OF

Dr. Martineau. James Martineau, one of the most prominent men of the century as a theologian and a teacher, was the son of Thomas Martineau of Norwich, a camlet maker and wine merchant, of a Huguenot family which settled in Norwich after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. James Martineau, who was a younger brother of Harriet Martineau, was born on April 21, 1805, and was educated first at the Norwich Grammar School (1815-9) under Dr. Valpy, whence he was transferred to Dr. Lant Carpenter's school at Bristol (1819-21), where his mind received its first impulse. At this time it was intended that he should become a civil engineer, but his love of speculative study and his desire to enter the Unitarian ministry weighed with his father, who consented to his giving up his apprenticeship and entering the Manchester New College at York (1823-5), where he devoted himself to the study of theology and philosophy. At the conclusion of his course he was for a short time an assistant master in Dr. Lant Carpenter's school; but he felt that his work lay elsewhere, and in 1823 was appointed junior minister of the Presbyterian Meeting House in Dublin, where he remained four years. He soon made his mark as a preacher, and might have had a brilliant career in Ireland had he not felt conscientious objections to taking a share of the Crown endowment known as Regium Donum. Shortly after leaving Dublin he married Helen, daughter of Rev. E. Higginson of Derby, and for some time devoted himself to study; but in 1832 he accepted an offer from Liver

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pool, and was appointed second minister of Paradise Street Chapel, and some time afterwards made his reputation as a brilliant controversialist and as the champion of the more liberal and more spiritual phase of Unitarianism, of which Channing had been the earliest exponent. By 1840 his position was so fully recognised that he was unanimously appointed Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy at Manchester New College, and during the forty-five years of his occupancy of the Chair, by the elevation of his life and teaching, he left an indelible mark on the thought of his day. In 1848-9 he was absent for fifteen months in Germany, where his philosophical views underwent a considerable change which was especially due to the lectures of Professor Treudelenburg, a distinguished Aristotelian. He returned to Liverpool, where his chapel had been rebuilt, and remained there for ten years longer, when he was called to London to assist his friend John James Taylor in the ministry of Little Portland Street Chapel, becoming sole minister two years later, and remained there until 1872, when from failing strength he finally retired from the work of the ministry, although from time to time he occupied the pulpits of friends. During all this time he had been contributing articles to reviews, sometimes critical, sometimes controversial, but marked by comprehensiveness, suggestiveness and sweetness; and never lowered by personal or malicious feeling. In 1866 he was put forward by his friends as a candidate for the Chair of Logic at University College, London; but Mr. Grote, who swayed a majority

of the governing body, was strongly opposed to the election of a clergyman, and Mr. Croom Robertson was preferred to Dr. Martineau. Honours,

however, had been heaped upon him from all sides; the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A., in 1872; of D.D. by the University of Leyden in 1875, and by the University of Edinburgh in 1884; of D.C.L. by the University of Oxford in 1888, and of Litt.D. by the University of Dublin in 1892. He was a frequent contributor to the Westminster, National, and other reviews, as well as to various periodicals. His later works, "Types of Ethical Theory," "The Seat of Authority in Religion" and "En

deavours after the Christian Life," together with the volumes of sermons which he published, show his mind in its maturity and the change wrought by him in the mechanical teaching of the Unitarian Church. He counted among his friends the most distinguished men in Church and State as well as in the world of letters and science, and the simplicity and sweetness of his nature were such that he attached to himself those whose views were most opposed to his own strongly as those of whom he was the acknowledged leader. The later years of his life, which he devoted to study, were passed partly in London and partly at his cottage near Aviemore in the Scotch Highlands. He retained

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his intellectual powers unimpaired to the last, and no little of his vigour. He passed away at his house in Gordon Square on January 11 after a very short illness.

John Ruskin, the son of "an entirely honest merchant" was born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, in February, 1819, but removed with his family to Herne Hill in 1823, at that time quite in the country, although within four miles of his father's house of business in Billiter Street. Whilst still a boy he accompanied his father when travelling for orders, and in this way formed an early acquaintance with Wales and the north of England. Of his early life he left an ample autobiographical record, from which the details of his early training can be gathered. "On the whole the one essential part of all my education" was the Bible teaching he received from his mother, by whom he was taken through the Book every year. For some years his education was carried on under a private tutor,

but in 1834 he was sent to Peckham School, then under Rev. Thomas Dale, who was subsequently known as a leading evangelical preacher. His earliest taste was for mineralogy, but Greek and English composition were subjects which afterwards occupied his attention. His mother's desire was that her only son should be admitted to holy orders, and with this view she fostered the idea of a university course; but he had inherited more of his father's love of art than of his mother's religious ambition, and the Turner drawings which the former collected seem to have determined the bias of the son's mind. In 1836 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and in 1839 won the Newdigate Prize for English verse on the subject "Salsette and Elephanta." Soon afterwards his health gave way and he was unable to present himself to the examiners; but in accordance with the then-existing regulations he was admitted M.A. in 1842. During his Oxford period he had, both from choice and by the doctor's orders, spent much of his time abroad, where he had pursued his love of art by lessons in painting from Prout and others, and had found ample material for sustaining his individual views. In 1843 the limited world which then was interested in art and art criticism was startled by the appearance of the first volume of Modern Painters" by a Graduate of Oxford; a book of remarkable eloquence, of close reasoning and delicate appreciativeness, in which the author claimed "to come forward to declare and demonstrate wherever they exist the essence and the authority of the beautiful and the true."

