4,528 3,669 8,197 10,663 9,911 20,574 27.251 38,235 65,486 58,053 67,824 125,877 100,495 119,639 220,134 Factories. 1,262 42 2,481 2,283 4,764 4,290 4,263 8,558 10,139 11,112 21,250 20,568 16,134 36,702 37,477 33,797 71,274 152 170 25 347 3,160 25 2,486 3,925 6,411 487 ::: 104 1 952 1,711 2,663 2,636 6,815 9,451 4,114 434 175 15 921 1,048 1,173 2,221 1,929 4,192) 6,121 2,551 4,193 1,550 4,379 6,930 6,015 10,178 16,193 5,860 7.410 3,392 10,017| 13,409 1,707 463 1,171 1,634 988 2,693 3,681 76 592 624 1,216 1,782 2,290 4,072 3,457 8,564 12,021 4,564 11,410 15,974 10,395 22,888 33,283 10,087 10,501 20,588 17,687 18,180 35,867 43,482 64,726 108,208 87.299 103,411 190,710 158,555 196,818 355.373 It will be seen from the foregoing table, that a very large proportion of the hands employed in factories consist of children and young persons. The large sums invested in machinery make it a matter of great importance to the owners to keep their works in motion as constantly as possible, and, unless prevented by legislative interference, there is too much reason to believe that children may be tasked beyond their strength, to the permanent injury of their constitutions. This abuse was the more to be apprehended, because a large proportion of the children engaged in cottonspinning are not directly employed by the masters, but are under the control of the spinners, a highly-paid class of workmen, whose earnings depend greatly upon the length of time during which they can keep their young assistants at work. Although the recitals of cruelties alleged to exist were shown upon investigation to have been very greatly exaggerated, it cannot be denied that enough of misery was produced to render it imperative upon the legislature to interfere. A parliamentary committee sat for the investigation of this subject in 1832, and subsequently a commission was issued by the crown for ascertaining, by examinations at the factories themselves, the kind and degree of abuses that prevailed, and for suggesting the proper remedies. In consequence of these inquiries an act was passed in 1833, (2 and 3 Wm. IV., c. 103,) the provisions of which, it is generally believed, have effected all the good which it is in the power of the legislature to do, consistently with the prosecution of the branches of industry to which the provisions of the act apply: the principal of those provisions are as follows: After the 1st January, 1834, no person under the age of 18 years is allowed to work in any cotton, woollen, flax, or silk factory worked by the aid of steam or water-power, between the hours of half past eight in the evening and halfpast five in the morning. No person under 18 years of age is allowed to work more than 12 hours in any one day, nor more than 69 hours in the week. In factories worked by the aid of water-power, time lost through the deficiency of water may be made up at the rate of three hours additional labour in the week. In factories where the steam-engine is employed lost time occurring through any accident happening to the machinery may be made up at the rate of one hour per day. One hour and a half to be allowed in each day for meals. Except in silk-mills, no children under nine years of age are allowed to be employed. Children under 11 years old are not to be worked more than nine hours in any one day, nor more than 48 hours in one week. This clause came into operation six months after the passing of the act. At the expiration of another 12 months its restriction was applied to children under 12 years old, and when 30 months from the passing of the act had elapsed the restriction was applied to all children under 13 years old. As the act was passed on the 30th August, 1833, this clause came fully into operation on the 1st of March, 1836. In silk-mills, children under 13 years of age are allowed to work 10 hours per day. The children whose hours of work are regulated by the act are entitled as holidays to the whole day on Christmas-day and Good-Friday, and besides to eight half days in the year. It is made illegal for any mill-owner to have in his employ any child who has not completed 11 years of age without a certificate by a surgeon or physician, that such child is of the ordinary strength and appearance of children of or exceeding the age of nine years.' In 18 months from the passing of the act this provision was made to apply to all children under 12 years of age, and upon the first March, 1836, the provision was made to include all children under the age of 13. Four persons were appointed under the act to be Inspectors of Factories, in order to carry into effect the various provisions which it contains, with power to make such rules and orders for the purpose as they should see necessary; and in order to assist the inspectors in the performance of their duties, an adequate number of superintendents were appointed to act under their directions. After the expiration of six months from the passing of the act, it was declared unlawful to employ in any factory any child under the ages restricted to forty-eight hours' labour in the week, unless on every Monday the employer should receive