; becomes Duke of Somerset and
Protector, 412; defeats the Scots at
Pinkie Cleugh, 413; possession of
Church property by, 415; expelled
from the Protectorate, 416; execution
of, 418

Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of
executed, 331

Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of,
commands in France, 317; kept from
court by Suffolk, 318; dies, 320
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, favourite
of James I., 486; disgrace of, 488
Sophia, the Electress, favours the Whigs,
699: death of, 701

Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the strong-
hold of Ambrosius, 34
South Africa, progress of, 968
South Australia established as a separate
colony, 968

South Saxons, the, first conquests of,
27; destroy Anderida, 28
South Sea Bubble, the, 711
Southwell, Charles I. surrenders to the
Scots at, 551

Southwold Bay, battle in, 605
Spain, union of the kingdoms of, 349;

rowth of the monarchy of, 354;

STA

1017

resources of, 426; maritime power
of, 447 authority of, in the West
Indies challenged by English sailors,
ib.; navy of, 459: English attacks on,
464; sends an expedition to Kinsale,
478; its alliance sought by James I.,
486; attack of Raleigh on the colonies
of, 489; sends troops to occupy the
Palatinate, 490; protest of the Com-
mons against an alliance with, 496; visit
of Prince Charles to, 497; eagerness
in England for war with, 500; money
voted for war with, 501; expedition
against Cadiz in, 503; Charles I.
makes peace with, 514; Cromwell
makes war on, 571; question of the
succession to, 592; war of the Spanish
succession in, 682; her conflict with
England in the West Indies, 726; war
with, 730; joins France against Eng.
land at the end of the Seven Years'
War, 766 allies herself with France
and America, 787; makes peace with
Great Britain, 798; its fleet defeated
off Cape St. Vincent, 835; Napoleon's
interference in, 862; resists Napoleon,
863: Napoleon appears in, 864; Wel-
lesley's advance to Talavera in, 867;
Wellington's advance to Madrid and
Burgos in, 869; the French driven out
of, 871; revolution against Ferdinand
VII. in, 882; death of Ferdinand VII.
in, 920; civil war in, 921
Spanish succession, the, claimants to,

667; thrown open by the death of
Charles II., 671; war of, 675
Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich,
leads an expedition to Flanders, 278
Spenser, Edmund, his Faerie Queen, 473
Spinning, improvements in, 814

Spinola, Ambrogio, invades the Palati-
nate, 490

Spithead, mutiny at, 836
Spurs, battle of the, 364

Stadholder, office of, 449; abolition of
the office of, 565

Stafford, William Howard, Viscount,
execution of, 621

Stainer, Admiral, captures a Spanish
fleet, 572

Stair, the Master of, John Dalrymple,
organises the massacre of Glencoe,
654

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 95

Stamp Act, the, passed, 771; repealed,

772

STA

ib.; carries a Bill for the abolition of
slavery, 911; resigns office, 912; a
member of Peel's cabinet, 926; resigns,
and becomes a leader of the Protec-
tionists, 931; succeeds to the Earldom
of Derby, 938 sec Derby, Earl of
Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard
III., 343; execution of, 351
Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of,
347; its sentences in the reign of
Charles I., 514, 519, 521; abolition of,
531
States-General, the French, meet during
John's captivity, 252
Statute of Wales, 210

Steam engine, the, improved by Watt,
816; introduction of the locomotive,
906

Steam-vessels, introduction of, 906
Stephen, accession of, 131; makes peace
with the Scots, 133; quarrels with the
barons, ib.; quarrels with the clergy,
134; death of, 135
Stephenson, George, introduces loco-
motive engines, 906; appointed en
gineer to the Liverpool and Man-
chester Railway, 907; adoption of his
locomotive, 909

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 89
Stillingfleet aims at comprehension, 598
Stirling, Wallace's victory at, 221
Stoke, battle of, 347
Stone implements, 1-4
Stop of the Exchequer, the, 604
Stow-on-the-Wold, surrender of the last
Royalist army at, 550

Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of,
as Sir Thomas Wentworth, his policy
contrasted with that of Eliot, 508;
brings in a bill to secure the liberty of
the subject, ib.; becomes Lord Went-
worth and President of the Council of
the North, 514; becomes Lord Deputy
of Ireland, 527; created Earl of Straf-
ford, and advises the summoning of
the Short Parliament, 528; does not
advise the prolongation of the second
Bishops war, 529; collects an Irish
army, ib.; is impeached, 530; Bill of
Attainder against, ib.; execution of,
531

Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom

of, 43; is not dependent on Ecg-
berht, 55; its relations with Eadmund,
64

Stratton, battle of, 538

Strickland moves for an amendment of
the Prayer Book, 445

Strode, William, one of the five members,

535

Strongbow in Ireland, 152

Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of
Scotland, 295; last descendants of the
House of, 743

Submission of the clergy, the, 386

Subsidiary treaties, 859

Succession, Act of, 392

Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, 14-16

Supremacy, Act of, 393; Elizabethan
Act of, 429

Supreme head of the Church of Eng-
land, title of, conferred by Convocation
on Henry VIII., 386; abandoned by
Elizabeth, 429

Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the
name of Edward I., 219

Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, execu-
tion of, 411

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of,
minister of Henry VIII., 363; the
commander at Flodden, see Norfolk,
Duke of

Sussex, conquest of, 27, 28; weakness of,
41; accepts Christianity, 49
Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of, Lord
Deputy of Ireland, 452

Sutlej, the, battles on, 951

Svend attacks London, 79; returns to
Denmark, 80; invades England, 81;
death of, 83

