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censed 77,725 tons, of which latter 5,489 tons are navigated by steam. regard to shipbuilding the state occupies the seventh place. In 1849-50 there were built 57 vessels of an aggregate burden of 6,201 tons. This branch is chiefly carried on at Perth Amboy and Great Egg Harbor. The coast fisheries are extensive, and are carried on chiefly to supply the neighboring markets.

The internal trade and transportation of New-Jersey are on an extensive scale, and with regard to internal improvements few states occupy a higher position. The geographical situation of the state has favored this development. The great lines of railroad between New-York and Pennsylvania, which form the connecting link between the north-east and the south and west, of necessity pass through it. Branch roads have also been constructed from all the central roads to meet the wants of the manufacturing towns. Few states indeed have greater facilities for travel or traffic. The Delaware and Hudson Canal and the Morris Canal are also important channels of transport, and are mainly useful for coal transportation. The common roads throughout the state are generally well kept.

According to the official returns, January, 1850, there were in New-Jersey twenty-four banking institutions, and their condition at that date was as follows:-Capital $3,596,720, circulation $2,548,352, deposits $1,886,595, surplus $543,776, bills receivable $6,192,575, due from other banks $1,452,057, specie $630,734, real estate $300,037, bonds and mortgages, etc., $257,568. Suspense account $21,889.

Education is well provided for in this state. It has three collegiate institutions, two theological seminaries, and one law school. The College of New Jersey, which was founded 1738, is located at Princeton, and in 1850 had 15 professors and 243 students. Its library contains 16,000 volumes. Rutgers' College at New Brunswick was founded in 1770, and has now 9 professors and 76 students; and Burlington College, founded 1846, has 5 professors and 42 students. The libraries of the two latter do not exceed 1,500 volumes each. The Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church at New Brunswick dates from 1784, and in 1850 it had three teachers and 36 students. The Presbyterian Seminary at Princeton, founded 1812, has 5 teachers and 153 students; and its library contains 12,000 volumes. The Law School at Princeton forms a department of the College, and had in 1850 three professors and eight students. For medical education the state depends on the schools of New-York and Philadelphia. There are in the state, besides the above, a considerable number of academies and grammar schools, at which many of the higher branches of learning are taught. The common schools of the state are distributed into 1,561 districts. The returns for 1850, however, only report from 1,465 districts. These contained at that period 118,992 children between the ages of 5 and 16 years; and the number attending school was 70,053, of which 7,525 attended for a less time than four months, 8,319 for less than eight months, and 8,107 for less than twelve months. The average duration of schools was nine months. The average price of tuition per quarter to each pupil was $2 06. The total amount appropriated or received for school purposes was $119,351. The state owns a school fund which in 1850 amounted to $388,582.

The state supports in part its infirm. The Lunatic Asylum at Trenton, built by the government, was opened for the admission of patients in May, 1848. On the 1st January, 1849, there were in the institution 83 patients46 males and 37 females; and during the year ensuing 96 others-55 males and 41 females, were received and 69 were discharged, leaving, 1st January,

1850, 110-62 males and 48 females, under treatment. The charge for pa tients supported by the public is $3 per week. For the deaf mutes and the blind there is no separate establishment, but the state makes an annual grant for the support of those who may be indigent, or such as may be placed for education in the institutions of other states.

The State Prison is located at Trenton. The statistics of this institution up to 1st January, 1850, exhibited the following details. On the 31st December, 1848, it contained 176 prisoners, and during the year ensuing received 108, making a total of 248; and the number discharged was, by expiration of sentence 79, by pardon 17, by death 3, (one killed and one suicide)-in all 99, which left in prison on 1st January, 1850,-white males 125, and white females 9; colored males 51, or a total of 185. Of these, 4 were for manslaughter, 6 for murder in 2d degree, 4 for rape, 4 for forgery, 32 for burglary, 34 for larceny, 38 for violent assaults, and 4 for arson; and 90 were natives of New-Jersey, 27 of New-York, 19 of Pennsylvania, and 39 were foreigners. The longest sentence is for 20 years, and two are under that sentence. These statistics would indicate a ratio of higher grades of crime very favorable to the morality of the people.

