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scrap of paper seems merely one more instance of what outsiders have long regarded as British hypocrisy-the psychologists might give it another name. As if the England of the Treaty of Limerick and the Home Rule Bill had anything to learn from Germany! . . . It is easy to sympathise with idealists. The Sinn Feiners foresaw, as even Redmond should have foreseen, that the Government intended to repudiate the Act that they put on the Statute Book. They took action accordingly. I remember," he continued, "A. saying to some of his colleagues a couple of years ago,' We'll have no secret treaties. They are always betrayed to the Government. We'll carry our arms in public, as Carson's men do, and they can't touch us because they won't touch Carson.' I shrugged my shoulders at this piece of academic logic from a historian, contradicted as it was by all the facts of Irish history. Since then Carson has been going on from strength to strength."

In that last sentence lies the sting of the whole question. The Irishman who has a knowledge of past history has no trust in the word of the Anglo-Scot, and he is justified. The cargo of Mausers had been described by the Minister as an unparalleled outrage, and it was so. But now Mr Redmond has served his turn, the war has rendered his support unnecessary, and the outrage was far surpassed by the appointment of Sir Edward Carson, first, as Attorney General, then as head of the Admiralty, then one of the inner War Council. As he was advanced in honour, Mr F. E. Smith, the Englishman, his adjutant in Ulster for the arming of covenanted rebels, was made Attorney General.

At last the desire of the Ulster Rump was attained. The Irish, seeing no hope, were provoked into rebellion. The Nationalist party turned over almost in a body to Sinn Fein, Sir Roger Casement brought over the second instalment of the promised German army, and Sir F. E. Smith prosecuting him, he was justly hung. Says Mr John Dillon, the present leader of the Irish moderate Nationalist party, "Mr Redmond had faced misunderstanding and calumny in his endeavour to conciliate the Irish and British people, and had English Ministers been honourable men and stood by him and imitated his statesmanship, Ireland to-day, instead of being an embarrassment to England, would have been a source of strength and support. But English Ministers were false to their honour and to their pledges, and they betrayed Mr Redmond, while he was faithful and loyal, and they were now reaping a bitter harvest of their misdeeds."

I have given the Irish view of very staid and severely wellbalanced Irishmen. Now let me give my own as the view of a Protestant Englishman.

One evil of the Ulster faction at Westminster is that it keeps up in Ireland the most evil political influence of the Papacy, which

could die at once if an Irish Parliament sat in Dublin. The Pope holds the same position to the Irish people as the King of Norway held to the Western Scot in the thirteenth century, a beneficent power kindly asking for its dues, a perpetual contrast to the tyranny of the nearer ruler. But that is a small matter compared to the main reason for a peaceful settlement.

Untravelled Englishmen are unaware of the deep contempt with which, except for a few "Anglo-Saxons" mostly of German birth in Rhode Island or New York, the Englishman's pledged word is regarded the world over for his treatment of the Irish nation. I speak as an Englishman; I am not concerned for Ireland; the lesser nations are always oppressed by the greater; I have a diminished respect for the Irish politician who for the good of Ireland helped the English dissenter to wreck and ruin the ancient Welsh Church. But does not every man with an elementary power of thought see that when we go to the Council Table of Europe to protest for Belgium, Serbia, Poland, Montenegro, and Armenia, the value of our influence will be wholly destroyed by the fact that we are still holding down by main force the Irish, who for five centuries past we have ruined and persecuted. We may persuade ourselves in England and Scotland that the repression of Irish ideals and of Irish national life is right and just, and that we are justified in regarding the Home Rule Bill as a "scrap of paper." paper." But do not forget that there is no man of sense outside the British Isles who has anything but contempt for those who so deceive themselves.

Ireland, to her sorrow, stood outside the early Crusades; to her sorrow and to ours she stands outside this Crusade against the Turk and the German, races far lower in morals than the Saracens against whom the nations fought in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. But at least let us go to the Conference with clean hands, otherwise we betray, not only Ireland, but all the smaller nationalities who are dependent for their freedom on the influence of our national ideals.

March 1918.

