make first-hand observations of the methods and the results of imprisonment of offenders, and has presented this treatise for the purpose of arousing the public mind to action in regard to the elimination of palpable social wrongs.

Beginning with the statement that "Imprisonment, its effects upon the prisoner and the prejudice it creates against him in the public mind" are the chief topics of consideration, he describes in graphic style the conditions of penal servitude and prison labor at Portland and other institutions, and shows the old archaic system now so thoroughly discredited has not yet been displaced even in enlightened England. This is the content of Part I.

Part II, labeled Preventive is a treatise of only one aspect of the subject of prevention—that of detection and identification of criminals. Chapters are devoted to the subjects of Bertillonage and the finger print, crime and the microscope, crime and the camera, the police dog, the jiu-jitsu for the police. These chapters are interesting and informing reading, but one may affirm as certainly of these as the author does of the prison, that the efficacy of these methods perfected to ever so high a degree would have little or no perceptible influence in the diminution of crime. If the prison itself is no deterrent, it is hard to see how a system that would result in putting more men into prison would increase its value as a preventive.

Part III contains two excellent chapters on the futility of flogging and the inequality of sentences but its chief burden is the demonstration of the failure of imprisonment, either to diminish crime or to work the reformation of the criminal. He regards the prison as "the tragi-comedy of our day," graduating the offender to a criminal career, and branding him with a stigma that makes it impossible for him ever to have a fair chance for normal life. The greatest condemnation of the prison is the absolute lack of confidence on the part of the public in its product. Chapter XX, entitled New Horizons, is the only constructive portion of the book. Here the author sketches the outline of a real system of "prevention" through the treatment of the causes of crime; the abandonment of retaliative and retributive punishment; the methods of rehabilitation of the offender.

The book is neither logical in its treatment nor comprehensive, and its title is something of a misnomer, yet it contains much valuable material and will tend further to render unpopular our scientifically discredited system of penal servitude.

University of Pennsylvania.

J. P. LICHTENBERGER.

BAERLEIN, HENRY. Mexico: The Land of Unrest. Pp. xxiv, 461. Price, $3.75. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1913.

Existing confusion in the public mind with reference to the Mexican situation is traceable very largely to the fact that but few persons are acquainted with the antecedents of the present situation. The long period of anarchy which followed closely on the heels of the Declaration of Independence; the successive attempts to establish popular government in the absence of any of the elements upon which popular government must rest, and finally the adoption in 1853 of a constitution far in advance of the political training and

preparation of the people: these are all elements in the Mexican situation which tend to explain present conditions.

The work of Mr. Baerlein is a valuable adjunct to the study of present conditions. In his capacity as correspondent of the London Times he visited many different sections of the country. His keen sense of dramatic contrasts enables him to paint an exceedingly vivid picture of conditions prevailing during the long presidency of Porfirio Diaz.

The author has evidently concentrated his attention on the shortcomings of the Diaz administration. He fails to take into account the fact that during its early years, the fundamental problem was to establish something approaching order throughout the confines of the Republic. In the accomplishment of this purpose some ruthless measures were no doubt adopted, but it must also be borne in mind that the national administration had to deal with a lawless element which, while not forming any considerable percentage of the total population, was able to create a feeling of insecurity throughout the country.

The author dwells at length on the mistakes of the Diaz administration and the corruption which existed amongst officials. As to the extent of such corruption there are wide differences of opinion. It is true that influential persons were able to secure special concessions and franchises and amassed large fortunes through such special privileges. It is also true that large land owners were able to increase the extent of their holdings at the expense of their weaker neighbors. Opposition to the Diaz régime, especially if it took the form of political agitation, was ruthlessly suppressed.

