:

Answer: (a) This proposition is a mere project, lacking

CONCLUSION.

(a) reason, (b) experience, (c) analogy, (d)

root in the Constitution,

(b) It will be fatal to the Constitution,

(a) Lord North must still settle the quota of each Colony,

(b) You can neither add nor alter,

(c) It does not satisfy the complaint of the Colonies,

(a) It gives the same grievance for a remedy, (b) You would object to some sources of rev

enue,

(d) It will plunge you into great difficulties,
(a) Colony agents could not have general
power, and

(b) Attempts at settlement would end in con-
fusion,

(c) You must burden the innocent with the guilty or for them,

(d) If you settle a permanent contingent, you have no revenue,

(e) If you change the quota, you have a new

quarrel,

(e) The object of the proposal is destruction to
the Colonies, not advantage to ourselves,
(f) A comparison of Lord North's proposal with
the proposal of conciliation by conceding to
the Colonies the privilege of taxing them-
selves, shows all the advantages to be on the
side of the latter.

C.

4. The financier objects, that the concession will give us peace, but it will give us no revenue; Answer: (a) It will give the Colonies the power of refusal of

taxes,

(b) This is the mightiest of all sources of revenue,

(a) Our experience proves this,

(b) All men desire the honor and glory of their country,

(c) Government thus becomes the stakeholder of parties,

(d) This encourages instead of destroying generosity,

(e) No revenue can be gotten from America by compulsion,

(f) The strongest of ties is the association of civil rights with the prosperity of

government,

(g) The love of the English people is the life of the English nation,

(h) Magnanimity in politics is the truest wis

dom;

I. An American revenue must be secured as American empire has been secured, by the granting of English privileges.

(Proposition proved).

As the American Colonies have no representation in Parliament, they must be conciliated by conceding to them the privilege of levying their own taxes.

OUTLINE OF HUXLEY'S THREE LECTURES ON

EVOLUTION.

A.

INTRODUCTION.

1. Man's conception of the nature of things has been of slow growth;

2. The constancy of the order of nature is now the dominant

idea;

(a) All events are based on cause and effect,

(b) All notion of chance is excluded,

(c) All human calculations are based upon it,
(d) The basis is completely logical;

3. This notion of constancy does not extend into the past; 4. Whether events always happened in this fixed order, is a historical question; its answer must be sought in the same way as the answer to other historical questions.

B.

DISCUSSION.

I. The case stated:

1. There are three hypotheses for the history of nature; (a) The universe has always existed in its present

condition,

(b) The universe came into existence without any precedent condition from which it could naturally have proceeded,

(c) The present universe has been evolved by a natural process, from an antecedent state, that

from another, and so on; no limit can be assigned to past changes.

2. These hypotheses mean :

(a) An observer, no matter how far back, would have seen the earth as it now is-animals, plants, mountains, plains, waters. This is not inconsistent with uniformitarianism.

(b) An observer would, at a period not remote, have seen chaos, then the various parts coming into being in six natural days in the following order, -light, sky or firmament, vegetation, heavenly bodies, aquatic animals and birds, quadrupeds and man. This is Milton's theory in Paradise Lost.

(c) An observer would, at any late period, have seen a state of things similar to the present, the likeness becoming less and less as the period of observation is remote from the present: the distribution of mountains, plains, lakes, would change according to a slow natural process; the framework of the earth would be at a very remote period only a nebulous mass; the forms of life would grow simpler and simpler, presenting in the earliest stages, undifferentiated protoplasmic matter. This hypothesis presupposes no breach of continuity. All is produced by a natural process.

.

1. A Priori evidence cannot be used; for

(a) This is a matter of historical fact, not involving cause or motive;

2. It must be settled by historical evidence, which is of

two kinds;

(a) Testimony, the report of witnesses,

(b) Circumstantial evidence, the testimony of other things than human witnesses;

3. Circumstantial evidence, when clear and intelligible,
is stronger than testimony; for

(a) It is impossible to falsify it in this case,
(b) It cannot be mistaken in this case,
(c) Human testimony is open to many doubts,
(d) Even accurate men are easily mistaken,
(e) Witnesses are actuated by evil motives.

III. The case argued :

1. The first, or "Eternity," hypothesis is incapable of verification by any evidence; for

(a) Its verification would demand an eternity of witnesses,

(b) Its verification would require an infinity of circumstances,

(c) Neither of these is attainable ;

2. What evidence there is is against it; for

(a) The earth's crust is composed of layers gradually formed,

(a) They are like those forming at present,

(b) They contain fossils of life, extinct and existing,

(b) The strata of the earth's crust furnish a record of a gradually changing life on the earth,

(c) The strata show that the present condition of things is of only recent existence :

A. The first hypothesis must be abandoned.

1. Explanatory. The second is called the "Miltonic" hypothesis rather than the "Doctrine of Creation," or the "Biblical Doctrine," or the "Mosaic Doctrine; " because

(a) It is an historical not a doctrinal or philosophical question,

(a) It means how, not why things came to be as
they are,

(b) The Bible does not necessarily sanction it,
(a) Our notion is traceable to Milton's poem,
(b) Scientists interpret the Bible differently,
(c) Many Biblical scholars explain it differently,
(d) The Bible may sanction evolution,

(c) There is no evidence that Moses wrote the account
in Genesis,

(a) This is the opinion of eminent clergymen,

(b) This is the opinion of Hebrew scholars, . (d) Milton leaves no doubt as to his meaning; 2. Only circumstantial evidence will be used in examining this hypothesis; for

(a) Testimonial evidence is incompetent,

(a) Scholars disagree as to its authenticity;