a ticket from some schoolmaster, certifying that such child has for two hours at least for six out of seven days of the week next preceding attended his school. The school to be chosen by the parents or guardians of the child; but in case of their omitting to appoint any school, or in case of the child being without parent or guardian, the inspector may appoint some school in which the child may be taught, and the employer may be allowed to deduct from its weekly earnings any sum not exceeding one penny in every shilling, to pay for the schooling of such child.' The full and perfect carrying out of the intention of the legislature in passing this act is provided for as far as possible by various penalties, which it is not necessary further o particularise. One half of the penalties are, as is usual, awarded to the informers, and the remainder is to be applied towards the support of schools in which children employed in factories are educated. The faithful discharge of their duties on the part of the inspectors is provided for, by requiring them twice in every year, and oftener, if called upon, to deliver in a report to the secretary of state, detailing the condition of the factories, and of the children employed therein. FACULTIES. [UNIVERSITY.] FAE'NZA (formerly Faventia), a town and bishop's see of the papal state north of the Apennines, in the delegazione or province of Ravenna. It is situated in a well-cultivated plain watered by the river Lamone, which rises in the Apennines of Tuscany and runs to the Adriatic. A naviglio or navigable canal communicates between Faenza and the Po di Primaro, or southernmost branch of the Po. Faenza is a well-built, modern-looking town, with about 15,000 inhabitants. The streets are regular; there is a fine market-place surrounded by arcades, many palaces, churches rich in paintings, convents, a fine bridge on the Lamone, a theatre, and a Lyceum. There are several manufactories of a kind of coloured and glazed earthenware, which is called Majolica in Italy, and Faience in France, where it was introduced from Faenza, and which, before the manufacture of china or porcelain became established in Europe, was in greater repute than it is at present. There are also manufactories for spinning and weaving silk, and some paper-mills. Faventia was antiently a town of the Boii, and afterwards a municipium under the Romans. It was near Faventia that Sulla defeated the consul Carbo and drove him out of Italy. (Livy, Epitome, 88.) It was afterwards ruined by the Goths, was restored under the Exarchs, but its walls were not raised until A.D. 1286. It was then The common beech is multiplied by sowing its mast; the varieties by grafting upon the wild sort. To effect this successfully, it is necessary that the scions should be of at least two years' old wood, and the grafts must be clayed first and then earthed up. If one year old wood is used the scions rarely take. There is no doubt that the beech is the plant called Fagus by Virgil; but the Fegus (pnyóc) of Theophrastus seems to have been some sort of oak with sweet acorns, and is by most botanical commentators referred to the Quercus Esculus of Linnæus. FAHLORE, Fahlerz, grey copper ore. Of this there are two varieties, the arsenical and the antimonial; the former occurs crystallized and massive; the primary form of the crystal is a cube, but the regular tetrahedron is the predominating crystal. Colour steel-grey. Opaque. Lustre metallic. Sp. gr. 48, 51. Hardness 3'0,40. Brittle. Cleavage parallel to the planes of the tetrahedron, very indistinct. Fracture conchoidal. Massive Variety.-Amorphous. Structure, granular to compact. 24.10 It occurs in Cornwall, Hungary, Saxony, &c. A speci- 22.50 10° ⚫40 2. 100. It frequently contains a much larger quantity of silver, and not uncommonly zinc. Antimonical Fahlore.-Occurs crystallized in modified Colour dark lead-grey, approaching to iron tetrahedrons. black, both externally and internally; not very brittle. Analysis of a specimen from Kapnic by Klaproth: Antimony Silver and a trace of manganese Zinc Loss It is found at Fahlun, in Sweden. According to Hissinger it consists of 22' 37.75 3.25 28. 25 5' 100. for some time subject to the Bolognese, but was afterwards ruled by the house of Manfredi to the end of the fifteenth century. Galeotto Manfredi being murdered by his wife left two infant sons, Astorre and Evangelista, the elder of whom, a remarkably handsome youth, was proclaimed by the inhabitants lord of Faenza; but a few years after, Cesare Borgia, as captain-general of his father, Pope Alexander VI., besieged the town, and the inhabitants surrendered on condition that Astorre and his brother should be free. He however sent them prisoners to Rome, where they were cruelly put to death in the Castle Sant' Angelo, and their bodies thrown into the Tiber, in the year 1501. This was one of the most atrocious transactions in the life of FAHLUNITE, Tricklasite. Occurs crystallized and Borgia. Since that tine Faenza has been annexed to the massive. Primary form of the crystal a right rhombic papal state. Faenza lies on the Via Emilia, 30 miles