All of these facts are brought out with great clearness by the author, but he fails to point out one of the most important shortcomings of the policy of President Diaz, namely the failure clearly to appreciate the fact that the development of the country's wealth did not necessarily mean a corresponding advance in its welfare. Porfirio Diaz concentrated his efforts on the utilization of the natural resources of the country, but he failed to accompany his efforts in this direction with the proper safeguards to the interests of the working classes. While, therefore, the country advanced rapidly in wealth during his administration, the condition of the farm laborers and miners did not show a corresponding improvement.

In spite of a certain lack of proportion the book of Mr. Baerlein is a valuable contribution to a study of the antecedents of the present situation in Mexico.

University of Pennsylvania.

L. S. ROWE.

Pp. xix,

CHAPIN, F. STUART. Introduction to the Study of Social Evolution. 306. Price, $2.00. New York: The Century Company, 1913. This book is an attempt to present in usable form the more elementary aspects of biological and anthropological material of social evolution for elementary classes in sociology. Part I with three chapters on variation and heredity, struggle for existence and the origin and antiquity of man presents, the essential phases of organic evolution. Part II with six chapters on association, the influences of physical environment, social heredity,

races and peoples, tribal society, and the transition from tribal to civil society, surveys the main aspects of social evolution. At the end of each chapter is given a selected bibliography of the standard works from which the material is drawn.

Like many other teachers the author has felt the need for a collection of the material to be put into the hands of the student. So.varied and scattered are the sources that the average library is entirely inadequate in duplicate copies to supply a class of any considerable proportions with facilities to pursue the studies for themselves through assignments. As a result the lecture method of instruction has been often a necessity in this subject. How well this volume will meet this need can be determined only by use. The reviewer is of the opinion that its practical utility would have been enhanced greatly had it been somewhat more comprehensive. It will require much in the way of lecture and further explanation.

The material is well selected and presented. The order is logical and scientific. Considerable emphasis is placed upon the illustrations which illuminate the text and which otherwise would be inaccessible to the average student, called as they are from such a wide range of sources.

We believe the author has done a real service not only in emphasizing the need for the constructive study of developing society but also in rendering the material for such study more available.

University of Pennsylvania.

J. P. LICHTENBERGER.

COLLIER, PRICE. Germany and the Germans from an American Point of View. Pp. xii, 602. Price, $1.50. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913. In two earlier books, The West in the East and England and the English, Price Collier, writing from an American point of view, has given an interesting and suggestive account of the people of the East and of England, and of their customs and problems. The present work is a similar study of Germany and the Germans.

The first two chapters trace the historical development of Germany. Chapter III deals in a friendly way with the present Emperor, William II, a man who has impregnated the German people "with his own aims and ambitions, to such an extent, that they may be said, so to speak, to live their political, social, martial, religious, and even their industrial, life in him." Mr. Collier professes the greatest sympathy with the kaiser in his capacity as war lord, and in his insistent stiffening of Germany's martial back-bone, yet believes that the German Emperor is far and away the best and most powerful friend that the English have in Europe.

The place of the newspaper and the power of the journalist is said to be increasing rapidly, but as yet neither the press as a whole, nor the journalists, with a few exceptions, exert the influence on either society or politics of the press in America and England. A good word is said for German cities, which in the great majority of cases present no loopholes for private plunder, and which are administrated by experts, not by politicians.

Chapter VI, on a land of damned professors, proves a disappointment, not because of its account of the German system of education, but because the part which the professors in the German universities have played in the industrial development of Germany receives hardly more than passing mention.

In a chapter entitled ohne armee kein Deutschland, the author minimizes Germany's warlike intentions. Political geography provides a sufficient excuse for Germany's army and navy. The supposedly bellicose army, in an existence of over forty years, has done far more to keep the peace than any other one factor in Europe, except, perhaps, the British navy. Furthermore, the Germans want peace, but being the last comers into the society of nations, they mean to insist upon recognition.

In conclusion the author expresses the conviction that Germany is confronted with a grave internal danger arising out of the fact that its marvelous development of recent years has been artificial, because forced. It is not possible, merely through the natural development of its innate characteristics, for a nation to change in one generation, as Germany has changed. Consequently it is felt that there is little ground for the belief that the German nation is to save the world by Teutonizing it. The scarecrows of autocracy, bureaucracy, and militarism are not destined to live, much less to be transplanted to other countries.