INDEX

Agriculture.-In Tacitus' Germania, 32, 33, 35, 36; beginnings of,
founded on Roman methods, 38-9, 241; cultivation in a common
field, 40, 41; the change to, slow but revolutionary, 168–9; accounts
of, 231-5; conflicts with stockbreeding, 239 et seq.; suitability
for, depends on rainfall, 242-7; the West unsuited for, 244–6;
follows increase of population, 449; more capital required for, 453;
enclosures necessary for, 453; England suited for corn-growing,
16, 60, 264.

Alienation. Of property among the Slavs, 122-4; early powers of, very
limited, 133, 255; subject to right of redemption by family,
134, 138, 140; in Orkneys, 134-5, 147; in England, 140; in Wales,
144, 145; in Ireland, 145; causes for which allowed, 150; power
of, depends on dealings with land, 150-2; early modes of con-
veyance, 142; publicity of, 104, 160, 167; improvements a reason
for, 150, 151; restrictions on, in communal society, 153; in feudal
society, 157-9; result in our day, 158.

Breach of Faith.—Of the English to the Irish, 434–7, 439–41.
Bruce family, 324–6, 335, 339, 341; King Robert, 342; Edward in-
vades Ireland, 343.

Capital. (See Cattle)-The turning over of, 450; more required for
agriculture, 453.

Cattle. The currency and capital in early days, 31, 79, 88; the primary
tie of communal society, 36, 37, 82; pasturing on arable land, 41,
42; the danger from murrain among, 179, 180; as money, 188;
as food, 189; as work stock, 189; on the waste, 189; rules as to
ranging on the waste, 190; for sea life replaced as wealth by ships, 97.

The Loan of.-As symbol of superiority, 83; an extreme example,
83; originally the distribution by the chief on the common land, 85;
details of the loan of, 86–8.

Chattels.-Ancient rules as to, 142, 163, 164; in Finland to-day, 166;
difficulties of heir as to, 162.

Chief.-Tacitus' account of, 27; Ogaire, 82, 88, 494; personal ties,
how kept up, 44; his powers limited, 51, 52; how increased, 45-8,
56, 94, 95, 226, 228; kinship of, to people, 72; qualifications for,
77, 79, 80; society centres in, 79; accepts risks for the family, 80;
lord of the manor succeeds to, 81; his receipts and dues, 113, 119;
entertaining, a universal practice, 113; quarters his attendants
on unfree, 114-7; difficulties occasioned by change of values, 116.

Church.-Roman, an influence for change, 53; its effects on England,
60; grants of land to, 57; writing and the will came with, 160;
and the chattels, 162; no national, possible in communal society,
399.

The Tribal.-In Ireland a community within a community, 400;
independent of Rome, 399-403; the Statutes of Kilkenny as
affecting, 403; the friars and reformed clergy, 404; the quarrel
with Rome, 413.
Commerce.-How Flanders profited by, 15, 360-1; the growth of
England through, 16; decay of Norse, 16; effect on England's,
of control of Channel, 19; influence of, on change of social system,
284-5, 287, 360, 449, 455; the Hanseatic League for, 361; kingly
alliances for, 362; port dues as revenues, 406; Ireland debarred
from, 405, 456-60; with outside markets, 449; freedom of, from
tolls and usury laws, 454; requires currency, 454; increased by
Crusades, 455; extension of, a revolutionary change, 455.
Contract.-A large space occupied by, in communal custom, 103;
verbal and public, 102, 103, 104, 160, 164; effect of, on seizure
of waste, 160; the equity of, in Irish law, 103, 104; capacity for,
restricted, 103; the benefit of, to be offered first to kinsmen, 105;
by commercial guilds, 105.

Coyne and Livery.-What it was, 114; closely regulated by unwritten
custom, 115; Sir John Davis on, 118; found in all early com-
munities, 118, 119; petition by Archbishop of Cashel to prevent,
357.

Currency.-Payments made in kind in early days, 113; change in the
value of, 274; early use of, in Western Scotland, 292; influence of,
on mediæval politics, 345; commerce requires, 449, 454.

Dogs.-Trespass by, in Irish law, 102; danger of madness among, 179;
their value for hunting, 195; the lawing of, 195; payments in, 196;
as presents, 196.

