SEC. 3. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the presidential election, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November; and their term of office shall commence on the first day of January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified.

SEC. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, be a free white male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he may have been chosen to represent.

SEC. 5 Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place as representatives; they shall be twenty five years of age possess the qualifications of representatives as to residence and citizenship.

SEC. 6. The number of senators shall not be less than one-third nor more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by lot that one class, being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every two years. When the number of senators is increased, they shall be annexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in numbers as practicable.

SEC. 7. Each house shall choose its own officers, and judge of the qualification, election and return of its own members. A contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law.

SEC. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

SEC. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the general assembly of a free and independent state.

SEC. 10. Every member of the general assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals.

SEC. 11. Senators and representatives, in all cases, except treason, felony or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and returning from the same. SEC. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the person exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

SEC. 13. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy.

SEC. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting.

SEC. 13. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, altered or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker and president of their respective houses.

SEC. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the general assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the governor's objections. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him, (Sunday excepted) the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by adjournment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the general assembly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the secretary of state, within thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval, if approved by him, and with his objections if he disapproves thereof.

SEC. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all members elected to each branch of the general assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last, reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal.

SEC. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and published with the laws at every regular session of the general assembly.

SEC. 19. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

SEC. 20. The governor, judges of the supreme and district courts, and other state officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor or malfeasance in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or profit, under this state; but the party convicted or acquitted shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial and punishment according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the general assembly may provide.

SEC. 21. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people.

SEC. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the general assembly. But offices in the militia to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of the justice of the peace, or postmaster whose compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative.

SEC. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may

be liable.

SEC. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.

SEC. 25. Each member of the first general assembly under this constitution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and returning from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law; but no general assembly shall have the power to increase the compensation of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall receive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed by law for the regular session, and none other.

SEC. 26. No law of the general assembly, passed at a regular session, of a public nature, shall take effect until the fourth day of July next after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the general assembly by which they were passed. If the general assembly shail deem any law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the state.

SEC. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the general assembly.

SEC. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this state; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed.

SEC. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.

SEC. 30. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases:

For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county or road purposes;

For laying out, opening and working roads or highways;

For changing the names of persons;

For the incorporation of cities and towns;

For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares;
For locating or changing county seats;

In all the cases above enumerated and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the state; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it. SEC. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and no public money or property shall he appropriated for local or private purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation or claim be allowed by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly.

SEC. 32. Members of the general assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe to the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the constitution of the United States, and the

constitution of the state of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of senator, (or regresentative, as the case may be) according to the best of my ability." And members of the general assembly are hereby empowered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation.

SEC. 33. The general assembly shall, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the state.

SEC. 34. The number of senators shall, at the next session following each period of making such enumeration, and the next session following each United States census, be fixed by law, and be apportioned among the several counties according to the numbers of inhabitants in each.

SEC. 35. The senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, nor the house of representatives of more than one hundred; and they shall be apportioned among the several counties and representative districts of the state according to the number of inhabitants in each, upon ratios to be fixed by law; but no representative district shall contain more than four organized counties, and each district shall be entitled to at least one representative. Every county and district which shall have a number of inhabitants equal to one-half of the ratio fixed by law, shall be entitled to one representative; and any one county containing in addition to the ratio fixed by law one-half of that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional representative. No floating district shall hereafter be formed. At its first session under this constitution, and at every subsequent regular session, the general assembly shall fix the ratio of representation, and also form into representative districts those counties which will not be entitled singly to a representative.

SEC. 37. When a congressional, senatorial, or representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a congressional, senatorial, or representative district. SEC. 38. In all elections by the general assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva-voce; and the votes shall be entered on the journal.

ARTICLE IV.-EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of Iowa. SEC. 2. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for members of the general assembly, and shall hold his office two years, from the time of his installation, and until his successor is elected and qualified.

SEC. 3. There shall be a lieutenant governor, who shall hold his office two years, and be elected at the same time as the governor. In voting for governor and lieutenant governor, the electors shall designate for whom they vote as governor and for whom as lieutenant governor. The returns of every election for governor and lieutenant governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government of the state, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall open and publishth em in the presence of both houses of the general assembly.

SEC. 4. Persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for governor and lieutenant governor, shall be declared duly elected; but in case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the highest number

of votes for either office, the general assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of said persons governor, or lieutenant governor, as the case may be.

SEC. 5. Contested elections for governor, or lieutenant governor, shall be determined by the general assembly in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, or lieutenant governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the state two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election.

SEC. 7. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the army and navy of this state.

SEC. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.

SEC. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed.

SEC. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the general assembly, or at the next election by the people.

SEC. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened.

SEC. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the general assembly at every regular session, the condition of the state, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient.

SEC. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such adjournment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next general assembly.

SEC. 14. No person shall, while holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this state, execute the office of governor, or lieutenant governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided.

SEC. 15. The official term of the governor, and lieutenant governor, shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. The lieutenant governor, while acting as governor, shall receive the same pay as provided for governor; and while presiding in the senate, shall receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem pay provided for a senator, and none other.

Sec. 16. The governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offences except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the general assembly at its next meeting, when the general assembly shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and shall report to the general assembly, at its next meeting, each case of reprieve,