...in which Zi is the valence, fa the transport number, and <Zi the activity of the ith ionic species ; R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and F is the Faraday. Each term in the summation represents the contribution made to the net emf by the diffusion...

...Kp by Eq. (1), which converts V™ to the appropriate units of Kp [7]: V =2Zii2 fp_ g Tc p (1) where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and AG is the partial molar free-energy change; Vg is the retention volume per gram of stationary phase...

...conversion, X, by F ( -\ dG\ 1 r=dexp -1 , \RTdX) where the single constant /) is used for all reactions, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and G is the Gibbs energy. Using this equation, the chemical rate constants for each reaction can be related...

...+ RT (Ci,t - Ci,,) = 0, (9) i = l where H.Network(V) is the osmotic pressure of a stress-free cell, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature and £,•,<, C,,,, determine the ionic concentration of species i in the cell and its outer environment,...

...coefficients independent of pore pressure. For gases, relation (2.87) changes to ¿(g)= RTZ (3.11) Here, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and Z is the supercompressibility coefficient which accounts for the real deviation from the perfect gas...

...is the aqueous solution activity coefficient and yi is the immiscible solution activity coefficient, R is the universal gas constant. T is the absolute temperature and xw and x- are the mole fractions of solute in water and the organic liquid phase respectively.5 When...

...expression for the distribution coefficient AT of a solute between two phases is given by RT]nK = -AG0 where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and AG0 is the excess free energy Now, AG0 = where AH0 is the excess free enthalpy, and A50 is the excess...

...conduction. In these equations, K is the reciprocal Debye length, e is the permittivity, r\ is the viscosity, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and C is the electrokinetic potential (zeta potential). If there is some electrical conductivity in the...

...where s is the specific surface area of the filler, u is the cross-sectional area of the polymer chain, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and X is the ratio of filler volume fraction to matrix volume fraction. Most of the equations assume spherical...

...potential is defined as: + RT\naw (1) in which p is the pore pressure, Vw is the partial molar volume of water, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and aw is the water activity. The osmotic effect and associated pore pressure and stresses are calculated...