University of Pennsylvania.

ELIOT JONES.

COMMONS, JOHN R. Labor and Administration. Pp. ix, 431. Price, $1.60. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1913.

We should be very grateful to Professor Commons for this collection of essays and studies. Many of us who have been reading with great interest his suggestive articles in various magazines will re-read them in this volume, and will be glad, moreover, that the more recent ones are made so readily accessible in bound form. Among the twenty-two studies in the volume, there are a number that deal with the philosophy of the labor movement and of the labor conflict, such as the union shop, restrictions by labor unions, and the class conflict. Another of this group is one on unions and efficiency, in which for the first time the reasons for the hostility of organized labor to the efficiency movement are analyzed, and the need shown of adopting "methods that will recognize the mutability and solidarity of labor and convert this craving for harmony and mutual support, as well as the impulse of individual ambition, into a productive asset." In the volume are the remarkable studies of American shoemakers, the longshoreman of the Great Lakes and the musicians of St. Louis and New York. The first of these stands as one of the most interesting studies in economic history and it is a distinct gain to have it reprinted. The closing studies of the volume contain the results of the author's experience as a member of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. He emphasizes not only the importance of the administration of labor laws, but the need for adequate administration. As Professor Commons is the originator of the Wisconsin experiment in this field and has been one of its first ad

ministrators, these studies are of particular value. A sentence in the introduction truly summarizes the underlying thought of the essays: "Through them run the notions of utilitarian idealism, constructive research, class partnership and administrative efficiency-a programme of progressive labor within social organization." No person interested in economic or in labor history can afford to be without this volume.

Philadelphia.

ALEXANDER FLEISHER.

DEWSNUP, E. R. Freight Classification, 4 vols., pp. ii, 304; TRIMPE, W. A. Freight Claims, pp. 62; MORTON, J. F. Routing Freight Shipments, pp. 27; STROMBECK, J. F. Reducing Freight Charges to a Minimum, pp. 68. Chicago: La Salle Extension University, 1913.

In addition to the Atlas of Railway Traffic Maps, previously mentioned in THE ANNALS, the La Salle Extension University has issued the above-named treatises on freight classification, freight claims, freight routing, and reducing freight charges. They are among the various lessons of an extensive course on interstate commerce now being prepared under the direction of that institution.

The description of freight classification was written by Prof. E. R. Dewsnup of the University of Illinois. After describing briefly the past development of classification it outlines in full the present application of the Official, Southern and Western classifications, the manner in which classifications are made, and the rules contained in the classification books. Volume four contains in convenient form for the use of students a series of appendices explaining territorial and technical traffic terms, abbreviations used in traffic publications, and the application of the leading classifications.

The remaining lessons are briefer and are presented in a more technical form. Mr. W. A. Trimpe of the Chicago bar describes the nature and kinds of freight claims, how, by whom, and to whom they are presented, the forms and documents used in making claims, and the manner in which they are handled. The lesson on reducing freight charges to a minimum was prepared by Mr. J. F. Strombeck, president of the Strombeck-Becker Manufacturing Company. It points out the methods by which shippers may assure to themselves the lowest available freight charges. Mr. J. F. Morton, assistant traffic director of the Chicago Association of Commerce in the lecture on routing freight shipments briefly discusses the ways in which the proper routing of freight benefits shippers. Being especially designed to assist young men who expect to enter or have entered some one of the many branches of interstate commerce, these lessons though brief are essentially practical.

University of Pennsylvania.

GROVER G. HUEBNER.

DUNN, SAMUEL O. Government Ownership of Railways. Pp. vii, 400. Price, $1.50. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1913.

Mr. Dunn's book is a readable and clear presentation of issues that will confront the public in this country, if government ownership and management