6,000,000 are derived from the lottery; 5,000,000 from the gaminghouses, and 4,000,000 from the post-office. Each individual, taking the population at 713,000 souls, pays 114 franks; and without the gaming-houses, 106 francs.

Paris under the principal relations of finance and political economy, is a tenth of the whole of France.

The number of houses and chimneys on fire in Paris is as follows: Chimnies on fire. Houses on fire. In 1818-514.... 133

1819-524......148 1820-631......170 The value of the different buildings insured by the company for mutual insurance is 860,000,000 francs. There are five other companies. The corps of firemen consists of 568 men. The damage sustained by fire every year is upon an average one twenty-three-thousandth part of the value of the houses. Paris contains 560 bakers, 355 butchers, 265 pork-butchers, 927 restaurateurs, innkeepers, cooks, and chophouse-keepers, 325 pastrycooks, custard-makers, and confectioners, 2,333 retail dealers in wine, 1,466 retail grocers, 1,767 fruiterers, many of whom are also gardeners, 281 corn-chandlers, 787 lemonade-sellers, 416 brandy-merchants, 52 milkmen, &c. In all, 9,761 dealers in articles of sustenance for human life. There are besides 1,749 milk-women, standing in the public streets. The women who have sheltered stalls in the market-places and public streets are about 3,000 in number.

The month in which most deaths occur is April; that in which the least occur, July. In the order of mortality, the calendar will run thus:-April, March, February, May, January, December, June,

September, October, November, August, and July.

The number of deaths in April is in comparison to that in July as 16 to 11.

The following numbers establish the estimate of the difference between the months, as regards the mortality of each; viz.:-April, 163; March, 158; February, 153; May, 149; January, 147; December, 130; June, 129; September, 125; October, 123; November, 122; August, 120; and July, 116.

According to the estimate of the deaths during the years 1819 to 1821, in which the distinction of age and sex was established, it is remarked that mortality among males, up to the age of 25 years, is greater than among females, and that from this age up to 50, there die more women than men. It is reckoned that more women than men arrive at advanced age.

In the year 1821, 348 suicides were effected or attempted: in 244 of these cases, death ensued. Of this number, 236 were men. The presumed motives for suicides

Knights of Malta.-During the pendency of the negotiation of a loan to the sovereign order of St. John of Jerusalem, the following circumstances were stated with respect to the actual situation of the order.

According to the statutes of the order, the supreme power is vested in the General Chapter, which is composed of a dignitary of each tongue or nation, who are the representatives or general attornies of the whole body. The Grand Master alone has two voices, the Lieutenant but one. At the present time there is no Grand Master, but a Lieutenant of the Grand Master, Antonio Busca, Grand Bailly of Armenia, now in Austria, on the business of the order in that country, with the Ambassador of the Order at Vienna, the Bailly Miari. The Knight Vela, Vice-Chancellor, is at Catania. After the taking of Malta, the chiefs of the tongues or nations retired to their respective priories and commandaries; and continued, according to the statutes, to regulate the internal affairs of the Tongues; and as the dispersion of the Knights required a central government, the General Chapter assembled in France on the 26th of May, 1814, under the presidency of Prince Camille de Rohan, Grand Prior of Aquitaine, for the election of a permanent Capitulary Commission, until possession should be obtained of a seat for the knights of the Order, that may represent the Chapters of the Tongues, and the Provincial Chapters of the Grand Priories, which assembled only twice a year. This commission was invested with all the faculties and powers which were exercised by the general chapters and assemblies of the Tongues and

Nations of Provence, Auvergne. France, Castile and Portugal, Arragon and Leon; the representatives of which resided formerly at the principal seat of the order at Malta; the government being thus concentrated in this permanent chapter which included a representation of the Italian and German tongues, by knights selected from those tongues, or from others, in conformity to the statutes. This chapter is empowered to treat on political, civil, and financial affairs. The Bailley de Lasteyrie, grand prior of Auvergne, is president. The Commander Bertrand de Molville, the knight Peyre de Chateuaneuf, the knight de Dienne, receiver of the Public Treasury and attorney-general of the late grand master, are the commissioners and general attorneys of the different Tongues; and the Marquis of St. Croix Molaix is the chancellor.

is

The actual number of the knights 1452, composed of Catholics, Protestants, and members of the Greek Church. There are 4,000 applicants, who, on paying their respective fees, will furnish a sum of twelve millions of francs, to the treasury of the order. It is not to be imagined that the revenues and existence of the order, when it had its seat of Government at Malta, were dependent on the possession of that island. By far the greatest part of the revenue was derived from the possessions of the order in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, Bavaria, and other parts of Germany, Russia, and Poland; it arose from the estates called Commanderies, in which each commander had only a life interest, and was obliged to contribute a certain part to the common treasury of the order.

At the death of a knight, another contribution, called mortuary, was due to the order, which, besides, received a certain part of the rents of the first subsequent year of estates in that situation. The island of Malta produced little revenue; on the other hand it consumed the revenue transmitted from the other parts of Europe, in the expenses of the Government and the maintenance of the fortifications, ships of war, and troops.

The following is a detailed account of the revenue of the order :

The total revenue of

the Commanderies formerly amounted

Francs.

to......

