unless the merchants promised to keep Udall in Guinea until the queen gave him her licence to return to England. This was more than they would undertake, and Udall was left in the Marshalsea Prison, where he died towards the end of the year 1592.

John Penry had appealed in vain from the High Court of Commission to the High Court of Parliament in an "Appellation," published in March, 1590, which gave interesting details of his case. He also was condemned to death, and he was hanged on the Surrey side of the Thames at Chaucer's Watering of St. Thomas, starting-point of the Canterbury Pilgrims, on the twenty-ninth of May, 1593. To avoid tumult of the people, he was executed at a few hours' notice. Udall and Penry were both young men. When Penry was hanged the eldest of his four little girls was only four years old.

Although Penry was answerable for the publication of the tracts found in the name of Martin Marprelate, there is no full reason for questioning his own denial that he wrote them. Martin Marprelate says, in his "Protestacyon," that he never had wife nor child. Elsewhere he says that he is one person, and that he is not Udall, Throgmorton, or Penry. Neither Udall nor Penry would have written that. Job Throgmorton, a lively Puritan layman, was much suspected, and there were statements made in support of his identification. Dr. Dexter * has since suggested that Martin Marprelate was Henry Barrow.

Henry Barrow took his B.A. degree from Clare Hall, at Cambridge, in 1576. He became a member of Gray's Inn in the same year, and through the chance hearing of a sermon he made, as Francis Bacon said, " a leap from a vain and libertine youth to a preciseness in the highest degree, the strangeness

Henry Barrow and John Greenwood.

"The Congregationalism of the last three hundred years, as seen in its Literature," by the Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter. Large 8vo. 1881.

of which alteration made him very much spoken of." He gave himself to study of the Bible, and joined in close friendship with John Greenwood, who proceeded B.A. from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1581. Barrow and Greenwood wrote together Puritan controversial pamphlets that were zealous indeed, and over-hot in zeal, but free from the worst faults of the Marprelate personality and banter. Barrow became a friend also of Robert Browne, and defender of the persecuted Brownists.

In November, 1586, John Greenwood was arrested and sent to the Clink. His friend, Henry Barrow, was admitted to visit him there, and, being so trapped, he was detained a prisoner, to be brought before Whitgift again and again. When Barrow refused to take an oath unless those also who testified against him should be sworn, Whitgift cried out, "Where is his keeper? You shall not prattle here! Away with him! Clap him up close, close! Let no man come at him; I will make him tell another tale yet. I have not done with him." Barrow wrote in his prison an account of "The Examination of Henry Barrowe, John Greenwoode, and John Penrie, before the High Commissioners and Lordes of the Council, penned by the Prisoners themselves before their Deaths." The manuscript of this statement, a living picture of the practice of the High Commission Court, was conveyed abroad, and printed at Dort in 1593.

Barrow and Greenwood, after long imprisonment, were arraigned under a statute of 1580-81, which made it death to write or publish anything, with a malicious intent, to the defamation of the Queen's Majesty, or to the stirring up of insurrection or rebellion. They repudiated malicious intent, justly enough, but they were hanged at Tyburn on the sixth of April, 1593. Dr. Rainoldes told the Queen that "had Barrow and Greenwood lived, they would have

been two as worthy instruments of the Church of God as have been raised up in this age."

"Pap with an Hatchet.'

The belief that John Lyly wrote "Pap with an Hatchet," an anonymous piece of railing, published in 1589, against the Martinists, rests only on the contemporary guess of Gabriel Harvey. There are touches of * the common euphuistic manner in the introductory pages and clear indications of its authorship by a courtier and a layman, whose sole and avowed purpose is to oppose a piece of railing to the railers. "The Scythian slaves, though they be up in arms, must be tamed with the whips, not swords, and these mutiners in Church matters must have their mouths bunged with jests, not arguments. I seldom use to write, and yet never writ anything that in speech might seem undecent, or in sense unhonest; if here I have used bad terms, it is because they are not to be answered with good terms; for, whatsoever shall seem lavish in this Pamphlet, let it be thought borrowed of Martin's language." "I profess railing, and think it as good," again he says, "as a cudgel for a Martin, as a stone for a dog, or a whip for an ape, or poison for a rat." His wit includes malicious and unclean suggestions against Puritans, with frequent hints that the Martinists ought to be hanged. He quotes the syllogism of "a little wag in Cambridge,

"Tyburn stands in the cold,

But Martins are a warm fur;

Therefore Tyburn must be warmed with Martins."

