in Arles was formed. A few years of republican independence were allowed it in the twelfth century, by the indolence of its rulers; and during this short period, a constitution arose, the outlines of which exist at the present day. But it soon passed over into the house of Arragon, by honourable treaty, when Alphonso I. inherited the countship of Provence. A defieiency of male heirs caused a transfer of Provence and Nice to the house of Anjou, in consequence of a marriage, in 1246, of the Arragonian heiress with Charles, brother of the King of France. Then the new acquisitions of its Angerin monarch rendered Nice an appurtenance of the crown of Naples; and when the unfortunate Queen Giovanna fled, consequence of the murder of her husband, about which there is so much difference of opinion, it was in this city she found the kindest reception. In the contentions for the succession, which followed the death of Giovanna, Nice declared for the house of Durazzo; but it now found that it had a sovereign who was unable to assist it against the claims of the rival pretender, and was forced to seek a protector in the person of Amadeus II., Count of Savoy. The choice of this protector was made with the consent of Ladislaus of Sicily; and it was understood that the rights of the latter were in no manner compromised. This uncertain position of protector was, however, soon changed for a more substantial title; and in 1419, Nice formally passed from the house of Anjou to that of Savoy. The Counts of Savoy became dukes in 1416, and Kings of Sardinia at the beginning of last century; and therefore to the kingdom of Sardinia, the city of Nice is now attached. The anonymous 'Swiss' who has written the account of Nice, has made a very small book, but a very complete one. In little more than a pamphlet, he has given a description of the city and the surrounding country; he has set forth the nature of its constitution; he has pointed out the moral peculiarities of the people; he has criticised the climate, pronouncing the belief that it is beneficial to consumptive subjects to be quite fallacious; he has shown the life which foreigners may expect to lead when they visit Nice; he has drawn up a succinct history of the town, from the time of the Romans to the present day; and he has exhibited the peculiarities of the provincial language in a chapter, which it would not be too much to call a grammar. This is, indeed, and in the best sense, multum in parvo! We select for extract the chapter which is devoted to the 'foreigners at Nice.' "The foreigners who come annually to Nice to pass the winter there form a distinct part of the population. They are mostly English, and their number is estimated at from 5000 to 6000, in addition to the French, Germans, Russians, Poles, &c. For their reception is the new quarter of Nice prepared; for them is the large suburb, Croix de Marbre, erected; for them are designed the beautiful villas which adorn the environs of the city, and the number of which is said to amount to 1000. Hence there is no want of lodgings for large or small families, or single individuals. These residences are completely furnished. The rent varies according to the situation and quality from 300 to 1000 francs for the winter half year. There are lodgings for the highest and genteelest class, as well as for persons of the middle rank. In the summer months the rent is much lower. The proprietors consider winter as the only time when they can derive any profit from their houses, and therefore they make a point of then paying themselves for the whole year. "Provisions are not dear at Nice. Throughout the winter there are peas and other pulse, cauliflowers, spinach, and artichokes, as well as apples and potatoes. The sea affords many kinds of fish. Meat, poultry, and butter come from Piedmont. The wine, which is grown in the country, is cheap, but seldom unmixed. Red wine is commonly drunk; the white is scarcer and dearer, and generally sweet, in consequence of the materials with which it is mixed. The water, without being bad, is not remarkably good, as it is generally drawn from cisterns. The milk too is not excellent, since there is a want of meadows, and the few cows that are kept do not find proper nourishment. Fruits of all sorts are in abundance, especially pomegranates, which are exceedingly cheap. Ripe figs are seen after April, cherries and strawberries appear in May, grapes are to be procured in July. Wood and charcoal, which are chiefly used in cooking, are dear. A visiter can either keep his own establishment, or dine at a restaurateur's. There are also numerous hotels and pensions which will provide a dinner at home. "The mode of life adopted by foreigners at Nice is as it generally is with such places as are visited by some for the sake of pleasure, and others for the sake of health or laborious indolence. "The beauties of nature, the warm sun, the blue sky, invite to excursions which are made sometimes on foot, sometimes in carriages, and sometimes on horseback, or on asses, which is here just as common. The environs of Nice are inexhaustible in affording new and pleasant walks; and the city itself, the mound with