south- prism, but it usually occurs in imbedded, regular, hexagonal east of Bologna, 40 north-west of Rimini, and 20 south- prisms. Colour yellowish, greenish, and blackish-brown. west of Ravenna. In the Roman times, a road led from Nearly or quite opaque. Lustre resinous. Sp. gr. 2-66 Faventia to the south, which ascending the valley of the Hardness 5'0, 5·5. Streak greyish-white. Cleavage perAnemo, now Lamone, and crossing the ridge of the Apen-pendicular to the axis of the prism. nines, descended to Fæsulæ. By this road some have supposed that Hannibal crossed the Apennines into Etruria. Before the blow-pipe alone it becomes grey, and fuses A new carriage-road in a parallel direction, but more to on its thinnest edges; with borax it melts slowly into a the eastward, has been completed by the present grand-coloured glass. duke of Tuscany: it leads froin Dicomano, in the valley of the Sieve, north of Florence, crosses the Apennines of San Benedetto, 5000 feet above the sea, and then following the course of the river Montone, joins the Via Emilia near Forli. FA'GUS, the beech, is a genus of Corylaceous exogens, having triangular nuts enclosed within a spiny capsule or husk. There are several species, some of which are mere bushes; the only one known in Europe of any importance is the Fagus sylvatica, or common beech, a native of various parts of the world in temperate climates. In Europe it is found as far north as 58° in Norway: it is met with in Palestine and Armenia, all over the south of Europe, and in the United States of America. It is one of the most hand- FAIOUM, a province of Egypt to the west of the Libyan some of our trees on dry sandy or chalky situations; its ridge which bounds the valley of the Nile on the west. About meat or nuts not only furnish food for swine, but yield by 12 miles north-west of Benisouef there is a depression in pressure after pounding a useful oil; and its timber, al- the ridge about six miles in length, which leads to the plain though not of good quality where strength and durabi- of the Faioum. This plain is of a circular form, about 40 lity are required, is very extensively used for a variety of miles from east to west and about 30 from north to south. purposes, particularly for boat-building, work under water, The northern and north-western part of this plain is occucarving and chair-making; it is also one of the best kinds pied by the lake called Birket el Keroun, which spreads in of wood for fuel. Several varieties are propagated by the the form of a crescent about 30 miles in length and about nurserymen, the purple and the fern-leaved being beau-five miles broad towards the middle. A range of naked tiful, and the crested very much the contrary. (See Loudon's Arboretum and Fruticetum Britannicum, p. 1949, for a copious account of this tree.) into several apartments and surrounded by an outer wall of crude brick 370 feet by 270. This is supposed to be the site of the antient Dionysias. Further to the east, but on the same bank of the lake, at a place called Kom Waseem el Hogar, are the ruins of Bacchis. The direction of the principal streets and the plans of many of the houses may be distinctly traced. The site of the antient labyrinth has not yet been ascertained; Wilkinson thinks it was near Howarah el Soghaïr, at the entrance of the plain. At Fedmin el Kunoïs, or the place of churches' in Coptic, near the south-east bank of the lake, are some remains of early Christian monuments: the village is now occupied one half by Copts and the other half by Mohammedans, who seem to live in harmony together. The mountains along the north bank of the lake Keroun, on which the rains fall annually, are said to contain salt, and to this circumstance the saltness of the waters of the lake is attributed by some. As the lake now receives but little of the waters of the Nile, the bitterness of its waters must have increased. No fish is said to be found in it, and Belzoni, at the time of his visit, saw nothing upon it except a crazy kind of ferry-boat. South of the Faioum there is an opening through the ridge of low hills leading into a smaller circular plain or basin, with a small lake called Birket el Garaq, which has one or two hamlets on its banks. A small stream from the Bahr Yussouf runs into it. The road-track of the caravans to the smaller oasis passes through this place. (Description of Egypt and Map in the French work; Browne; Belzoni; and Wilkinson's Topography of Thebes.) divide it from the Libyan desert. It forms in fact a basin with only one opening or outlet to the east towards the Nile. The Bahr Yussouf, or great canal, which runs parallel to the Nile and skirts the Libyan ridge, on arriving at the gap above mentioned, at a village called Howarah Illahoun, turns to the west, passing under a bridge of three arches through which the water flows and forms a fall of about three feet at low water. It then runs along the valley, and, on reaching the entrance of the Faïoum, at the village of Howarah el Soghair, a wide cut branches off from it to the right, running first north and then north-west, and passing by Tamieh meets the