Section 23. When a signature is forged or made without the authority of the person whose signature it purports to be, it is wholly inoperative, and no right to retain the instrument, or to give a discharge therefor, or to enforce payment thereof against any party thereto, can be acquired through or under such signature, unless the party, against whom it is sought to enforce such right, is precluded from setting up the forgery or want of authority. Illinois.- Hamlins Wizard Oil Co. v. U. S. Express (1914), 184 Ill. App. 493. Iowa.- Beend v. Farrell (1907), 135 Iowa, 670, 113 N. W. 509; State ex rel. Carroll v. Corning St. Sav. Bk. (1908), 139 Iowa, 338, 115 N. W. 937; Reints & DeBuhr v. Uhlenhop (1910), 149 Iowa, 284; Olsgard v. Lemke (1916), 156 N. W. 102. Kentucky. Nat. City Bk. Third Nat. Bk. (1910), 177 Fed. 136; Jett v. Standefer (1911), 143 Ky. 787, 137 S. W. 513. V. Massachusetts.- Murphy v. Met. Nat. Bk. (1906), 191 Mass. 159; Blum Jro Sons v. Whipple (1907), 194 Mass. 253, 120 Am. St. 553, 80 N. E. 501, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.) 211; Boles v. Harding (1909), 201 Mass. 103, 87 N. E. 481; Jordan Marsh Co. v. Nat. Shawmut Bk. (1909), 201 Mass. 397, 87 N. E. 740; Franklin Sav. Bk. v. Framingham (1912), 212 Mass. 92; Newburyport v. First Nat. Bk. of Boston (1914), 216 Mass. 304; Munroe v. Stanley (1915), 107 N. E. 1012. Michigan.- Lonier v. State Sav. Bk. (1907), 149 Mich. 483, 112 N. W. 1119. Missouri.-Mo. Lincoln Tr. Co. v. Third Nat. Bk. of St. Louis (1910), 154 Mo. App. 89; Mo. Lincoln Tr. Co. v. Third Nat. Bk. of St. Louis (1910), 154 Mo. App. 89; Miners Nebraska. Hoffman v. Am. Ex. Nat. Bk. (1901), 96 N. W. 112. New Jersey. Gluckman v. Darling (1914), 89 Atl. 1016. New York.- First Nat. Bk. cf Fort Worth v. Am. Ex. Nat. Bk. (1900), 49 A. D. 349; Critten v. Chemical Nat. Bk. (1902), 171 N. Y. 219 (May 13); Casey v. Pilkington (1903), 83 App. Div. 91; Sherman v. The Corn Ex. Bk. (1904), 91 A. D. 84; Kearny v. Met. Trust Co. (1905), 110 A. D. 236; Salem v. Bk. of the St. of N. Y. (1906), 110 A. D. 636, 97 N. Y. Supp. 361; Oriental Bk. v. Gallo (1906), 112 A. D. 360, 98 N. Y. Supp. 561; Trust Co. of Am. v. Hamilton Bk. (1908), 127 A. D. 515, 112 N. Y. Supp. 84; Seaboard Nat. Bk. of America (1908), 193 N. Y. 26, 85 N. E. 829; The Mercantile Nat. Bk. of the City of N. Y. v. Silverman (1911), 148 A. D. 1; Stein v. Empire Tr. Co. (1912), 133 N. Y. Supp. 517; Kobre v. Corn Exchange Bk. (1913), 139 N. Y. tupp. 890; Anglo-South Am. Bk. v. Nat. City Bk. of N. Y. (1914), 146 N. Y. Supp. 457; Standard Steam Specialty Co. v. Corn Ex. Bk. (1914), 146 N. Y. Supp. 181; Wolfin v. Security Bk. (1915), 156 N. Y. Supp. 474; Bergstrom v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. (1916), 157 N. Y. Supp. 959; Standard Steam Spec. Co. v. Corn Exch. Bk. (1917), 116 N. E. 386, 220 N. Y. 478; Monk v. 23d Ward Bk. (1917), 165 N. Y. Supp. 1055; Standard Specialty Co. v. Corn Exch. Bk. (1917), 116 N. E. 386, 220 N. Y. Supp. 478; Cohen v. L. Rittner, Inc. (1918), 171 N. Y. Supp. 312. North Dakota.