its extensive prospect, the corso, with its shady trees and bustle of life, and the terrace by the seaside, offer much that is attractive. "Those who seek the pleasures of social life and of the world, will be satisfied at Nice. Besides a theatre, at which there are performances in French and Italian, there is a society called the Philharmonic Circle,' to which foreigners may have admittance. In the well-ordered part of the city there are social réunions, balls, and concerts, and there is also a library, and a selection of the journals and periodical publications which are allowed in the country. Of these, indeed, there is no great number, and a zealous politician and reader of newspapers here and through the whole of Sardinia, must imbibe a spirit of content, and be satisfied with tolerably bare and monotonous diet. Periodical literature is confined within very narrow bounds, and very few foreign journals are allowed to penetrate into the celestial kingdom of Sardinia. The legitimist journals of France, the Gazette de France, and its less important relations, the Gazette du Midi,' &c., enjoy the highest degree of favour. Journals of another complexion, even though moderate, as the Journal des Débats' are excluded. Of German papers, the Wiener Zeitung,' and the 'Oesterreichische Beobachter,' and others of a similar character are admitted. The Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung,' which is read all over the world, even in Austria, and especially at Milan, is among the prohibited wares, and, like other journals in the same condition, can only be procured by favoured persons with the especial permission of the minister for foreign affairs, which it is most difficult to obtain. Of Swiss papers, the Tessinerzeitung,' and the Constitutionel Neuchatelois,' are alone tolerated. In Sardinia itself, there is only one paper, the 'Gazette Piémontese,' and this contains extracts from the foreign journals which are not admitted. * * * “Other branches of literature share the same fate as the periodical, when *Since prohibited. religion and politics are concerned. Nothing is allowed that is not in accordance with the spirit of the whole, with the idea of a patriarchal and priestly government. If a person takes with him but a few books, excessive rigour is not used; but if, contemplating a long stay, he wishes to bring a collection of favourite works, or to order them from home, that he may take his necessary intellectual food, and guard off the insipidity consequent on a dolce far niente, he will find his project attended with many difficulties. If the books, by observance of the necessary forms, happily cross the frontier, they will not pass the custom-house at Nice, without the consent both of the spiritual and temporal authorities. This is only given after a careful investigation to further which, the owner must give a threefold list, containing the exact titles of the books in question. If, unfortunately, any religious works, and above all, any of an anti-catholic or political character are found, the consent is very difficult to obtain, and then it is granted only under certain conditions. New difficulties arise when a person wishes to quit the country, and to proceed further with his books. For then they are examined anew at the first custom-house; a threefold list must again be prepared; and in spite of all entreaties, they are kept back, sealed with lead, and sent by a special conveyance to the frontier, where the owner, if he is in luck, will find them on payment of the carriage expenses. "Under such circumstances, it is expedient to content oneself with such literature as the place affords; which, is not of a very important character. There are to be seen at Nice several booksellers and readingrooms, but these afford little to satisfy the higher demands of the mind, and the stock consists merely of English, French, and Italian belles lettres and romances. Other more important necessities, namely, those of a religious kind, part at least of the foreign residents, find a difficulty in satisfying. The English indeed, consistently with their estimable mode of thought, have erected a place of worship even in Nice; but this is only of service to those who know the English language. A French clergyman who settled at Nice some time ago, and delivered very edifying discourses in his own language, was not tolerated by the bishop, and left the country to the regret of every one." We think the above will show that Nice is not a place that will suit an Englishman for a length of time, especially when it is proved that it has wrongly obtained that character for curing pulmonary complaints, which has hitherto formed its chief attraction. SCHELLING: von Karl Rosenkranz. Danzig. Gerhard, 1843. Ir we give but a very brief notice of this highly interesting course of lectures, it is not because we have lightly skimmed over them, but because we shall probably, on some future occasion, give a general review of the Schelling and Hegel controversy, in which event they would form one of our text-books. In the meanwhile, having carefully read them through, we state our opinion that M. Rosenkranz, who is a well known