north-east extremity of the lake. About two miles below Howarah el Soghair another deep ravine opens to the south, and then turning south-west, passes by Nezleh, and enters the south-west part of the lake. Between these two branches the cultivated part of the Faioum is contained. But these two cuts have been long dyked across at their beginning, in order to economize the water of the Nile, which, owing to the rising of the bed of the Bahr Yussouf, flows less copiously than formerly. Only a small part of the water finds its way to the lake by the Tamieh and Nezleh cuts. The main stream continues its course westwards towards the middle of the plain and the town of Medinet el Faïoum, the capital of the province. Here the water becomes distributed into a multitude of small canals for irrigation, which spread in every direction through the central part of the plain, and which are the cause of its extraordinary fertility, for the Bahr Yussouf contains water all the year round. But that fertility exists only within the range of the canals. All the part west of Nezleh is arid and sandy, and only inhabited by a few nomade Arabs, though it bears the traces of former cultivation. The strip of land which borders the lake Keroun is low and marshy, marking the original basin of the lake which is separated from the cultivated lands by a considerable rise all along, reckoned by Jomard to be about 20 feet above the level of the lake. The village of Senhour, which is now some miles distant from the lake, was, in 1673, when Vansleb visited it, close to the water. Jomard reckons that when the water covered the whole of the low land below the rise above mentioned, its circumference must have been above 100 miles. [BIRKET EL KEROUN.] It is calculated that the land sus-tomers at these principal and almost only emporia of ceptible of cultivation in the Faioum is about 450 square miles, of which hardly one-half is now cultivated. The villages, which are said to have been at one time above 300, are now reduced to less than 70. Still the cultivated part is superior in fertility to every other province of Egypt, from which it differs in the greater variety of its products, and the better appearance of its villages. In addition to corn, cotton, and the other cultivated plants, it produces in abundance apricots, figs, grapes, and olives, and other fruittrees, which thrive here better than in the valley of the Nile. This was also the case in antient times, for Strabo says that the Arsinoite nome (the antient name of the Faioum) excelled all others in appearance and condition, and that it alone produced olive trees, which were not found, elsewhere in Egypt except in the gardens of Alexandria. A vast quantity of roses also grow in the Faïoum, and this distriet is celebrated for making rose-water, which is sold at Cairo and all over Egypt for the use of the wealthy. The remains of antiquities in the Faïoum are few. Two pyramids of some baked bricks about 70 feet high stand at the entrance of the valley, one near Howarah Illahoun, and the other near Howarah el Soghaïr. There is an obelisk of red granite 43 feet high, with two sides narrower than the others and a circular top, sculptured with numerous hieroglyphics, near the village of Bijige, a few miles south of Medinet el Faïoum. In Burton's Excerpta there is a drawing of it. Pococke i., 59, also gives a description of it. It is said to be of the same age as that of Heliopolis, bearing the name of Osirtesen I. (See an account of this obelisk in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, vol. i., pp. 318-21.) Near Medinet el Faïoum are some remains of the antient Arsinoe or Crocodilopolis, consisting of fragments of granite columns and statues, described by Belzoni. At Kasr Keroun, near the south-west extremity of the lake, is a temple 94 feet by 63 and about 40 feet high, which contains 14 chambers, and appears to be of the Roman period. On the north-west bank of the lake, at a place called Denay, a raised pavement or dromos, about 1300 feet in length, leads to a building, partly of stone and partly of brick, 109 feet by 67, divided FAIR, an annual or fixed meeting of buyers and sellers; from the Latin feria, a holiday. Fairs in antient times were chiefly held on holidays. Antiently before many flourishing towns were established, and the necessaries or ornaments of life, from the convenience of communication and the increase of provincial civility, could be procured in various places, goods and commodities of every kind were chiefly sold at fairs; to which as to one universal mart, the people resorted periodically, and supplied most of their wants for the ensuing year. The display of merchandise, and the conflux of cusdomestic commerce, was prodigious; and they were therefore often held on open and extensive plains. Warton, in his History of English Poetry,' has given us a curious account of that of St. Giles's hill or down, near Winchester. It was instituted and given as a kind of revenue to the bishop of Winchester by William the Conqueror, who, by his charter, permitted it to continue for three days. But in consequence of new