- First Nat. Bk. of Lisbon v. Bk. of Wyndemere (1906), 15 N. Dak. 299, 108 N. W. 546; Stutsman County Bk. v. Jones (1917), 162 N. W. 402. Ohio. Winters Nat. Bk. v. Roberts (1909), 20 Ohio Dec. 690; The S. Weishberger Co. v. The Barbeton Sav. Bk. Co. (1911), 84 Ohio St. 21; McHenry v. The Old Citizens Nat. Bk. (1911), 85 Ohio St. 203. Oklahoma. Turner V. Kimble (1913), 130 Pac. 563. Oregon.- First Nat. Bk. of Cottage Grove v. Bk. of Cottage Grove (1911), 59 Oreg. 388, 117 Pac. 293. Pennsylvania.- Tibby Bros Glass V. Commercial Utah.- Heavey Nat. Bk. (1904), 27 Utah, 222, 75 Pac. 727; Warren v. Smith (1909), 35 Utah, 455, 100 Pac. 1069; Simpson v. Denver & Rio Grande Co. (1913), 134 Pac. 883. Virginia.— Pettyjohn v. Nat. Ex. Bk. (1903), 101 Va. 111, 43 S. E. 203. Washington.-Jamieson & McFarland v. Heim (1906), 43 Wash. 153, 86 Pac. 165; Heim V. Neubert (1908), 48 Wash. 587, 94 Pac. 104; Goodfellow v. First Nat. Bk. (1913), 129 Pac. 90. United States.- Cent. Nat. Bk. v. Nat. Met. Bk. (1908), 31 A. C. (D. C.) 391, 35 Wash. L. R. 621 (C. C., Dist. Col.); Cent. Nat. Bk. v. Nat. Met. Bk., 31 A. C. (D. C.) 391. ARTICLE II. CONSIDERATION. Section 24. Every negotiable instrument is deemed prima facie to have been issued for a valuable consideration; and every person whose signature appears thereon to have become a party thereto for value. Alabama. Jones v. Bell (1917), 77 So. 918; Vogler v. Manson (1917). 76 So. 117. Arkansas.- Sins V. Everett (1914), 168 S. W. 559; Buckely v. Collins (1915), 177 S. W. 920. California.- Molley V. Pierson (1918), 174 Pac. 98. Connecticut. American Automobile Co. v. Perkins (1910), 83 Conn. 520, 77 Atl. 954. Delaware.-Security Trust & Safe Dep. Co. v. Duross (1913), 86 Atl. 209. Florida.- Williams v. Peninsular Grocery Co. (1917), 75 So. 517. Idaho. McFarland V. Johnson (1912), 22 Ida. 694, 127 Pac. 908. Illinois. George J. Cooke Co. v. Pisano (1912), 174 Ill. App. 609; Harney v. Lee (1912), 175 Ill. App. 250. Indiana. Deiter v. Burke (1914), 107 N. E. 304. Iowa.- Zimbelman V. Finnegan (1909), 141 Iowa, 358, Brokaw v. McElvoy (1913), 143 N. W. 1087; Perry Sav. Bk. V. Fitzgerald (1914), 149 N. W. 497; First Presbyterian Church of Mt. Vernon v. Dennis (1917), 161 N. W. 183; Higby v. Bahrenfuss (1917), 163 N. W. 247. Kansas. Kawkins V. Windhost (1910), 82 Kans. 522, 108 Pac. 805. Louisiana.- Scheuerman v. Monarch Fruit Co. (1909), 123 La. 59, 48 So. 647. Maryland.- Black v. First Nat. Bk. (1903), 96 Md. 399, 54 Atl. 88; Louis Eckels & Sons Ice Mfg. Co. v. Cornell Economizer Co. (1912), 86 Atl. 38; Bear Creek Lumber Co. v. Second Nat. Bk. of Cumberland (1913), 120 Md. 566, 87 Atl. 1084; Shaffer v. Bond (1917), 99 Atl. 972. Massachusetts. Lombard Bryne (1907), 194 Mass. 236, 80 N. E. 489; Jennings v. Law (1908), 199 Mass. 124, 85 N. E. 157; Clemons Elec. Mfg. Co. v. Walton (1910), 206 Mass. 215; North Anson Lumber Co. v. Smith (1911), 209 Mass. 333; Young v. Hayes (1912), 212 V. Mass. 525; Harvey v. Squire (1914), 105 N. E. 355; Seager v. Drayton (1914), 105 N. E. 461. Minnesota.- Baxter v. Brandenburg (1917), 163 N. W. 517. Missouri.- Rhodes V. Guhman (1911), 156 Mo. App. 344; Nelson v. Diffenderffer (1914), 163 S. W. 271; Miller v. Chinn (1917), 195 S. W. 552. Montana.