Two editions of the first volume of "Modern Painters" had been exhausted before the second volume was published in 1846, and two further volumes appeared in 1856, and the fifth and concluding volume was delayed until 1860, by which time the principles laid down by the author had in a great measure been accepted in theory, although the artists who could put them in practice were only beginning to obtain recognition.

Meanwhile he had brought his critical faculties to bear upon a sister art, and in his "Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849) and in "The Stones of Venice" (1851-3), his minute observation, careful analysis and a real enthusiasm for what was true and beautiful enabled him to speak with the voice of authority, and he was recognised as a leader of an

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æsthetic revival in England. His bold championship of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood was displayed in his annual "Notes on Pictures at the Royal Academy" and gave courage to the group of artists who were striving to redeem British art from the stigma of slovenliness and dull conventionality. About this time also he was brought into contact with the Rev. F. D. Maurice, arising out of the lessons in painting which Ruskin gave for several years at the Working Men's College, and in this way became mixed up with the socialist spirit which was then making itself felt. But for the time Ruskin was concerned only with art matters, and his lectures (published under the title of "The Two Paths" (1859)) at South Kensington, Manchester, Bradford, etc., were given with the object of arousing an enthusiasm for what was true and beautiful, and a dissatisfaction with what was conventional.

It would seem from his own statements that Ruskin's subsequent and predominant interest in social and economical questions was due to the influence of Carlyle. His lectures, dealing as they did with the theories of design, had obliged him to consider art in its relation both to science, education and industry, and these brought him face to face with many social problems of which he offered sometimes paradoxical solutions. To this period belong "Unto This Last (1862), "Sesame and Lilies" (1864), "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne' (1867), "The Queen of the Air" (1869). These works deal with every conceivable question of social economics, and if their conclusions are not generally practical the style in which the arguments are pleaded is perfect.

In 1870 the endowment of the Slade Art Professorship enabled the University of Oxford to pay a well-earned compliment to her gifted son by electing him the first holder of the Chair. The lectures delivered by Ruskin during his Professorship appeared from time to time under somewhat fantastic titles. The inaugural series was chiefly concerned with the relations of art to religion and morals (1870), "The Functions of Limelight and Colour" (1871), "Aratra Pentelici," dealing with sculpture (1872), "The Eagle's Nest" (1872), "Ariadne Florentina (1872), "Val d'Arno (1873) and "Love's Meirie (1874).

At the same time he found leisure to pursue his economical teaching by means of "Munera Pulveris" (1862), and "The Crown of Wild Olive " (1871),

and in 1876 he also commenced publishing monthly letters to the workmen and labourers of England under the title of "Fors Clavigera," in which autobiographical reminiscences and politico-economical teaching were indiscriminately mingled. The publication was continued until March, 1878. It was then interrupted by Mr. Ruskin's severe illness, but a second series was commenced in 1878 and continued to appear at irregular intervals until 1884. This was followed by another series entitled Præterita," wholly autobiographical, which appeared between 1884 and 1889. Meanwhile he had purchased a house, Brantwood, near Coniston, of Mr. W. J. Linton, the wood engraver, and subsequently, having given up his house at Herne Hill, he spent a portion of the year at Oxford and the summer in the Lake Country. In the same year, 1871, he was elected Lord Rector of St. Andrews University against Lord Lytton, but was disqualified on the ground that he was holding a professorship at another university. He was re-elected to the Slade Chair in 1874 and continued to hold it until 1878. To this period of his life must be also assigned such works as Mornings in Florence" and "St. Mark's Rest," both intended for studenttravellers; "The Ethics of the Dust," Proserpina," "Deucalion," and the "Laws of Fésole."

He was not less interested in practical teaching than in lecturing and writing. His experiment at popularising manual labour at Oxford, where he suggested road-making as an alternative to the round of sports pursued by the undergraduates, was followed by the establishment and endowment of the St. George's Company, afterwards called St. George's Guild; a museum was founded in connection with the guild at Walkley near Sheffield, but was subsequently removed to Meersbrook Park in the same neighbourhood, and some time later the Ruskin linen industry was started at Keswick. The inheritor of a considerable fortune he spent it nobly upon deeds of usefulness. He endowed the Taylorian Galleries at Oxford with a school for drawing, and stocked it with works by Turner, Burne-Jones and himself, for he was a most accomplished painter in water-colours. His knowledge of mineralogy and geology was such that he arranged and catalogued the silicas in the British Museum.

For the last years of his life Mr. Ruskin lived in retirement and almost exclusively at Brantwood, never having