royal grants, Henry the Third prolonged its continuance to sixteen days. Its jurisdiction extended seven miles round, and comprehended even Southampton, then a capital trading town; and all merchants who sold wares within that circuit, unless at the fair, forfeited them to the bishop. Officers were placed at a considerable distance, at bridges, and other avenues of access to it, to exact toll of all merchandize passing that way. In the mean time, all shops in the city of Winchester were shut. In the fair was a court called the pavilion, at which the bishop's justiciaries and other officers assisted, with power to try causes of various sorts for seven miles round. Nor could any lord of a manor hold a court-baron within the said circuit without license from the pavilion. During this time the bishop was empowered to take toll of every load or parcel of goods passing through the gates of the city. On Saint Giles's eve, the mayor, bailiffs, and citizens of the city of Winchester delivered the keys of the four city gates to the bishop's officers; who, during the said sixteen days, appointed a mayor and bailiff of their own to govern the city, and also a coroner to act within it. Numerous foreign merchants frequented this fair; and it appears that the justiciaries of the pavilion and the treasurer of the bishop's palace of Wolvesey received annually for a fee, according to antient custom, four basons and ewers of those foreign merchants who sold brazen vessels in the fair, and were called mercatores diaunteres. In the fair several streets were formed, assigned to the sale of different commodities, and called the Drapery, the Pottery, the Spicery, &c. Many monasteries in and about Winchester had shops or houses in these streets used only at the fair, which they held under the bishop, and often let by lease for a term of years. As late as 1512, as we learn from the Northumberland Householdbook, fairs still continued to be the principal marts for pur chasing necessaries in large quantities, which are now | Britannica; Preface to Fairfax's Tasso, edition 1749; supplied by the numerous trading towns. Preface to Hoole's Tasso.) Philip, king of France, complained in very strong terms to Edward II. A.D. 1314, that the merchants of England had desisted from frequenting the fairs in his dominions with their wood and other goods, to the great loss of his subjects; and entreated him to persuade, and, if necessary, to compel them to frequent the fairs of France as formerly, promising them all possible security and encouragement. (See Rym. Fod., tom. iii., p. 482.) When a town or village had been consumed, by way of assisting to re-establish it, a fair, among other privileges, was sometimes granted. This was the case at Burley, in Rutlandshire, 49th Edw. III. (Abbrev. Rot. Orig., vol. ii., p. 338.) The different abridgments of Stowe and Grafton's Chronicles, published by themselves in Queen Elizabeth's time, contain lists of the fairs of England according to the months. There is also 'An authentic Account published by the king's authority of all the Fairs in England and Wales, as they have been settled to be held since the alteration of the style; noting likewise the Commodities which each of the said Fairs is remarkable for furnishing;' by William Owen, 12mo. Lond. 1756. No fair or market can be held but by a grant from the crown, or by prescription supposed to take its rise from some antient grant, of which no record can be found. (2 Inst. 220.) (See Dugdale's Hist. Warw., pp. 514, 515; Warton's Hist. Engl. Poet., vol. i., p. 279; Henry, Hist. Brit., 8vo. edit., vol. viii., p. 325; Brand's Popular Antiq., 4to. edit., vol. ii., p. 215.) The fairs of Frankfort on the Mayn and Leipzig are still pre-eminent in Europe; the former held at Easter and in the months of August and September; the latter at Easter, Michaelmas, and the New Year. Leipzig at these times is the mart and exchange of Central Europe, and is visited by merchants and foreigners, from the most distant parts of the globe, sometimes to the number of thirty or forty thousand. The whole book-trade of Germany is centred in the Easter fair at Leipzig. FAIRFAX, EDWARD, was the second son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton in Yorkshire*. The date of his birth is unknown; but as his translation of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered' was published in 1600, we may suppose that it fell some time in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Contrary to the habits of his family, who were of a military turn, he led a life of complete retirement at his native place, where his time was spent in literary pursuits and in the education, as is said, of his own children and those of his brother, one of whom became the celebrated Lord Fairfax. We learn from his own writings that he was neither a superstitious Papist nor a fantastic Puritan;' but farther particulars of his life there are none. He is supposed to have died about the year 1632. Fairfax is now known only for his translation of Tasso's 'Jerusalem Delivered,' which is executed in a manner which makes it wonderful how the