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IX. INFANTRY. Regiment of Charlemont, of Infantry 1600,
Gordon O'Neal, Colonel,

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Hugh M'Mahon, Lieutenant Colonel,
Edmond O'Murphy, Major,

Twelve Captains, twenty-eight Lieutenants,
twenty-eight second Lieutenants, and four-
teen Ensigns.

Regiment of Dublin, Infantry 1600,

John Power, Colonel,

John Power, Lieutenant-Colonel,

Theobald Burke, Major,

Twelve Captains, twenty-eight Lieutenants,
twenty-eight second Lieutenants, and four-
teen Ensigns.

Regiment of Athlone, Infantry 1600,

Walter Bourke, Colonel,

Owen M'Carthy, Lieutenant-Colonel,

Edmond Cantwell, Major,

Twelve Captains, twenty-eight Lieutenants,
twenty-eight second Lieutenants, and four-
teen Ensigns.

Regiment of Clancarty, Infantry 800,

Roger Mac Elligot, Colonel,

Edmond Stot, Lieutenant-Colonel,

Cornelius O'Murphy, Major,

Six Captains, sixteen Lieutenants, sixteen

second Lieutenants, and eight Ensigns."

An amnesty was proclaimed in a short time, of which Galloping Hogan is stated by Storey,' to have taken advantage, adding, that he was murdered near Roscrea soon afterwards by certain rapparees who had not submitted.

Never in the chequered pages of our eventful history did the Irish prove truer or more powerful than in the sieges, and never did they merit more the praises that have been heaped upon them by all impartial witnesses of their valour, heroism, perseverance, and devotion to the cause they espoused with so much disinterested self-abnegation. Not only did they not obtain the advantages which heroism, constancy and valor, such as theirs should have commanded, but they were betrayed and sold, and treated with a treachery unparalleled in the annals of history.

We do not know that the "Groans of Ireland" was ever published; but that extraordinary production of "O'Neale, the Chief of an ancient family of Ireland," makes a complaint regarding the extreme sufferings of his countrymen who went into exile in France-complaints which it is to be apprehended were justified by the state of facts, in which they were the sufferers.

We do not believe with the writer of that manuscript that the Earl of Lucan and Major General John Wauchop "projected only to build their own fortunes on the ruins of the Irish." I am certain there never was a purer patriot, a nobler spirit, a more thoroughly devoted soul than Patrick Sarsfield. But the Irish who went to France did not fare well. We quote the following horrible details of their intense miseries from the MS. in question:-

"But alas! it is a miserable sight to see the condition the poor gentlemen

GEORGE STOREY, the Historian of the Williamite campaigns, obtain d the Deanery of St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, from William III.

Thorpe's Catalogue of the Southwell MSS.

are in, and the women and children invited to go along with their husbands are now begging their bread from door to door, and cannot get it. I saw Lieutenants, Ensines, and Sub-Lieutenants, who were Lieutenant-Colonels, Majors and Captains in Ireland, that were forced to turn off their wives, to shun a misery equal to that of the last campaign; and I know others who saw not their children since they came to France, and they knew not whether they live in misery or were starved to death, for when they were reduced in France to fourpence a day, they were obliged to leave their children to the wide world, only to lament with the Prophet Jeremiah, 'that their children lay naked in a starving condition at the top of every street.' was one of the number. History is most pitiable."

I

No doubt our countrymen were deceived; promises were broken; no effort was made to save them-the ink was not dry on the Treaty-the last transport had not left Carrigaholt, when the men who purchased Lutterel, broke the Treaty in unmistakable terms. The people became helpless, wretched, the sport and pastime of insolent, bigoted, outrageous foreigners"aliens in blood, aliens in language, aliens in religion," to the Irish. They sighed to leave Ireland for France or Spain, or any other land in which they might freely perform the duties of their religion. By a curious coincidence Lauzun and other French officers who fought in Limerick, met the English afterwards on the plains of Steynkirk, &c., where Talmash, and others fell, and on the fatal field of Landen the immortal Patrick Sarsfield gave out his life blood, exclaiming "O that this were shed for Ireland !" One of the great complaints, no doubt, against King James was his want of money, and his coinage of the brass and gun money. It is true that on his arrival in Ireland in March, 1689, he had found that besides the great deficiency of his supporters in all the requisites of an army but men, his Irish government were sadly deficient in funds, having "no money in cash." The prospects of the civil war had effectually drained the country of gold and silver, by the flight to England of the wealthier classess, who, of course, left as little as they could of their property behind them. In this financial difficulty the King raised the value of gold 20 per cent., and the English silver eight one-third per cent. only, and other foreign gold and silver specie in proportion; that what little money was left in the kingdom, and the few thousand livres he had borrowed from the French King, might go a greater way,' and having also in view the superior facility of carriage of guineas as compared with crowns and other silver coins. The first monetary measure adopted by the king was to issue, after his arrival in Dublin, a proclamation for raising the value of English and foreign gold and silver coin, the Exchange having before the revolution been strictly at par. Another proclamation was issued in May, but the money not coming in fast enough, the king having laid aside the patent granted by him four years before to Sir John Knox, and then in the hands of Colonel Roger Moore, set up mints of his own; one in the deanery house, Limerick, the other in Capel-street, Dublin. Several commissioners were appointed to direct these mints, the one named for Limerick being Walter Plunket, which being settled they went to work, and King James on the 18th of June, issued a proclamation for making two sorts of money, of brass and copper, mixed metal, current in this kingdom. The one for twelve, and the other for sixpence.2 The king on this occasion