Sweden takes part in the Triple
Alliance, 599

Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of,
87; death of, 88

Swift, career of, 693: political influence
of, 694; writes The Drapier's Letters,
718

Swynford, Catherine, marries John of
Gaunt, 282

Syria, acquired by Mehemet Ali, 921;
restored to the Sultan, 922

TACKING, Successful in the case of a
bill on Irish forfeitures, 670; rejected
by the Commons in the case of an
Occasional Conformity Bill, 682
Talavera, battle of, 867

Talbot, Lord, defeats the Burgundians,
313; becomes Earl of Shrewsbury,
320; defeated and slain, 323

Tallages levied by Edward I., 221;
abolished by Edward III., 243

Tallard, Marshal, defeated at Blenheim
682

1019

ΤΑΝ

Tangier acquired by Charles II., 587
Tasmania becomes a separate colony, 968
Taunton, siege of, 548

Taxation, see Danegeld, Customs
Taylor, Rowland, burnt, 424
Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, 971

Telford, improvement of roads by, 905
Templars, the Knights, 157,

Temple, Lord, canvasses the House of
Lords against Fox's India Bill, 805
Temple, Sir William, negotiates the
Triple Alliance, 599; advises the reform
of the Privy Council, 617; failure of
his scheme, 620

Tennyson, his In Memoriam, 943
Terouenne, 364

Test Act, the, passed, 607; a second,
616 violated by James II., 638;
Sunderland and Stanhope think of
repealing, 710; Walpole resists the
repeal of, 716; partial repeal of, 895
Tewkesbury, battle of, 334
Texel, the, Rupert defeated off, 608
Thackeray, his Vanity Fair, 940
Thames, the, early ferry over, 20
Thanet, probable identification of Ictis
with, 8; Jutes established in, 27
Thegns, how distinguished

from

Gesiths, 31; their devotion to their
lord, 44; growing military importance
of, 69

Theodore, Archbishop, his influence on
the Church of England, 50; assembles
the first Church Council, 52
Thetford, removal of the see from, 107
Thiers supports Mehemet Ali, and pre-
pares for war with England, 922

Thirty Years' War, the, beginning of,
490; end of, 564

Thistlewood proposes to murder the
cabinet, 881

Thomas of Canterbury, St., destruction
of the shrine of, 398

Thomas of London (Becket), Chancellor,

140; being appointed Archbishop of
Canterbury, resists Henry II., 143;
takes refuge in France, 145; returns
to England, 149; is murdered, 150
Throgmorton's conspiracy, 456
Thurlow, Lord, his saying about Fox's
India Bill, 806

Thurstan, Archbishop, leads the levies
at the battle of the Standard, 132
Tiberias, battle of, 157

Ticonderoga, Abercrombie repulsed at,
753; taken by Amherst, ib.; taken by
the Americans, 783

Tilsit, the treaty of, 858

Tin, Phoenician and Greek trade in, 8
Tinchebrai, battle of, 125
Tintern Abbey, 129
Tippermuir, battle of, 547

Tippoo, succeeds Hyder Ali, and makes

peace, 805; defeated by Cornwallis,
837; defeated by Harris and slain, 838
Tithes, proposal of the Barebone's Par-
liament to abolish, 567

Tithes, Irish, difficulty of collecting, 910

TRA

Todleben commands the Russians at
Sebastopol, 945
Togidumnus, death of, 13
Toleration, Cromwell's advocacy of,
543; Charles II. proposes to adopt,
583; Charles II. issues a declaration
in favour of, 587; tendency of science
to promote, 598; Locke's letters on,
652

Toleration Act, the, 651

Tone, Wolfe, founds the United Irish-
men, 832; sent to France, 834
Tonnage and Poundage, nature of, 509;
claimed by Charles I. in spite of the
Petition of Right, 510; Act prevent-
ing the king from levying, 531
Torbay, arrival of William III. in, 644
Torrington, Earl of, Arthur Herbert,
defeated at Beachy Head, 657

Tory party, the, origin of the name of,
620; reaction in favour of, 622; elects
officers in the city, 623; gains a
majority in the Common Council,
624 supports William III., 656;
political ideas of, 672; its aims in
the reign of Anne, 691; foreign
policy of, 692; twelve peers created
from, 695; its position after the Treaty
of Utrecht, 699; loses power at the
death of Anne, 702; principles of, at
the accession of George III., 767;
secures office under Lord North, 776;
rises to power under Pitt, 808: co-
alesces with the majority of the Whigs,
828

Tostig, Earl of North-humberland, 89:
driven from his earldom, go; allied to
Harold Hardrada, 94; killed at Stam-
ford Bridge, 96

Toulon, attack by Eugene and Shovel
on. 689

Toulouse, battle of, 871

Touraine conquered by Philip II., 176
Tournai, 364

Tourville, Count of, defeats the English
and Dutch off Beachy Head, and
makes himself master of the Channel,
657

Town, the, 693

Towns, growth of, 62, 72, 168; condition
of the outskirts of, 191

Townshend, Charles, places duties on
imports into the American colonies,
773; death of, 774

Townshend, Lord, becomes Secretary
of State, 703; dismissed by George I.,
709; re-admitted to office, 711; im-
proves the cultivation of turnips, 813
Townships, early political organisation
of, 31

Towton, battle of, 329
Trade, see Commerce
Trafalgar, battle of, 854
Trakir, battle of, 947.

Transition from round-arched to Pointed
architecture, 171

Transvaal Republic, the, foundation of,
969; annexation of, 970; acknow-