frigid, jingling, and affected version by Hoole ever survived its birth. The measure which he chose for his work (that of the original Italian) is one less stately perhaps than the Spenserian stanza, but not less fitted for heroic subjects. It consists of eight-line stanzas, of which the first six lines are in terza rima and the last two rhyme with each other. It has this great superiority over the common heroic couplet, that all jingle is avoided by the occasional introduction of a different species of rhyme. Moreover, the verses are much more harmonious than those of Hoole; the diction is more simple, and the English more pure. As the time is now gone by when Johnson gave the law in criticism, and Pope's method of versifying was the only one in repute, we may hope to see Fairfax's translation regain its ascendancy. We may now smile at the critic who asserts that Fairfax's translation is in stanzas that cannot be read with pleasure by the generality of those who have a taste for English poetry; but we must at the same time regret that a literary school like that of the followers of Pope should have usurped for so long a time such entire dominion as to enable one of its humblest members to make assertions so sweeping and insolent as those contained in the preface from which we have just quoted. (Biographia He is said to have been illegitimate, but without sufficient proof. FAIRFAX, SIR THOMAS, afterwards Lord Fairfax, the son of Ferdinando Lord Fairfax and his wife, Mary, daughter of Edmund Sheffield, Lord Mulgrave, was born in the parish of Otley, at Denton, which is situated about 12 miles north-west of Leeds. He was sent from school to St. John's College, Cambridge; but we do not find that he was eminent as a scholar, for his disposition was inclined to military employment rather than to study. Accordingly, as soon as he left college, he enlisted in the army of Lord Vere, and served under his command in Holland. The connexion of Fairfax with Lord Vere afterwards became | more close. When he returned to England, he married Anne, the fourth daughter of that peer, who, like her father, was a zealous Presbyterian, and disaffected to the king. If Fairfax did not already possess the same religious and political feelings, he soon imbibed the principles of his wife. When the king began to raise troops, as it was said, fo. the defence of his person, Fairfax, who foresaw that it was intended to collect an army, in the presence of nearly 100,000 people assembled on Heyworth Moor, presented a petition to the king in person, praying that he would listen to his parliament and refrain from raising forces. In 1642, when the civil wars broke out, he accepted a commission of general of the horse under his father, who was general of the parliamentary forces in the north. His first employment was in the county of York, where at first the greater number of actions between the parliamentary and royalist troops were in favour of the king, whose army was under the conduct of the earl of Newcastle. Sir Thomas Fairfax. somewhat dispirited, was despatched from Lincoln, where he was in quarters, to raise the siege of Nantwich, in Cheshire. In this expedition he was successful, not only in the main object, but he also took several garrisons, and on his return defeated the troops under Colonel Bellasis, the governor of York, and effected a junction with his father's forces (April, 1644). Thus Fairfax became master of the field, and, in obedience to his orders, proceeded towards Northumberland, to enable the Scots to march southwards, in spite of the king's forces, which were quartered at Durham. A junction took place between the Scots and Fairfax, who acted in concert during the spring (1644), and fought together in the memorable battle of Marston Moor (July 2, 1644), where the king's troops experienced such a signal defeat that the whole north, excepting a few garrisons, submitted to the parliament. Before Helmesley Castle, one of these fortresses, which Sir Thomas Fairfax was afterwards (September) sent to besiege, he received a wound in his shoulder that caused his life to be despaired of. When the earl of Essex ceased to be parliamentary general [ESSEX], it was unanimously voted that Fairfax should be his successor (January, 1644-5), and Cromwell by whom his actions were afterwards so greatly influenced, was appointed his lieutenant-general. Fairfax hastened to London, where, upon the receipt of his commission, the speaker paid him the highest compliments. After having been nominated governor of Hull, he marched to the succour of Taunton, in which place the parliamentary troops were closely besieged; but upon the king's leaving Oxford and taking the field with Prince Rupert, he was recalled before he had proceeded farther than Blandford, and received orders to join Cromwell and watchfully attend upon the movements of the king. On the 14th of June the decisive battle of Naseby was fought; and when the king had fled into Wales, Fairfax, marching through Gloucestershire, possessed himself of Bath, Bristol, and other important posts in Somersetshire. From thence, by the way of Dorsetshire, he