Easements, 125, 126, 135-7, 261, 262, 495-7.
Enclosure v. staff herding, 232, 236; waste of timber for, 247; a chief
cause of change in England, 251, 264; encouraged by feudal tenures,
264; of the waste by the lord, 265; the cause of early, 268-9;
tearing down of, 272; an economic change, 272; in sixteenth
century, 275; example from Scotland, 278; has divorced labourer
from the soil, 266, 279, 280; necessary for agriculture, 453; of
commons from the waste to-day, 479.

England.-Effect of change of commercial route on, 16; suited for corn-
growing, 16, 60, 264; the causes of change in, 53, 56 (see Enclosure);
connection with Flanders, 361-2; with France, 346-7, 498-9;
wars with France, 375–6.

Eric, The.-Payment for torts in Germania, 30, 31, 34, 35; Earl of
Kildare receives in 1554, 31; alternative to, 35; in Ireland in
twelfth century, 313, 318; Elizabethan writers on, 34.

Europe.-Condition of, in time of Henry II., 14; change in society of, in
fourteenth century, 337; effect of discovery of New World on, 421.

Famine.-Illustration of effect of, 47, 48; danger of, 179; in Ireland,
351, 390 et seq.

Farming. In Western Scotland, 231; difficulties of communal, 232;
two kinds of, 239, 241-2; monastic, 235, 265, 451; yardlands,
240, 242.

Fencing.-Required much timber, 198, 247; in Wales and Ireland, 248,
249; absence of, on waste, 206.

Flanders.-Connection with England, 361-2; woollen manufactures of,
360, 361; incidents of war in, 375.

Folkmoot or General Assembly, of Tacitus, 27; in Ireland, Isle of
Man, Orkneys, 28; falls into disuse, 55; various particulars of,
492-3.

Fosterage, 107-11; not peculiar to Ireland, 108; illustrations of,

107-9; rules relating to, 109, 110; used by English settlers, 111;
dislike of, by feudal authorities, 111; and feudal custom, 125.
Freeman. Small freeholder of land tends to become unfree, 47; dealings
with waste affect, 250, 151; opposes enclosures, 273; gradually
deprived of use of the waste, 250-7, 267, 273-6, 279, 293-5, 463, 472.

Gavelkind, 130; example of division under, 147-9; where found, 153;
in Ireland, 32, 154; in Kent, 153, 154; in North Wales, 155;
effect on submission of Irish chiefs to Henry VIII., 155; used in
Ireland to force a change of religion, 155; Sir John Davis on,
156; an evil effect of, 156; variations of, 156, 157.

Group family. The sept clan or tribe-the unit of society in Tacitus'
account, 33, 34; in Britain, 51; continued in the West, 70, 71;
territorial divisions probably frequently identical with, 75; in-
heritance by, dies out on change to feudal custom, 125; dislike of
the religious for, 161; might ignore agreement made by chief, 415;
word finé in Brehon laws for, 165, 461; begins to break up in Wes-
tern Scotland in fourteenth century, 335; destroyed entirely after
the '45, 463.

Hostages.-The giving of, 317, 318, 321, 322.

Hunting. On waste, 180-7, 195-7; close time for, 185-6; the wild
swine, 185; in purlieu, 183; hawks, their value for, 196; hawk
stealing, 197; dogs, their value for, 195.

Ideal.-Of a nation, 2; sums up the moral tendencies, 3; illustrations
of, 5, 6; moral advance corresponds to, 7; controlled by religious
beliefs, 8; essential for a society, 12; the British, 6, 490, 491.
Individual Ownership.-In both societies contrasted, 72; gradually
breaks in, 149; drives out communal ownership, 478; of improved
land a law of nature, 481, 488.

Inheritance. By group family, dies out under feudal custom, 125;
rules of, as to chattels, 142, 163; the geilfiné, 151; the Church
fights against intestacy, 163. See Chapters XIII., XIV.

Ireland. And the society described by Tacitus, 395; in 1154, 16;
John de Grey, 21; allotment of land in (see Gavelkind), 32, 36;
cultivation of land in, 33; events in, and invasions of, in twelfth
century, 308-14, 317-20; sends help to England in 1172, 321;
the Norsemen in, 318, 319, 320; attacked from Hebrides in 1205,

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