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it is poffible that the man in queftion may ftop here, and that the mafter-piece of a great hand may please him no more than the middling performance of a vulgar artist; and this not for want of better or higher relish, but because all men do not observe with fufficient accuracy on the human figure to enable them to judge properly of an imitation of it. And that the critical tafte does not depend upon a fuperior principle in men, but upon fuperior knowledge, may appear from feveral inftances. The ftory of the antient painter and the fhoemaker is very well known. The fhoemaker fet the painter right with regard to fome mistakes he had made in the fhoe of one of his figures, and which the painter, who had not made fuch accurate obfervations on fhoes, and was content with a general refemblance, had never obferved. But this was no impeachment to the tafte of the painter; it only fhewed fome want of knowledge in the art of making fhoes. Let us imagine, that an anatomift had come into the painter's working room. His piece is in general well done, the figure in queftion in a good attitude, and the parts well adjufted to their various movements; yet the anatomift, critical in his art, may obferve the fwell of fome muscle not quite juft in the peculiar action of the figure. Here the anatomift obferves what the painter had not obferved; and he paffes by what the fhoemaker had remarked. But a want of the laft critical knowledge in anatomy no more reflected on the natural good tafte of the painter, or of any common obferver of his piece, than the want of an exact knowledge in the formation of a fhoe. A fine piece of a decollated head of St. John the Baptift was fhewn to a Turkifh emperor; he praifed many things, but he obferved one defect; he obferved that the fkin did not shrink from the wounded part of the neck. The fultan on this occafion, though his obfervation was very juft, difcovered no more natural tafte than the painter who executed this piece, or than a thousand

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European connoiffeurs, who probably never would have made the fame obfervation. His Turkish majefty had indeed been well acquainted with that terrible fpectacle, which the others could only have reprefented in their imagination. On the fubject of their diflike there is a difference between all these people, arifing from the different kinds and degrees of their knowledge; but there is fomething in common to the painter, the fhoemaker, the anatomist, and the Turkish emperor, the pleasure arifing from a natural object, fo far as each perceives it justly imitated; the fatisfaction in feeing an agreeable figure; the fympathy proceeding from a striking and affecting incident. So far as tafte is natural, it is nearly com mon to all.- -Ibid.

TAXATION.

An eafy Bufinefs.

TAXING is an eafy bufinefs. Any projector can contrive new impofitions; any bungler can add to the old. But is it altogether wife to have no other bounds to your impofitions, than the patience of those who are to bear them?-Oecon. Reform.

TEACHERS (NEW).

If we do not take to our aid the foregone ftudies of men reputed intelligent and learned, we fhall be always beginners. But in effect, men must learn fomewhere; and the new teachers mean no more than what they effect, that is, to deprive men of the benefit of the collected wifdom of mankind, and to make them blind difciples of their own particular prefumption. Talk to thefe deluded creatures, all the difciples and most of the masters, who are taught to think themselves fo newly fitted up and furnished, and you will find nothing in their houfes but the re

fufe of Knaves Acre; nothing but the rotten stuff, worn out in the fervice of delufion and fedition in all ages, and which being newly furbished up, patched, and varnished, ferves well enough for those who being unacquainted with the conflict which has always been maintained between the fenfe and nonfenfe of mankind, know nothing of the former exiftence and the ancient refutation of the fame follies. It is near two thousand years fince it has been obferved, that thefe devices of ambition, avarice, and turbulence, were antiquated. They are, indeed, the most ancient of all common places; common places, fometimes of good and neceffary caufes; more frequently of the worst, but which decide upon neither.-Eadem femper caufa, libido et avaritia, et mutandarum rerum amor.-Cæterum libertas et fpeciofa nomina pretexuntur ; nec quifquam alienum fervitium, et dominationem fibi concupivit, ut non eadem ifta vocabula ufurparet. Appeal from the New to the old Whigs.

TEACHING.

The beft Method of Teaching.

I AM Convinced that the method of teaching which approaches most nearly to the method of investigation, is incomparably the beft; fince not content with ferving up a few barren and lifeless truths, it leads to the flock on which they grew; it tends to fet the reader himself in the track of invention, and to direct him into thofe paths in which the author has made his own difcoveries, if he should be so happy as to have made any that are valuable.Sublime and Beautiful.

THEORY.

A THEORY founded on experiment, and not af fumed, is always good for fo much as it explains. Our inability to push it indefinitely is no argument at all against it. This inability may be owing to our

ignorance of fome neceffary mediums; to a want of proper application to many other caufes befides a defect in the principles we employ.—Ibid.

TRANQUILLITY.

A SORT of delightful horror, a fort of tranquillity tinged with terror; which, as it belongs to felf prefervation, is one of the strongest of all the paffions. -Ibid.

TREASON.

FELLOWSHIP in treafon is a bad ground of confi dence.—Memorial on the Affairs of France in 1792.

TRIANGLE.

Poor in its Effects.

BECAUSE too great a length in buildings destroys the purpose of greatnefs, which it was intended to promote; the perfpective will leffen it in height as gains in length; and will bring it at laft to a point; turning the whole figure into a fort of triangle, the pooreft in its effect of almost any figure that can be prefented to the eye. Sublime and Beautiful.

TERROR.

THE only difference between pain and terror is, that things which caufe pain operate on the mind, by the intervention of the body; whereas things that caufe terror, generally affect the bodily organs by the operation of the mind fuggefting the danger; but both agreeing, either primarily, or fecondarily, in producing a tenfion, contraction, or violent emotion of the nerves, they agree likewife in every thing else. For it appears very clearly to me, from this, as well as from many other examples, that when the body is difpofed by any means whatsoever to fuch emotions as it would acquire by the means of a certain paffion, it will of itfelf excite fomething very like the paffion in the mind. Ibid.

TIMIDITY.

But ti

INTERESTED timidity difgraces as much in the cabinet, as perfonal timidity does in the field. midity, with regard to the well-being of our country, is heroic virtue.-Speech on American Taxation.

TOLERATION.

WE all know, that toleration is odious to the intolerant; freedom to oppreffors; property to robbers; and all kinds and degrees of profperity to the envious.Speech at Briftol previous to the Election.

TOLERATION (RELIGIOUS.)

In many parts of Germany, Proteftants and Papifts partake the fame cities, the fame councils, and even the fame churches. The unbounded liberality of the King of Pruffia's* conduct on this occafion, is known to all the world; and it is of a piece with the other grand maxims of his reign. The magnanimity of the imperial court, breaking through the narrow principles of its predeceffors, has indulged its proteftant fubjects, not only with property, with worfhip, with liberal education, but with honours and trufts, both civil and military. A worthy proteftant gentleman of this country now fills, and fills with credit, an high office in the Auftrian Netherlands. Even the Lutheran obftinacy of Sweden has thawed at length, and opened a toleration to all religions. I know myself, that in France the Proteftants begin to be at reft. The army, which in that country is every thing, is open to them; and fome of the military rewards and decorations which the laws deny, are fupplied by others, to make the fervice acceptable and honourable. The firft Minifter of Finance in that country is a Proteftant. Two years war without a tax, is among the firft fruits of their liberality.

Ibid,

*Frederick the Great,

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