carried his arms into Cornwall, and entirely dispersed the forces of the king. After the surrender of Exeter, which was the last event of this western campaign, Fairfax returned to Oxford, which, as well as Wallingford, surrendered upon articles. In the autumn, after further active and successful employment, he was seized with a fit of illness, under which he laboured for some weeks. In November, when he returned to London, he was welcomed by crowds who came out to meet him on his road, was publicly thanked for his services, and received from the parliament a jewel of great value set with diamonds, together with a considerable grant of money. The payment of the 200,000l. to the Scottish army, in consideration of which they delivered up the king, was en trusted to Fairfax, who marched northward for this pur pose. The discontent of the army, who were fearful either | that they should be disbanded or sent to Ireland, now rose to a great height. Their complaints were encouraged by Cromwell and Ireton; a council was formed in the army by selecting two soldiers from each troop, and the Independents showed an evident desire to form a party distinct from the Presbyterians and the parliament, and to usurp for themselves a greater authority. Although Fairfax was in his heart opposed to these violent proceedings, and saw them with regret, yet he had not the resolution to resign his command. He remained the tool of Cromwell, following his counsels, until the army had become master both of the parliament and the kingdom. name was that of the Spirits of the Mountains. The most general conjecture, however, is, that these imaginary people are of oriental origin, and that the notion of them was first entertained by the Persians and Arabs, whose traditions and stories abound with the adventures of these imaginary beings. The Persians called them Peris, the Arabs Ginn; and the Arabs assigned them a peculiar country to inhabit, which they called Ginnistan, or fairy-land. Shakspeare has been singularly happy in his dramatic exhibition of fairies. The belief in these fabled beings has still a fast hold upon the minds of many of our rustics, which may perhaps be considered as a reinnant of that ignorant credulity which was once almost universal. Poole, In 1647 he was made Constable of the Tower; and in the in his English Parnassus,' has given the names of the fairy following year, at his father's death, he inherited his titles, court: Oberon the emperor; Mab the empress: Perriwiggin, appointments, and estates. The difference of his condition Perriwinckle, Puck, Hobgoblin, Tomalin, Tom Thumb, made no alteration in his life; he continued to attack or courtiers; Hop, Mop, Drop, Pip, Trip, Skip, Tub, Tib, Tick, besiege the royalist troops wherever they were mustered Pink, Pin, Quick, Gill, Im, Tit, Wap, Win, Nit, the maids or entrenched. Many towns in the east, and among them of honour; Nymphidia, the mother of the maids. Dr. Grey, Colchester, which he treated with great severity, yielded to in his Notes on Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 50, gives us a dehis arms. In December he marched to London, menaced scription, from other writers, of fairy-land, a fairy enterthe parliament, and quartered himself in the palace at tainment, and fairy hunting. Dr. King's description of Whitehall. He was named one of the king's judges, but Orpheus' fairy entertainment (Works, edit. 1776, vol. iii. refused to act; and he was voted one of the new council of p. 112), and Oberon's clothing' and 'Oberon's diet,' in state (February, 1648-9), but refused to subscribe the test. Poole's English Parnassus,' almost exhaust the subject of In May he marched against the Levellers, who were nume- fairy economy. A charm against fairies was turning the rous in Oxfordshire. He continued in command of the cloak. See Bishop Corbet's Iter Boreale. Anquetil du army until June, 1650, when, upon the Scots declaring for Perron's Zend-Avesta; Brand's Popular Antiquities, vol. the king, he declined marching against them, and conse-ii. p. 327-350; Percy's Reliques of Antient English Poetry, quently resigned his commission. He now retired to his 8vo. Lond. 1794, vol. iii. p. 207-215. The reader who house at Nun Appleton, in Yorkshire, which for some years would look further into fairy mythology may consult Sir he made his principal residence. He left it (in 1659) to Walter Scott's Essay on the Fairy Superstition, in the assist General Monk against Lambert's forces. In Janu-Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border; and more especially ary, 1659-60, he made himself master of York. In the Keightley's Fairy Mythology, 2 vols. 8vo. 1828, in which same month and in the February following he was chosen the legends of different countries are collected. one of the council of state by the Rump Parliament, was elected one of the members for the county of York, and formed one of the committee appointed to promote the return and restoration of Charles II. In November, 1671. while residing privately at his country-house, he was seized with an illness, which terminated in his death. He was buried at