- Ford v. Drake (1912), 46 Mont. 314. Nebraska.- First Nat. Bk. of Scribner v. Golder (1911), 89 Neb. 377; Stannard v. Orleans Flour & Oat Meal Milling Co. (1913), 93 Neb. 389. New Jersey. People's Nat. Bk. v. Schepflin (1905), 73 N. J. L. 29, 62 Atl. 333; Marine Tr. Co. v. St. James African M. E. Church (1913), 88 Atl. 1075; Bank of Roselle v... Dorvall (1916), 98 Atl. 476. New York. Riverside Bk. V. Woodhaven Junction Land Co. (1898), 34 A. D. 359; McLeod v. Hunter (1899), 29 Misc. 558, 61 N. Y. Supp. 73; Deyo v. Thompson (1900), 53 A. D. 9; Bringman v. Glahn (1902), 71 A. D. 537, 75 N. Y. Supp. 845; Karsch v. Pottier & Stymers Mfg. & Imp. Co. (1903), 81 N. Y. 782, 82 A. D. 230; Packard v. Windholz (1903), 40 Misc. 347, affirmed 88 A. D. 365 (1902); Moak v. Stevens (1904), 45 Misc. 147, 91 N. Y. Supp. 903; The Royal Bk. of N. Y. v. Goldschmidt (1906), 51 Misc. 622, 101 N. Y. Supp. 101; Ward v. City Tr. Co. of N. Y. (1907), 102 N. Y. Supp. 50; Cleary v. DeBeck Plate Glass Co. (1907), 54 Misc. 537, 104 N. Y. Supp. 831; Colborn v. Arbean (1907), 54 Misc. 623, 104 N. Y. Supp. 968; Joveshoff v. Rockney (1908), 109 N. Y. Supp. 818, 58 Misc. 559; Nat. Park Bk. v. Saitta (1908), 127 A. D. 624, 111 N. Y. Supp. 927; Pfister v. Heins, (1910), 136 A. D. 457; Ferguson v. Netter (1910), 141 A. D. 274; Ryan v. Sullivan (1911), 143 A. D. 471; Glennan v. Rochester Tr. & Safe Dep. Co. (1912), 136 N. Y. Supp. 747; First Nat. Bk. of Pittsburg v. Stallo (1914), 145 N. Y. Supp. 747; Gerli v. Doorly (1915), 151 N. Y. Supp. 574; Schultz v. Cohen (1915), 156 N. Y. Supp. 610; Abrahamson v. Steel (1917), 163 N. Y. Supp. 827. North Carolina.- Toms v. Jones (1900), 127 N. Car. 464; Myers v. Petty (1910), 153 N. Car. 462; Columbian Conservatory of Music v. Dickenson (1912), 758 N. Car. 207, 73 S. E. 990. North Dakota.- Walters v. Rock (1908), 18 N. Dak. 45, 115 N. W. 511; Holbert v. Weber (1917), 161 N. W. 560. of Bangor v. Paff (1913), 87 Atl. 841; Adjustment Bureau of Portland Assn. of Credit Men v. Staats (1919), 175 Pac. 847. South Carolina.- Cannon v. Clarendon Hardware Co. (1916), 88 S. E. 284. Utah. Cole Banking Co. v. Sinclair (1908), 34 Utah, 454, 98 Pac. 411; Utah Nat. Bk. of Salt Lake City v. Nelson (1910), 38 Utah, 169, 111 Pac. 907; Niles v. U. S. Ozocinte Co. (1911), 38 Utah, 367, 113 Pac. 1038. Virginia.- Lynchburg Milling Co. V. Nat. Ex. Bk. of Lynchburg (1909), 109 Va. 639; Reid's Admr. v. Windsor (1911), 111 Va. 825, 69 S. E. 1101; Murphy's Hotel Co. v. Herndon's Admrs. (1917), 91 S. E. 634. Washington.-Nicholson v. Neavy (1914), 137 Pac. 492; State Bk. of Clarkson v. Morrison (1915), 147 Pac. 875. West Virginia.- Dollar Sav. & Gr. Co. v. Crawford (1911), 70 S. E. 1089. Wyoming. Hamilton v. Diefenderfer (1913), 131 ac. 37. United States.- Towles v. Tanner (1903), 21 App. D. C. 530; Nalitsky v. Williams (1917), 237 Fed. 802. Section 25. Value is any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. An antecedent or pre-existing debt constitutes value; and is deemed such whether the instrument is payable on demand or at a future time. Alabama.