Among the religious denominations the Methodists are the strongest numerically. The Presbyterians, both of the old and new schools, however, are also large and respectable bodies, and the Protestant Episcopalians have many churches. There are also a considerable number of Roman Catholics (especially in the manufacturing towns), Baptists, Congregationalists, Dutch Reformed and other Churches; and in some districts the Quakers have congregations. The following are some of the principal statistics of the churches:

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The constitution under which this state is now organized, went into operation on the 2d day of September, 1844. The Governor is elected by the people for three years, but is ineligible for re-election for the ensuing term. He must be thirty years of age, and must have been a citizen of the United States for twenty years, and a resident for seven years previous to his election. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and General Assembly. The Senate is composed of nineteen members, or one from each county, elected for three years, one-third of their numbers being elected annually. Senators must have attained the age of thirty years, and have been citizens of the state four years, and inhabitants of the county for one year next preceding election. The General Assembly consists of fifty-eight members, elected by the people of the counties, according to their ratio of population. Members must have attained the age of twenty-one years, and must have been citizens of the state four years and residents one year, and must also be entitled to the rights of suffrage. The powers and privileges of the legislative body are similar in every shape to those of any other state.

The judicial power belongs to a Court of Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and other inferior courts. The Judges of

the Court of Errors and Appeals are appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, and hold their offices for six years; the Judges of the Supreme Court and the Chancellor are appointed for seven years, and the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas are appointed by the Senate and General Assembly, unitedly, and hold their offices for five years. The Secretary and the Attorney-General are appointed by the Governor, with consent, for five years, but the State Treasurer is appointed annually by the Senate and General Assembly in joint meeting.

The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in the state one year, and in the county in which he votes five months next preceding the election. Paupers, idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted of crimes which preclude them from giving evidence in judicial proceedings, are not permitted to vote. Colored persons are also incapable. The elections take place annually, on the second Tuesday of November, and the legislature meets at Trenton on the second Tuesday of January.

The militia of the state numbers 39,171 men of all arms, and the Governor is ex-officio commander-in-chief of the forces of the state.

The public burdens of this state are very light, and its income is derived from sources which accident has placed in the way of the government, and without resorting to taxation. The chief sources of income are transit duties on railroads and canals, dividends on stock, taxes on railroad stock, interest on bonds of Camden and Amboy railroad, special loans, proceeds of labor of state prisoners, etc., and the principal expenses are for the support of lunatics, deaf mutes and the blind, salaries of executive, legislative and judicial officers, support of state prison, pensions, etc. The receipts for the year ending 1st January, 1850, including a balance from former years of $10,823, amounted to $136,514, and the whole amount expended was $126,553, leaving a balance of $9,961 to the credit of 1851. About one-third of the expenditures were extraordinary, and hence the ordinary expenses may be estimated at less than $100,000 per annum.

The public debt owing by this state amounts to $67,595, and the annual interest on this is $4,075, or less than 6 per cent. Against this debt the state owns productive property to the value of $262,396, and property not now productive, consisting of U. S. surplus revenue which has been lent to the counties without interest to the value of $764,670, being a total of productive and non-productive property amounting to $1,026,066. The whole amount of the School Fund owned by the state in 1850 was $388,583, of which there is unavailable the sum $11,169 and available $377,414. From these figures it is shown that the financial condition of the state is good, but at the same time it must be owned that many items of its income are derived from objectionable sources, one of the most impolitic of which is the tax on transit through its territory.

TRENTON, the capital of the state, is situated on the east shore of the Delaware, at the head of steamboat navigation. Lat. 74° 39′ N. and long. 4° 58′ 36′′ W. The city is regularly laid out, and has many fine stores and private dwellings. The state-house is a handsome stone building, 100 feet long and 60 feet broad; it is beautifully situated on the Delaware, and commands a fine view of the surrounding river scenery. The Delaware is crossed by an elegant covered bridge, 1,100 feet long and 36 feet wide, being supported by five arches resting on stone piers. This is one of the finest specimens of bridge architecture in the United States, and is much admired by men of science as a work of consummate skill. The railroad passes

over it. The Delaware and Raritan Canal passes through Trenton to the river at Bordentown. The trains for Philadelphia and New-York pass through the city twice a day. The population, in 1840, was 4,035, and is now estimated at 7,000, having increased rapidly in consequence of its position as an entrepôt. Trenton is celebrated in history as the site of a battle between the British allies and the Americans, December 25, 1776, · in which the former were almost entirely captured.

NEWARK, on the west bank of the Passaic, is the most populous city of the state, and celebrated for its manufacture of leather and some other articles. Its population is about 38,885. The city, which is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the level of the river, is regularly laid out and well built. There are numerous public buildings and churches, which render its appearance lively, and at a distance, somewhat imposing. The court-house is a handsome stone building in the Egyptian style, and stands on the north side of the city. Newark is well supplied with pure water from a never failing spring about a mile distant. Several literary institutions supply the people with books, and are a resort to which they adjourn after the arduous toils of the day. Steamboats ply daily between this city and New-York, and it is also connected with that city and Philadelphia by a fine line of railroad. The commerce of Newark is considerable, and a number of small craft is owned by its inhabitants.