Hegelian, has succeeded in putting Schelling in the worst possible position, by means the fairest that could be devised. The lectures are not essentially polemic: Rosenkranz scarcely in any instance opens a direct attack: but he gives an account of the whole of Schelling's philosophical career, taking him book by book, in the chronological order of publication, to the time of his accepting the professorship at Berlin. Then he leaves him: for Schelling has been cautious enough to print nothing since he took the chair he at present holds, and if any one else speaks for him he is ready at a moment's warning to declare that he has been misunderstood. Without intrenching on the lines of his new fortification, M. Rosenkranz has ample opportunity to lower the estimation in which Schelling may be held, by directing his attention solely to works that bear Schelling's name, and pointing out the phases of his career. And a pretty figure does poor Schelling cut, when all the treatises that he wrote from about 1790 to 1834 are marshalled before him! We find a man spoiled by over-success in his youth; committing a series of the most glaring inconsistencies; and still professing that he has but one system. We find him making promises of further developments that he never performed; we find him wantonly changing his phraseology at every step; we find him recklessly picking up all sorts of discoveries in science and archeology, endeavouring to fit them to his own system, and then obliged to make a forget of it;' we find him loosely drawing large conclusions from the most insufficient premises; we find him mistaking fancy for reason; we find him ungenerous to his early friend Hegel:-in a word, if we would give a picture of a truly unphilosophical character we would say look at Schelling!' In his early days he had a great thought. He broke through the one-sided subjectivity of Fichte, and proclaimed an absolute' that should be indifferent to subject and object, and from which both should be developed. He gave the hint of the first truly logical beginning, but he never constructed a complete philosophical system, and he never will. Ueber den Frieden unter der Kirche und der Staaten. (On Peace between the Church and the States.) By the Archbishop of Cologne. Münster. Theissing. 1843. A BOOK belonging to the controversy between the Prussian government and the Roman church. The archbishop endeavours to define the true position of ecclesiastical establishments: asserting the right they have not only to existence, but to efficient means for extending their influence, and contending that a full maintenance of all their privileges must operate beneficially as well to the state as to the church, even though the governor of the state be a Protestant. Whether the treatise will convince any one, who is on the opposite side of the question, we cannot say; but we can bear witness that the aged bishop defends his position with singular force and acumen. Handbuch der Wasserbaukunst. (Manual of Hydraulic Architecture.) Von G. HAGEN. Königsberg: Bornträger. 1841. THE title of this book sufficiently explains its object, the execution of which is admirable. The first part, the only one already published, treats of the management of small bodies of water, or springs; and we are promised a second and third, respectively devoted to rivers and The work is of the most elaborate description, and is accom panied by a large atlas of plates. seas. Geschichte Roms. (History of Rome.) Von W. DRUMANN. Königsberg: Bornträger. 1841. THE merits and peculiarities of Professor Drumann's history of Rome in the time of its transition from the republic to the empire, are too well known to need a particular description. The reader who takes interest in such subjects, will recollect that this Roman history is treated quite on a new plan, being divided into the histories of the several great families. The fifth volume, which was published in 1841, is devoted to the Pomponii, the Porcii, and the Tullii. Lehrbuch der Ungarischer Sprache. 1843. (Compendium of the Hungarian Vienna: Tendler and Schaefer. Analyse Ungarischer Classiker. (Analysis of Hungarian Classics.) Von J. N. REMÉLE. 1842. Ungarischer Geschäftsstyl in Beispielen. (Hungarian Commercial style, in examples.) Von J. N. REMÉLE. 1843. WILL the English readers, who have just sipped Magyar poetry from Dr. Bowring's translation, feel an inclination to plunge deeper into the literature, now such very inviting books as those of Professor Reméle are before them? We fear not though indeed the plan upon which his Lehrbuch' is constructed, is such as to render them extremely tempting. He does not begin with long tedious rules, but at once introduces the reader to the Hungarian tongue by abundant examples, both of words and sentences, conveying such grammatical information as is not contained in the paradigms by means of notes at the bottom of the page. The Analysis, which was published before the Lehrbuch,' is not exactly on the same plan; as it is introduced by grammatical rules shortly stated. The substance of the work consists of selections from Magyar authors, with an interlinear translation. VOL. XXXII. NO. LXIII. H |