Symon's Essay on Irish Coins, pp. 56, 57.

2 See Symon's Essay on Irish Coins, and Snelling's Supplement.

caused among other metals that of "old guns" to be employed as a temporary equivalent for gold and silver, and which his proclamation promised to redeem on the expiration of the "present necessity." This "gun money," of which there were shillings and sixpences, the latter marked with the date 1689; the former dated 1689 and 1690, and both giving the day of the month, seems to have been coined at Limerick, at least the shillings, for, from the battle of the Boyne to the end of the war in the autumn of 1691, Limerick was the Jacobite metropolis of Ireland.1 We have several of these coins in our posession.

At the first appearance of this money the Protestants in Dublin objected to take it, but were soon compelled to do so. They were not, however, the principal losers when James's credit broke. The Catholics were by far the most numerous holders of his promissory tokens. This coin declined on its being more abundantly circulated. But against the truth of the statement, that it was calculated to ruin Ireland by destroying trade, we may set off the words of O'Halloran, who was born in Limerick, in 1728, or only about 27 years after the war of the revolution, that it was by means of a barter trade with France, in which the Irish gave their wool, hides, tallow, and butter, for powder, ball, and arms, that the war was so long maintained against William. O'Halloran is supported in this statement by the official information of King William's Lord Justice for Ireland, Coningsby, in the State Paper Office, London. The Duke of Tyrconnell called in this brass money, from which on the 22nd of February following, the Williamite government took away all currency." "Hibernias" were coined in Limerick some time before the last siege, viz. early in 1691; they are of very inferior metal, and bear the designation of Hibernias from the fact, that the figure of Hibernia, seated with cross in hand, is on the obverse, with the legend Hibernia. This coin is sometimes met with in Limerick up to the present day.

This weak and persecuted King died on Friday the 15th of September, 1701, N.S. He seemed to be but little concerned in all his misfortunes; and was the most easy, when least troubled by those airy schemes, upon which his Queen was constantly employing her thoughts. Hunting was his chief diversion; and for the most part he led a harmless innocent life, being zealous for the old faith. In September he fell into such fits, that it was concluded he could not live many days. The French King visited him, seemed much affected with the sight, and repeated, what he had before promised to his Queen, that he would, in case of his death, own the "pretended" Prince of Wales, as King of England. He died on Friday the 15th of September, N.S. (not full 68 years old) with great marks of devotion, and was interred, according to his desire, in the Church of the English Benedictines, in the Suburbs of St. James at Paris, in a private manner, without any solemnity. Indeed the account given by Catholic writers of his latter life is singularly edifying, but, alas ! he bequeathed intense miseries in Ireland. His remains were re-interred by George IV. of England.

Notes and Illustrations on the Macaria Excidium, (p. 403). ? Harris's Life of William III. p. 279, &c.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

LEGAL STATUS OF THE IRISH CATHOLICS UNDER THE TREATY.-HOW THE TREATY WAS OBSERVED.-ENACTMENT OF THE PENAL CODE.-HORRORS ON HORRORS.

