AMOUNT OF EACH KIND OF PAPER CURRENCY IN THE UNITED STATES EACH YEAR FOR TWENTY-THREE YEARS.

*204,689,000| 204,689,000
*186,952,000 186,952,000
*195,748,000 195,748,000
*214,779,000 214,799,000
*155,208,000 155,208,000

1859.

193,306,000 193,306,000

1860..

207,102,000 207,102,000

1861..

20.153,455

202,205,000 222,358,455

1862.

2,849,112 107,628,096

122,836,550

150,560,000

183,794,000 444,786,208

897,912 259,168,327

381,997,589 20,192,456

+238,671,210 1,043.610,415

278,512 233,059,191 153,471,450 109,356,150

431,959,670 22,904,877

COIN IN THE UNITED STATES.

Estimate of the amount of coin in the country from

The estimates of the amounts of specie in circulation in the whole country at any period must of course always be open to criticism, for the reason that no exact statistics are possible. From the period from 1854 to 1859 the only trustworthy figures are those given in the annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, showing the amount of coin held by the banks on or about the 1st of January each year. These have been used as a basis of approximation to the whole amount in the country for that period.

For the period from 1870 to 1876 the data are more definite. There are only three items worthy of con

sideration in the estimation of the amount for each year, viz.: the amount in the national treasury, the amounts in the national and commercial banks of the entire country (including all commercial banks on the Pacific coast), and the amount in circulation in the Pacific States and Territories.* (The savings banks hold scarcely any coin.)

The actual amount of coin in the treasury of the United States each year, on October 1, was as follows, viz.: 1869, $108,800,000; 1870, $96,000,000; 1871, $90,500,000; 1872, $78,000,000; 1873, $80,300,000; 1875, $67,833,316; 1876 (June 3), $73,625,584.

According to the report of the Comptroller of the Currency for 1875, the total amount of nominal "coin" held by all the national banks of the United States on October 8, 1870, was $18,460,011. Of this amount $13,135,649 was held by banks in New York city. But of this $13,135,649 only $1,607,742 was actual coin, all the rest being United States coin certificates and checks on other banks payable in coin. Upon this basis the amount of actual coin held by all the sixteen hundred national banks of the United States in October, 1870, could not have exceeded $2,200,000-this amount including all sorts of coin. Allowing $1,000,000 more

* The relative proportions of the banking business in the United States, transacted through the different classes of banking institutions, may be estimated by the following statement of the whole number of banks of each class, and the aggregate of deposits in each in the year 1875:

for the amount held by all other banks, not national (exclusive of the Pacific coast), and we have not to exceed $3,200,000. Estimating still $3,000,000 more for actual coin in the banks in California, it would leave a little over $6,000,000 as the aggregate of all coin in all banks in the United States and Territories in October, 1870. The amount of coin in the treasury of the United States October 1, 1870, was $96,000,000. If we make the very liberal estimate of $20 per capita for the 971,321 of the entire population of California, Nevada, Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington and Wyoming in 1870, it gives $18,426,420. Add this to the coin in the treasury and in the banks, and we have an aggregate of $120,826,420, say $121,000,000, as the entire stock of coin in the United States and Territories on October 1, 1870.

On October 3, 1872, the amount of actual coin held by the national banks of New York city was only $920,767 (see report of comptroller for 1873, page 44), and on the same basis the total amount held by all the eighteen hundred and fifty national banks of the United States could not have exceeded $1,200,000, which would give a little over $4,000,000 for all banks in the United States and Territories. The "specie," as reported to the comptroller by the national banks of the United States on October 1, 1875, was classified as follows, viz.: actual coin, $3,364,569; United States coin certificates, $4,485,760; total, $8,050,329.

PAPER MONEY.

BANK

BANK NOTES.

ANK notes were not at first, as most people presume, an invention to increase the amount of money in circulation, but grew out of the necessity for some standard by which to regulate the value of coins. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as explained in the first chapter of this book, the debasements of the coins by different monarchs of Europe were so frequent and so great that merchants and traders had no safeguards against loss but continual resort to the assayers. These sometimes disagreed, and some authority of wider jurisdiction than the individual assayer was required. Banks had already been devised * as a means of assisting governments to secure the united co-operation of the people in the finances of the states, and in the exercise of this function it became necessary that each of the great banks should also fix the values of all home and foreign coins. The universal rule for this valuation was to receive all coins at the value of the pure gold or silver in them as compared with an ideal standard, viz., a specified number of grains of gold or silver, to be called a "ducat," a "florin," a "pound," or a "dollar." In most cases this ideal coin at first

* Bank of Venice, founded in 1157; Bank of Barcelona, in 1349; Bank of Genoa, in 1407; Bank of Amsterdam, in 1609; Bank of Hamburg, in 1619; Bank of Sweden, in 1656; Bank of England, in 1694.