ELIZABETHTOWN, five miles south of Newark, is an ancient borough, and a railroad centre of some consideration, being on the intersection of the New-Jersey and the Elizabethport and Somerville railroads. Population, 3,600. RAHWAY is a manufacturing village on the river of the same name. Population, 3,000. JERSEY CITY, nine miles east of Newark, on the Hudson River, opposite New-York, is the commencing point of Southern travel from that city, and is connected therewith by two ferries. It has considerable trade and manufactures. The New-Jersey R. R. and Morris Canal, and also the Paterson R. R. terminate here; and it has lately become the dock station of the Cunard line of steam-ships. Population, 6,856. HoBOKEN, a pleasant village three miles north, also on the Hudson, is a favorite summer resort of the citizens of New-York. NEW-BRUNSWICK, at the head of navigation on the Raritan, is the seat of Rutger's College, one of the most flourishing institutions in the United States. It is an old town and badly laid out; but in the newer portions the buildings are neat and elegant, being surrounded with beautiful gardens. The prospect from the college is extensive, and the scenery, comprising a view of the mountains in the north, and Raritan Bay, is very impressive. It is connected with the Delaware River by a canal to Bordentown, forty-two miles long.

PRINCETON is the seat of the College of New-Jersey and a Theological Seminary belonging to the Presbyterians. Both institutions are in a flourishing condition. It has a population of about 1,600 inhabitants. A battle in which the Americans were victorious, was fought here, January 3, 1777.

PATERSON, at the falls of the Passaic, is a flourishing city, and is chiefly engaged in manufactures, being highly favored with water-power and other advantages in location. The Morris Canal passes south of the city, and railroads communicate with New-York, and also connect northward with the New-York and Erie Railroad. The latter work is not yet finished, but when completed will form a new, convenient and direct route through Jersey City to New-York, and divert much of the business which is now inconvenienced by a transhipment at Piermont, the terminus of the New-York and Erie Railroad on the Hudson. Paterson contains a number of beautiful churches, and in the suburbs are many elegant and well located private

residences surrounded by gardens and shrubberies. The principal manufactures are cotton goods, machinery, carriages, and fire-arms. The population of the city in 1850 was 21,341. There are a number of manufacturing villages in the neighborhood, as New-Manchester, etc. The Passaic Falls are a great resort for the New-Yorkers in summer and are certainly worthy a visit.

The territory comprised within this state was originally a portion of the New-Netherlands, and was under the Dutch Governors until the capture of New-York by the British, in 1664. It was afterwards included in the extensive grants to the Duke of York by Charles II., and was conveyed by him to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1665, Philip Carteret was appointed first governor. In 1676, New-Jersey was divided into two provinces, respectively styled East Jersey and West Jersey; the former constituting the government of Carteret, and the latter being held for a time, as a dependency of New-York. In 1682, East Jersey was transferred to William Penn and eleven associates, and Robert Barclay, the celebrated author of the "Apology for the principles of the Quakers," was appointed Governor.

The reunion of the two provinces was effected in 1702, and the country now styled as New-Jersey, was placed under Lord Cornbury, the then Governor of New-York. In 1738, this connection was dissolved and a separate government instituted, which lasted until the war of the revolution. NewJersey furnished subsidies to the number of 18,736 during that eventful struggle, and her sons were always found foremost in defence of the liberties of their native soil. William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Franklin, was the last royal governor of the province.

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THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PENNSYLVANIA, a part of that extensive country which was granted to the celebrated William Penn, and from whom it derives its name, is situated between 39° 43′ and 42° 17′ N. latitude, and between 74° 44′ and 80° 34' W. longitude; being bounded north by the State of New-York and Lake Erie; east by New-York and New-Jersey, from which it is separated by the Delaware River; south by Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, and west by Virginia and Ohio. It is 310 miles in extreme length, and 162 miles in breadth—having a superficial area of 44,000 square miles, or 28,160,000

acres.

In the southlands are more across the state

The surface of Pennsylvania is essentially mountainous, few level tracts of any extent being met with in any portion of the state. eastern section, however, the mountains subside, and the undulating than hilly. The Alleghany Mountains run from south-west to north-east, and there are many smaller ranges on each side of the principal ridge, and generally parallel with it. These have local names, and are known as the Blue Mountains, Sideling Hill, Laurel Hill, &c. The eastern ascent of the Alleghanies is rugged and steep, but on the north and west these elevations gradually sink and form an extensive table land.

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