-Boatwright v. Scheuer, Wise & Co. (1914), 66 So. 819; Anders v. Sandlin (1915), 67 So. 684; Orr v. Stewart (1915), 69 So. 649; Dilworth v. Holmes Furniture & Vehicle Co. (1916), 73 So. 288; Peoples' Bank & Trust Co. v. Floyd (1917), 75 So. 940. Arkansas.- Hood V. Robson (1916), 187 S. W. 1059; Arnwell v. Arnold & Co. (1917), 193 S. W. 506; Johnson v. Ankrun (1917), 199 S. W. 897. v. Jones California.- Shoenhair (1917), 165 Pac. 971; Ballou v. Avery (1917), 166 Pac. 1003; Wetzel v. Cole (1917), 165 Pac. 692; Perzoni v. Greenwell (1918), 174 Pac. 60; Mahana v. Van Alstyne (1919), 178 Pac. 853. Colorado. Lomax V. Colorado Nat. Bk. (1909), 104 Pac. 85; Western Investment and Land Co. v. First Nat. Bk. (1918), 172 Pac. 6; Western Slope Fruit Growers Assn. v. Divine (1918), 173 Pac. 426; U. S. Fidelity & Guarantee Co. v. Walker (1918), 248 Fed. 42. Connecticut.- New Haven Mfg. Co. v. New Haven Pulp Co. (1903), 76 Conn. 126, 55 Atl. 604; Russell El. Co. v. Bassett (1907), 79 Conn. 709, 66 Atl. 531; Chittenden v. Carter (1909), 82 Conn. 585; Fairfield Co. Nat. Bk. v. Hammer (1915), 95 Atl. 31; Continental Credit Co. v. Ely (1917), 100 Atl. 435. Florida. Crystal River Lumber Co. v. Consolidated Naval Stores Co. (1912), 63 Fla. 119, 58 So. 129. Idaho. Federal State Bank V. Miller (1917), 162 Pac. 244; Fidelity Bank v. Miller (1917), 162 Pac. 244. Illinois. Many, Blanc & Co. v. Krueger (1910), 153 Ill. App. 327; McHenry v. Croft (1911), 163 Ill. App. 426. Indiana. Merch. Nat. Bk. V. Nees (1916), 112 N. E. 904. Iowa.- Gooch v. Gooch (1916), 160 N. W. 333; Commercial Nat. Bk. v. Citizens State Bk. (1906), 132 Iowa, 706, 109 N. W Crawford Co. State Bk. v. Stegman (1908), 137 Iowa, 13, 114 N. W. 198; 549; Voss v. Chamberlain (1908), 139 Iowa, 569, 117 N. W. 269; Zimbelman v. Finnegan (1909), 141 Iowa, 358; Robinson v. Robinson (1910), 147 Iowa, 615; Robertson v. United States Live Stock Co. (1914), 145 N. W. 535; Meginnes v. McChesney (1916), 160 N. W. 50; State Bk. of Halstad v. Bilstad (1912), 136 N. W. 204; Mohn v. Mohn (1917), 164 N. W. 341. Kansas. Birket V. Ellward (1904), 68 Kans. 295, 74 Pac. 1100; Bridges v. Vann (1912), 88 Kans. 98. Kentucky. Wilkins V. Usher (1906), 123 Ky. 696, 97 S. W. 37; Citizens Bk. V. Bk. of Waddy (1907), 126 Ky. 169, 103 S. W. 249; Herman's Exer. v. Gregory (1909), 131 Ky. 819, 115 S. W. 809; Lovelace v. Lovelace (1910), 136 Ky. 452, 124 S. W. 400; Campbell v. Fourth Nat. Bk. of Cincinnati (1910), 137 Ky. 555, 126 S. W. 114; Am. Nat. Bk. v. Minor & Son (1911), 135 S. W. 278; Jett V. Standafer (1911), 143 Ky. 787, 137 S. W. 513; Pratt v. Rounds (1914), 169 S. W. 848; Overby v. Williams (1916), 185 S. W. 822; Receiver First Nat. Bk. of Loudon v. Boreling (1916), 190 S. W. 1106; Ballard v. Ballard (1917), 197 S. W. 661. Louisiana.- Scheuerman v. Monarch Fruit Co. (1909), 123 La. 59, 48 So. 647; Interstate Trust & Banking Co. v. Irwin (1915), 70 So. 313; Hyman v. Parkerson (1916), 72 So. 953. Massachusetts.- Boston Steel & Iron Co. v. Steuer (1903), 183 Mass. 140, 66 N. E. 646; Widger v. Baxter (1906), 190 Mass. 130; Jennings v. Law (1908), 199 Mass. 124, 85 |