Bilburgh, near York. He left issue two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. Mary married the duke of Buckingham; of Elizabeth we have no account. The character of Fairfax was not distinguished for many vigorous qualities; the key to it may be found in the words of Clarendon: Fairfax wished nothing that Cromwell did, and yet contributed to bring it all to pass. He was courageous in battle, and sincere in his professions. He had an impediment in his speech: as an orator was not eloquent; as an author was indifferent: his love of literature was of no further benefit than as it served for the encouragement of others.' (Clarendon's Hist.; Whitelock's Memorials; Rushworth's Coll.; Biog. Brit.) FAIRIES, a small sort of imaginary spirits of both sexes in human shape, who are fabled to haunt houses in companies, to reward cleanliness, to dance and revel in meadows in the night-time, and to play a thousand freakish pranks. Both sexes are represented generally as clothed in green, and the traces of their tiny feet are supposed to remain visible on the grass for a long time after their dances: these are still called fairy rings or circles. They are also fabled to be in the practice of stealing unbaptized infants and leaving their own progeny in their stead. Besides these terrestrial fairies there was a species who dwelt in the mines, where they were often heard to imitate the actions of the workmen, to whom they were thought to be inclined to do service. In Wales this kind of fairies were called knockers,' and were said to point out the rich veins of silver and lead. Some fairies are fabled to have resided in wells. It was also believed that there was a sort of domestic fairies, called, from their sun-burnt complexions, Brownies, who were extremely useful and who performed all sorts of domestic drudgery. The words fairy and browny seem at once to point out their own etymologies. Bourne, in his Antiquitates Vulgares, supposes the superstition relating to fairies to have been conveyed down to us by tradition from the Lamiæ, or antient sorceresses; others have deduced them from the lares and larvæ of the Romans. Dr. Percy tells us, on the assurance of a learned friend in Wales, that the existence of fairies is alluded to by the most antient British bards, among whom their commonest P. C., No 615. FAITH (fides, in Latin), means belief or trust in a fact or doctrine, and is more especially used to express the belief of Christians in the tenets of their religion, and also by figure to mean that religion itself. The great divisions of Christianity, the Roman, the Greek, the Jacobite, the Reformed, or Calvinist, the Episcopal English, and the Protestant or Lutheran churches, have each separate confessions of faith, but they all acknowledge the great fundamental points of the Christian faith or religion, namely, the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the divinity of Jesus Christ. [CONFESSION.] In the earlier ages of the church the chief controversies of theologians, especially in the East, ran upon metaphysical questions concerning the mysteries of the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the divine nature of the Saviour. In modern times controversy has run more frequently upon moral questions concerning the conduct of men, the requisites of salvation, and the discipline of the Church. Faith, the necessity of which is acknowledged by all Christians, has been viewed in various lights with respect to its efficacy. From the earliest ages the Church has taught that faith, or belief in the Redeemer, joined with good works, was necessary for the justification of man; that good works, that is, works acceptable to God, could only be produced by the Spirit of God influencing the heart, but that the human will must co-operate with grace in producing them, though the human will alone is powerless to good unless assisted by divine grace. Still, man being a free agent, the will can call on God, through the merits of the Saviour, for a measure of his grace to assist its own efforts. Thus the co-operation of God and man was held as the means of the justification and salvation of the latter. Luther however and Calvin denied the power of the will to call on God for his grace; they substituted faith, and faith alone, in the merits of the Redeemer, as the means of salvation, by which faith man firmly believes that his sins are at once remitted. But this faith must be sincere, absolute, without a shadow of doubt or distrust; and as man cannot of himself obtain this, it can only be given to him by inspiration of the Spirit of God. Here the question of faith becomes involved with those of grace and predestination. As for our works, both Luther and Calvin look upon them as absolutely worthless for our salvation. Some fanatics, and the Anabaptists among the rest, drew from these premises of the leading reformers some very dangerous consequences, which Luther and Calvin had not anticipated, such as that men might live as profligately as they pleased, and yet, by the inspiration of divine grace, might obtain the faith requisite for their salvation. VOL. X.-Y |