BIBLIOGRAPHY COOLIDGE, The Origins of the Triple Alliance (Scribner). GIBBONS, The New Map of Europe (Century). GIBBONS, The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East (Century). HOPE, Why Italy is with the Allies (Clay). KING AND OKEY, Italy of Today (Nisbet). SCOTT, Diplomatic Documents Relative to the European War (Oxford). SETON-WATSON, The Balkans, Italy and the Adriatic (Nisbet). TAYLOR, The Future of the Southern Slavs (Dodd, Mead). TOYNBEE, Nationality and the War (Dutton). WALLACE, Greater Italy (Scribner). Contemporary Review. Council for the Study of International Relations. Current History. International Conciliation. The New Europe. World Peace Foundation. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. What constitutes a nation? Are "race" and "nationality" different? (See The War and Democracy, Chap. II.) What constitutes a state? Is the British Empire a state or many states, or both? Which is the German Empire? The Austro-Hungarian Empire? What holds a state together? How is it that the AustroHungarian state can induce Southern Slavs and Italians to fight against the Allies who include in their alliance Serbia and Montenegro and Italy? What is the relative importance of the following factors of political cohesion: common nationality, loyalty to a dynasty (e. g., in Prussia), economic convenience (e. g., Austria-Hungary), geographical unity (e. g., Switzerland)? Should each nationality form a separate sovereign state, or are the claims of nationality adequately met by "home rule" in some sort of federal framework? See The War and Democ racy; Toynbee, Nationality and the War; Fayle, The Great Settlement; Brailsford, A League of Nations, Chap. IV; and Dominian, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe (Holt). Consider the problems raised by the fact that members of different races are at present united under the Austrian Empire. Consider the relative advantages and disadvantages of dismemberment as compared with federation (a) from the point of view of nationality, (b) in relation to the formation of a League of Nations after the war. See Steed, The Hapsburg Monarchy (Constable); SetonWatson, Racial Problems in Hungary, Corruption and Reform in Hungary, The Southern Slav Question (Constable); Gibbons, The New Map of Europe (Century); Beaven, Austrian Policy Since 1867 (Oxford Pamphlets). What is your explanation of the survival of the Austrian Empire? How far is the continued control by Germany of AustriaHungary and the oppression of subject races essential to "Mittel-Europa"? See Naumann, Central Europe (Knopf); Chéradame, PanGermany: The Disease and the Cure (Atlantic Monthly Press); Brailsford, 'The Shaping of Mid-Europe', Contemporary Review, March, 1916; Pergler, 'Should Austria-Hungary Exist?', Yale Review, January, 1918. Do you think that Mr. Wilson's professions of friendship for Austria-Hungary (see his messages of December 4, 1917, and February 11, 1918) will wean Austria-Hungary from Germany and make her willing to consent to recognize subject nationalities? What would be the probable result if Austria-Hungary acted in accordance with the following principles (Mr. Wilson's address of February 11, 1918): First, that each part of the final settlement must be based upon the essential justice of that particular case and upon such adjustments as are most likely to bring a peace that will be permanent; Second, that peoples and provinces are not to be bartered about from sovereignty to sovereignty as if they were mere chattels and pawns in a game, even the great game, now forever discredited, of the balance of power; but that Third, every territorial settlement involved in this war must be made in the interest and for the benefit of the populations concerned, and not as part of any mere adjustment or compromise of claims amongst rival states, and Fourth, that all well-defined national aspirations shall be accorded the utmost satisfaction that can be accorded them without introducing new or perpetuating old elements of discord and antagonism that would be likely in time to break the peace of Europe, and consequently of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY BEAVEN, Austrian Policy Since 1867 (Oxford Pamphlets). CHÉRADAME, Pan-Germany: The Disease and the Cure (Atlantic DOMINIAN, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe (Holt). FAYLE, The Great Settlement (Duffield). GIBBONS, The New Map of Europe (Century). NAUMANN, Central Europe (Knopf). SETON-WATSON, Racial Problems in Hungary (Constable). SETON-WATSON, Corruption and Reform in Hungary (Constable). STEED, The Hapsburg Monarchy (Constable). TOYNBEE, Nationality and the War (Dutton). Contemporary Review. Yale Review. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. On Balkan problems generally see Buxton (Noel), The War and the Balkans (Allen); Seton-Watson, The Southern Slav Question and the Hapsburg Monarchy (Constable); Hogarth, The Near East (Oxford); Forbes, Mitrany, and Toynbee, The Balkans (Oxford); 'Diplomatist', Nationality and War in the Near East (Oxford); Toynbee, Nationality and the War (Dutton); Gibbons, The New Map of Europe (Century); and Marriott, The Eastern Question (Oxford). With particular reference to Rumania, see Washburn, "The Tragedy of Rumania', Atlantic Monthly, December, 1917; Leeper, The Justice of Rumania's Cause (Doran); Mitrany, Rumania: Her History and Politics (Oxford Pamphlets); the secret memorandum made public by the Bolsheviki (New York Evening Post, January 25, 1918), and many important articles in The New Europe, some of them by the Rumanian statesman, Take Jonescu. On Serbia, see Chirol, Serbia and the Serbs (Oxford Pamphlets); Velimirovic, Serbia's Place in Human History (Council for the Study of International Relations); Temperley, A History of Serbia (Bell); Taylor, The Future of the Southern Slavs (Dodd, Mead). Serbia is the route to the East. It cannot be repeated too often that Serbia is the chief obstacle to those plans of political predomination from Berlin to Bagdad, which lie at the back of Germany's mind in the world-war; that her services to the common cause entitle her to be treated on a common footing with all the other allies; and that just as Serbia is the route from the West to Constantinople and Salonica so she is the route, as in Turkish days, from Eastern Europe to Vienna and Berlin. Sooner or later it will become clear, even to the man in the street, that the way to Berlin lies not through Belgium but through the Balkans and the great Hungarian plains. (Seton-Watson, The Balkans, Italy and the Adriatic, pp. 31-32.) Questions suggested with particular reference to Italy and Austria-Hungary are appropriate in considering the Balkans. The circumstances surrounding the entry of Rumania, etc., into the war can be traced in Current History or in some more careful record like Nelson's History of the War, written by Colonel John Buchan (Nelson). The following general questions, however, may be profitably discussed: 1. The causes of the Crimean, Russo-Turkish, and first and second Balkan Wars. 2. The defects of the Balkan settlements of 1856, 1878, and 1913. 3. The problems of Macedonia and Albania. 4. The possibilities of a Southern Slav United Kingdom. BIBLIOGRAPHY BUCHAN, History of the War (Nelson). BUXTON, The War and the Balkans (Allen). CHIROL, Serbia and the Serbs (Oxford Pamphlets). 'DIPLOMATIST', Nationality and War in the Near East (Oxford). FORBES, MITRANY, AND TOYNBEE, The Balkans (Oxford). GIBBONS, The New Map of Europe (Century). GIBBONS, The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East (Century). HOGARTH, The Near East (Oxford). LEEPER, The Justice of Rumania's Cause (Doran). MARRIOTT, The Eastern Question (Oxford). MITRANY, Rumania: Her History and Politics (Oxford Pamphlets). SETON-WATSON, The Balkans, Italy and the Adriatic (Nisbet). SETON-WATSON, The Southern Slav Question and the Hapsburg Monarchy (Constable). TAYLOR, The Future of the Southern Slavs (Dodd, Mead). TEMPERLEY, A History of Serbia (Bell). TOYNBEE, Nationality and the War (Dutton). Atlantic Monthly. Current History. New York Evening Post. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. See Toynbee, Turkey: A Past and Future (Doran); Urquhart, The Eastern Question (Oxford Pamphlets); Turkey in Europe and Asia (Oxford Pamphlets); Gibbons, The Reconstruction of Poland and the Near East (Century), Chaps. II and III. The Entente was officially pledged by the treaties with Russia (made public by the Bolsheviki; see The New York Evening Post, January, 1918, and The New Europe, December, 1917) to drive Turkey out of Europe and to give Russia Constantinople. (See the reply of the Allies to Mr. Wilson's note, January, 1917.) With the coming of the Russian revolution these im |