He seems to be drawing to a close, but starts afresh when,

* "Papp-hatchet (for the name of thy good nature is pittyfully growen out of request) thy olde acquaintance in the Savoy, when young Euphues hatched the egges that his elder freendes laide (surely Euphues was someway a pretty fellow would God Lilly had alwaies been Euphues, and never Pap-hatchet).”—Gabriel Harvey, in Pierce's Supererogation.

U-VOL. IX.

as he says, he was "writing Finis and Funis." Presently he says: "They call the Bishops butchers: I like the metaphor well; such calves must be knocked on the head, and who fitter than the Fathers of the Church to cut the throats of heresies in the Church If this vein bleed about six ounces more, I shall prove a pretty railer, and so in time may grow to be a proper Martinist." The intention seems to have been to reduce railing to absurdity, for the pamphlet ended with petitions for an end to it all.*

Thomas Nash's next work, after the publishing of his “Anatomie of Absurditie," was to enter into the Mar

Nash's
Pasquil
Pamphlets.

prelate controversy, in the character of “An venturous, hardie, and renowned Pasquill of England, Cavaliero; Not of olde Martin's making, which newlie knighted the Saints in Heaven, with rise up Sir Peter and Sir Paule; But lately dubed for his service at home in the defence of his Country, and for the cleane breaking of his staffe uppon Martin's face." In this character of Pasquill, Nash published, in 1589, "A Countercuffe given to Martin Iunior," in which he said to Martin Junior, "Pasquill hath taken vp your glove, and desires you to charge your weapon at him like a man. If you play with him, as your father and your selfe have doone with the Bishops heretofore, if you barke like a Curre and bite behind, he will have

66

Professor Arber's "English Scholar's Library" contains in No. 8 his own full and careful " 'Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate Controversy"; in Nos. 5, 9, 11, “ Udall's Diotrephes," Udall's "Demonstration of Discipline,” and the Epistle of Martin Marprelate; and in No. 15, Thomas Cooper's "Admonition to the People of England.” From 1843 to 1846 there were reprints of " Puritan Discipline Tracts," with some notes, issued by John Petheram, of 71, Chancery Lane, which included " Pappe with an Hatchet," "Hay any worke for Cooper," "An Almond for a Parrat," and "Plaine Percevale," with Marprelate's "Epistle," Bishop Cooper's "Admonition," and other pieces.

Whilst you

a tricke with his heel to strike out your teeth. consult with your Topicks to ground your reasons sure, Pasquill wyll come vpon you with another venewe. For he came latelie oversea into Kent, from thence he cut over into Essex at Gravesende," and so forth. This short challenge was followed in the same year by "The Returne of the renowned Cavaliero Pasquill, of England, from the other side the Seas, and his meeting with Marforius at London vpon the Royall Exchange." For printer's name there stands, in imitation of the Marprelate mystification, "If my breath be so hote that I burne my mouth, suppose I was Printed in Pepper Allie." Nash followed" Pasquil's Returne," still in the same year, 1589, with "Martin's Month's Minde, that is, A certain report, and true description of the Death, and Funeral of olde Martin Marreprelate, the great makebate of England, and father of the Factious. Conteyning the cause of his death, the manner of his buriall, and the eight copies, both of his Will, and of such Epitaphs, as by sundry his dearest friends, and other of his well-wishers, were framed for him.

"Martins the Ape, the Monke, and the Madde,
The three Martins are, whose works we have had.
If Martin the fourth come, after Martins so euill,
Nor man, nor beast comes, but Martin the Devill."

:

This piece, dedicated to "Pasquine of England," by Mar-phoreus, was followed in 1590 by "The First parte of Pasquil's Apologie, Wherein he renders a reason to his friendes of his long silence and gallops the fielde with the Treatise of Reformation lately written by a fugitive, Iohn Penrie." Nash wrote no more, although he closed this pamphlet as if the knight Pasquill of England were only entering the lists. The grave bishops were invited to commit their cause to Pasquill, as their champion, who would