25,778,704

29,000,000 francs)

870,000

Deduct the total reve

Total.. 4,660,772

The

Prussian Universities.In the summer of 1822, the university of Berlin had 1,182 students; Bonn, 571; Breslau, 539; Halle, 866; Konisberg, 259: the number at Griesswalde is unknown. total number of students in Prussia, in 1822, was 1,236 students of theology (193 only being Catholics); 1,069 in law; 644 in medicine; 468 in philosophy and philology. Those at Griesswalde were but few.

Sweden and Norway.-A map of Sweden and Norway, constructed by Hagelstam in 1820, from official documents, presents the following results:

commanders or pos

sessions of the or

Russian Statistics.-Population return. From the official statement published by the Synod (which however includes only the members of the Russian Greek church) it appears that in the year 1820, there were in the whole empire Born, males, 827,729; females, 742,670-total 1,570,399. Died males, 467,683; females, 449,997 -total 917,680-Excess of births, 652,719.

The births were 48,265 more than in the year 1819; yet notwithstanding the increase of population, the deaths were 1,429 fewer than in 1819. The deaths of male children under five years of age were 243,029; being above one half of the whole. Among the males who died in the same year (the ages of the females are not stated), 807 had attained an age of above 100 years; 301, 105; 143, 110; 78, 115; 41, 120; 14, 125; 7, 130; 4, 135; 1, between 140 and 145.

The greatest number of those who attained the age of above ninety years, in proportion to the population, was in the governments of Tambof, Kaluga, and Kasan; the fewest in Archangel, Woronesch, and the Ukraine. In the governments of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Archangel, and Mohilew, no person attained the age of a hundred years. It is to be observed, that if we except the ten first years of infancy, the greatest mortality takes place between the ages of sixty and sixtyfive; for in this period the deaths of the male sex were 17,460, that is, the 27th part of the whole. The marriages were 317,805, being 22,470 fewer than in 1819. In St. Petersburg, in 1821, the number of births was 8,504; including, however, the Catholic,

Lutheran, and other communities; the number of deaths was 9,706.

Education in Portugal.-Portugal contains 873 elementary schools; in 266 of which, Latin is taught, and in 21, Greek and Rhetoric; in 27, Philosophy, natural and moral.-At Coimbra, there is a university, directed by six of the faculty, and a preparatory college for students.-The university and college together contain, annually, from 1,280 to 1,600 students. In 1819, all these establishments were attended by 31,401 pupils. Besides these national institutions, there are several others, where youth are educated for particular professions, such as the Marine and Commercial Academies at Porto, which contained 315 students in 1820; and the Academy at Lisbon, in which there were 315 students in 1821. The Commercial Academy at Lisbon is attended annually by 150 pupils. In the same city there are, the Royal College of Nobles, the Royal Academy for the Arabian language, the Royal School of Civil Architecture and Drawing, a Royal School for Sculpture, another for Engraving, an Institution for Music, and several other public Institutions of less note. The Military School for mutual instruction, to which are admitted the children of citizens, had 2,518 scholars in 1818, and this number has much increased since. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon has published, annually, memoirs not less learned than useful, on every branch of knowledge. The Portugueze have lately formed several literary societies, among which are, The Patriotic Literary Society, and the Society of Encouragement, at Lisbon. The annual average of books printed in

Portugal, between 1805 and 1819, amounts to ninety-four. But liberty has conferred new energies on the press and genius of Portugal; and the publications, within the two last years, have been trebled, besides the increase of journals and newspapers.

Petition of Haydon.

"To the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in Parliament assembled.

"The humble petition of Benjamin Robert Haydon, Historical Painter, late of Lisson-grove North, now in the King's-bench prison;

"Sheweth,That it is now seven years since the committee for the purchase of Elgin marbles, in dismissing the subject of their deliberation, submitted to the attentive consideration of the house how highly the cultivation of the Fine Arts had contributed to the reputation, character, and dignity of every government by which they had been encouraged, and how intimately they were connected with the advancement of every thing valuable in science literature, or art.'

"That though this recommendation of the honourable committee excited the hopes and am bition of all those who were desirous of seeing their country distinguished by excellence in the arts, no further notice has been taken of the subject; and that, under the sanction of this recommendation, your petitioner presumes to hope that permission will be granted to him to bring so interesting a subject before the attention of your honourable house.

"That as the said committee has admitted the importance of the

arts to every thing valuable in science and literature, any attempt to prove their importance to a country would be superfluous; but that, in addition to the benefits which have always accrued to every nation by which the arts have been successfully protected, the improvement of its manufactures cannot be denied nor overlooked. That there are two ways in which your petitioner presumes to think a successful excitement to the genius of the country towards historical painting could be given, viz. the purchase and presentation of pictures to adorn the altars of churches, or the sides of public halls, and the employment of artists of distinguished reputation to produce them. That, were such an example given by your honourable house, the corporate authorities of the most distinguished towns would immediately follow it, as they are doing and have done with regard to the encouragement of sculpture.

"That had your hon. house done nothing whatever for any art or science, historical painting could not complain; but as your hon. house has for 50 years bestowed the most liberal patronage on sculpture, as examples have been purchased for its improvement, and galleries built for their reception, your petitioner appeals to the feelings of justice in your hon. house, whether the English historical painters, who, without one public act in their favour, have rescued their country from the stigma of incapacity which so long hung over it in the opinion of foreign nations, do not deserve to share some part of the favour of your hon. house so liberally bestowed on another department.

"That were there no pictures in churches, no music, or no sculp