or

Robert the Governor of Carlisle married Martha Marjorie the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Carrick, who was grandson of Gilbert, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway, and gave to his son the earldom of Carrick in his lifetime. The son Robert I. married, first, Isabel the daughter of the Earl of Mar, and secondly, Ellen de Burgo, daughter of the Earl of Ulster, tracing through him a descent from Roderick O'Conor, the Ardri of Ireland in the time of Henry II.

On the death of Alexander III. both son and father attacked the forces of the Scottish guardians at Dumfries, and in 1304, just when Edward was remitting his debts and giving him fresh proof of his confidence, the son entered into a conspiracy against him with several other nobles. In 1306 he took refuge in Ireland after his defeat at Methven.

Moray. After this digression of pedigree we return to the communal societies. There was always a cause for war and unexpected attack from the North-West owing to the claim of the descendants of Malcolm Canmore through his Norse wife Injibjorg to the throne of Scotland. In 1181 William was faced with such an attack by one Donald Ban, the son of William, who was the son of Duncan the son of Injibjorg. It was six years before William was able to put down this rising.

The Isles and Man. -In the meantime Somerled's sons in the Isles were fighting among themselves and gathering strength which might be dangerous to the king of Scotland. In 1187 Godred, the king of Man, died, leaving a son Olaf, a minor, by his wife Affreca, and other sons of full age, Reginald and Ivar. The Manxmen elected Reginald as regent during Olaf's minority, and Reginald usurped the kingship. In him and in his alliances the naval strength of the Western powers and the danger to the king of Scots and to Henry's newly formed kingdom of Ireland reached a climax.

In 1189 Richard I., to finance his expedition to the East, sold back his rights over Scotland to William, but in the confusion into which, in the absence of Richard, the English State fell, there was no need for provision against

attack on this side. William was left free to deal with the North and West.

The Orkneys, Isles, Man, and Ireland.When in 1198 Harald the elder, earl of the Orkneys, killed Harald the younger, William, not waiting for the Norwegian overlord to interfere, offered Caithness to Reginald of Man for its occupation and conquest. Reginald joined forces with John de Courcy, who was engaged on his own account in subduing Ulster, and who had married Reginald's sister Affreca.

They brought a joint fleet to Caithness, occupied it, and left lieutenants to govern there. But as soon as they were gone Harald came and occupied the country again.

But other events led to William's further interference. David I., in his missionary zeal, had founded bishoprics in Moray and Caithness, no doubt much needed, but posts which were not particularly safe or pleasant, generally occupied by men of some military quality. As the Bishop of Caithness had intrigued against him, Harald seized him, cut out his tongue and blinded him. When this became known a fearful penance was enjoined by Innocent III. But no one was anxious to be the messenger to the earl, so the spiritual weapon brought no remedy.

William undertook the work, went north and attacked Harald with effect, making him pay a large compensation to him, William, and mutilating his hostage Thorfinn. But he allowed Harald to retain Caithness, holding it as from him.

The Isles and Ireland.—The Western men meanwhile turned their attention to Ireland. In 1205 Reginald with a fleet of a hundred ships joined John de Courcy, who had joined with O'Neill and the Cenel Eoghain to make himself master of Ulster. But Walter de Lacy, Henry's justiciar, met them and routed them, "and they afterwards departed without obtaining power." 4

Somerled's descendants were still fighting among themselves when in 1210 John, going to Ireland, sent a ship force to raid Man.

In that year Angus, the son of Somerled, and his sons were killed by the sons of Reginald of Man, and their territories in the Isles annexed. But on Reginald's death, Bute

was seized by Alexander the Seneschal or High Steward of Scotland. He had married Jane, the great-grand-daughter of Somerled, another step in the process.

Man.-In 1219 Reginald copied John of England, handing over Man to the Pope as a fief. He did homage to Henry III., being retained like Maccus in earlier days 5 to keep the seas clear. In 1229 Olaf, his young half-brother, killed him, expecting to succeed to his power. But here Hakon, king of Norway, interfered, sending his own official to Man with a fleet who attacked and defeated the party of Somerled and the Isles and controlled Man.

The continued insurrections in Moray and Ross of the MacHeths and MacWilliams gave William the Lion a great deal of trouble. He had friendly relations with John of England, which enabled him to deal with these nearer dangers. His daughters were handed over to John, through whom they were married to Anglo-Norman nobles, drawing closer the bonds between the two kingdoms, and strengthening the feudal powers.