To understand the great importance of the privileges secured by the Treaty of Limerick, we should remember that no oath but the oath of allegiance to William and Mary was exacted from Irish Roman Catholics submitting to their government, anxious to preserve their property or looking for office. This stipulation was violated by the subsequent introduction of the oaths of abjuration and supremacy, and the required subscription to declarations against the principal tenets of their faith. By the principal of the articles of Limerick the Roman Catholics of this kingdom were to enjoy such privileges in the exercise of their religion as were consistent with the laws of Ireland; or as they did enjoy in the reign of Charles II. Now how stood the laws of Ireland in that reign? The Irish Statute book, to use the words of Lord Macaulay, "though afterwards polluted by intolerance as barbarous as that of the dark ages, then contained scarcely a single enactment, and not a single stringent enactment imposing any penalty on papists as such." In England the case was very different. There priests receiving neophytes into the Church of Rome were liable to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. Jesuits held "their lives in their hands;" intending barristers or schoolmasters were obliged to take the oath of supremacy, which was required of every man taking office. In Ireland, on the contrary, the Jesuit was safe. The oath of supremacy was not required unless formally tendered to public functionaries, and therefore, did not exclude from office those whom the government wished to promote; the sacramental test and declarations against Transubstantiation were unknown; nor was either house of parliament closed against any religious sect. Lord Macaulay has thus concentrated, in a few sentences, the exact relative and comparative positions of Catholics in England and Ireland before and after the signing of the Treaty of Limerick. Like those Ultra-Protestants of the present time, who talk of getting the Catholic Emancipation Act repealed, there were not wanting persons in those days, who, repining at the working of any favourable articles with the Irish, openly declared, as the Protestant Jacobite, Dr. Leslie informs us, "that they would have them reversed in parliament;" as indeed they afterwards were in effect, though not all in form. As for William himself, though during the congress at Reswick he passed a new law for the rooting out of popery; it does not appear that he differed in opinion from the moderate Protestants, who, as Harris says, thought it for his majesty's honour and interest abroad and at home that the articles should be strictly observed. Unfortunately these moderate Protestants constituted the minority, as the army had been remodelled in such a way by the Duke of Tyrconnell that Protestant officers were generally displaced in favour of Catholics. The sufferings of James's military followers fell almost entirely on the members of that profession,

1 History of England, Vol. II. pp. 127-8. London, 1849. O'Callaghan's Notes on the Macariæ Excidium, p. 493.

while the private soldiers and others who came out of Limerick, and other of James's quarters, were shot down, and hung up in many cases without the ceremony of a trial, under the pretence of being Rapparees. In these barbarous outrages, which were repeated with singular coincidence, on perhaps a larger scale in 1798, the Anglo-Irish militia, or Protestant yeomanry, which acted in aid of the regular Williamite army, and numbered at least 25000 men, won for themselves an unenviable distinction. By the deportation of the Jacobite army, the Irish aristocracy if not destroyed, as an eminent modern Irish historian' expresses it, was at least seriously diminished. That army was officered out of all the Irish septs, native and of English descent, and Lord Macaulay is totally in error when he described so many of these officers of plebeian origin: any one who runs his eye over the index of D'Alton's King James's Army List, will see that we are borne out in this statement; for there is not one Catholic family in Ireland of eminence which is not represented among that brave, but unfortunate host, who, after fighting against vastly superior numbers, and the resources of England and Holland, besides Protestant Ireland, "buried the Synagogue with honour,' at last, as one of their gallant countrymen, the chevalier Charles Wogan, expresses it, and when they could no longer defend their country, went into honourable exile rather than submit to the rule of one whom they believed to be a usurper. We cannot but deplore with Colonel O'Kelly, that there was no stipulation made in the treaty in favour of prisoners, or of the orphans of those who were slain in the service of their prince and the defence of their country; that those who left their native soil might never, without the special permission of the King, ever visit it again without being liable to be executed; and that those who made the unfortunate choice to remain in Ireland, had nothing in prospect but contempt, poverty, imprisonment, and every misery that a conquered nation might expect from the power and malice of implacable enemies. As a pendent to the horrors and agony which attended this war-a war of which an English authority, Hooke,2 sets down the cost incurred by England at £18,000,000 sterling, exclusive of arrears due to the army, it must not be omitted the pathetic scenes which took place on the separation of King James's soldiers from those whom they left behind. On this subject, besides the authority of Colonel O'Kelly and others, we have the reliable statements of contemporary Williamite publications,3 from which it appears to be a positive fact, that many of the women were dragged off and drowned, or had their fingers cut off, as we have already stated, in the sight of their husbands and relations, while trying to get on board with them, or holding on by the boats. This is stated to have occurred at Kerry, but the same is told of the embarkation at Cork, where as well as at Limerick, similar scenes most probably occurred. But, there can be no doubt, that the Irish were in many cases attended by their wives and families; and the French admiral who arrived too late with the French supplies at Limerick, brought back-according to the contemporary historian Pere Daniel-all the French, 16,000 Irish soldiers, and several families.

Sarsfield, who embarked at Cork, had expressly stipulated "for ships for as many of the rest as were willing to go with him;" but that hundreds

1 John D'Alton, Esq., see his King James's Army List.

2 Son of the Roman historian. Storey confesses his inability to state the cost. See an extract from the Dublin Intelligence, a Williamite newspaper; in Croker's Notes on O'Kelly's work, or in the Notes and Illustrations already quoted.

See the London Gazette, Nos. 2722 and 2727.

> The Breda frigate blew up in Cork Harbour, and most of the Irish troops on board perished.

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