Moray. In 1214 William had invaded Moray, and received the daughter and heiress of John Earl of Caithness, the son of Earl Harald of the Orkneys. But after his death. in this year, his young son Alexander II., then eighteen (1214-19), was enticed into the combination against John, and was obliged to leave operations against the men of Moray and the West to local men. In 1215 a revolt of the MacHeths and Mac Williams in Ross was put down for him by Fergus MacIntagart, who was then created Earl of Ross, another step in the amalgamation of the country. In 1236 he helped Alexander to incorporate Galloway with Scotland.

In 1221 Roderick, the son of Reginald of the Isles, joined the MacHeths in a further revolt. Alexander II., who had just been married at York to the daughter of King John, led an army into Argyll, and distributed lands there to his followers.

Sutherland.-In 1222 the Scottish king marched against the men of Sutherland, assisted by levies from Moray, which were under the command of one Hugh Freskyn. Hugh's son, William of Moravia, became Earl of Sutherland, the first of a long line of earls.

This period, when the feudal Scottish kings in their task of absorbing the communal societies of the North and West had to face the possible interference of the kings of Norway who disciplined or supported their udallers with powerful fleets from the East, the possible danger of wars developing in the South from border troubles, or by an attack in the West from Ireland, Wales, or Man, was now nearing its end.

The King of Scots and the Tribesmen of the Isles.-At the end of his reign Alexander II. made a determined effort to reduce to obedience the chiefs of the Hebrides and Man. He made an expedition to the West in force, and opened negotiations with John of Lorn, the head of the house of MacDougalls. Magnus, the son of Olaf of Man, who had eventually succeeded to Man, had married the daughter of John of Lorn. Neither John nor Magnus would give up their connection with easy and distant Norway for the near severity of the Scot. Failing to agree with him, Alexander began to pursue him through the Isles, but fell ill himself, and died on the island of Kerrara in 1249.

His son Alexander III. (1249-86) was a boy not quite eight years old. Such a minority was an opportunity for attack by his neighbours North and South, and for intrigue for his control by the chiefs and barons. Luckily for him, Henry III. of England, that weak king constitutionally, was in a position requiring him to help Alexander rather than to attack him.

England and Scotland.-In 1244 matters of dispute had arisen between the two countries, and the Scottish forces on the borders had been opposed by Henry with an army recruited largely from the Irish under their native chiefs. The C.D. Irel, shows not only a levying of the feudal tenants of the king, but of mercenary Irish soldiers at the rate of 2d. a day, and great supplies of corn and provisions collected in the ports of Dublin, Drogheda, Cork, and Waterford.6

But the kings did not fight, adopting instead the cheaper expedient of marrying two babies. The treaty of Newcastle provided that the little Alexander, then about three, was to be married to Henry's daughter Margaret. The marriage took place in 1251.

England and Wales. -As Henry had to do something with his army, he turned his force against Wales. The whole history of Wales during the reigns of Henry II. and his sons, though not devoid of interest, will not be restated here. It is summed up in perpetual raids and conflicts for superiority between the different Welsh kings; a normal state of war between the Welsh and the border barons; a control from England exercised partly by force, partly by money, partly by theological fiction, and partly by judicious marriage; an increasing use of the Welsh as mercenaries; treachery and the mutilation of hostages; and the gradual tightening of the English hold upon the country.

Henry II. gave to David of North Wales his natural sister Emma in marriage, and as David's power waned and the power of Llewellyn, the son of Iorwerth, who had been a sore thorn in the side of Henry, grew at David's expense, John entered into alliance with him and gave him in marriage his natural daughter Joan, by Agatha the daughter of Robert Ferrers, Earl of Derby. Wales more than any other part was a troublesome sore to the English kings. The discontented from England fled there and hatched mischief; the discontented from Ireland by flight there evaded the English power; and the discontented from both countries drew force from Wales for rebellion.

John's dealings with Wales were successful, and he ruled it so far as any overlord could rule, short of complete conquest. But in 1212, when he was in the height of his quarrel with the Pope, the Welsh broke out upon the border castles, burning and destroying, released, say the Waverley Annals, by the Pope from the interdict and enjoined to attack John.

In the reign of Henry III. the attempts of the barons to subordinate the kingship to the nobles acted to create disturbance and to reduce authority both in Wales and Ireland. Henry in his struggle of the Barons' War was inclined to look with disfavour on, and treated with harshness and treachery, the great house of the Marshals Earls of Pembroke, as barons too powerful for the Crown, though they had shown conspicuous loyalty both to himself and his father. The influence of the family both in Wales, Ireland,