its carbon and hydrogen are given off as car bonic acid and water.'

The next quotation, and following remarks, though apparently unconnected with the subject under consideration, will presently help to illustrate the modus operandi of spirituous liquors. Experience has shown, that the blood of the inhabitant of the arctic circle has a temperature as high as that of the native of the south, who lives in so different a medium." The quantity of oxygen introduced into the system, varies with the temperature of the external air, and the force and frequency of the inspirations; every increase in quantity, from whatever cause, renders it necessary that a corresponding amount of carbon or hydrogen should be taken as food. Every inspiration effects a combination of the oxygen of the atmosphere with the elements of the blood; and to such combination is owing the development of animal heat. Of the food taken into the body, some, from its nature, can be applied only to the formation of the substance of the body, and some for the production of heat only: all spirituous liquors belong to the latter class. Since, then, the heat, disengaged, will be proportioned to the temperature of the weather, and the degree of exercise which is equivalent to increase in force and frequency of the inspiration, the quantity and quality of food required will be regulated by these circumstances collectively.

A labouring man, who works hard, and is subjected to the extreme of cold, but who drinks beer in moderation, requires less of solid food than a teetotal labourer; although the powers of endurance of the former, both as respects hunger and cold, are greater than those of the latter, as experience shows. A teetotaller will eat more frequently and plentifully than another man; besides which, in order to quench his thirst (consequent upon loss of fluid by perspiration), he drinks unsparingly of cold water, which, although it materially cools his body, and thus adds to his hunger, is not more effectual in quenching thirst than beer would be. Nor is it an unimportant consideration, that a beer-drinker has his hunger satisfied, and the temperature of his body increased, in a much less space of time than is the case with a water-drinker.

And now for an explanation of this: "Owing to its volatility, and the ease with which its vapour permeates animal membranes and tissues, alcohol can be spread throughout the body in all directions;" and its elements having a greater affinity for inspired oxygen, than the elements of the blood (which, in the absence of alcohol, would combine with it), but little time elapses, after taking beer or other spirituous drinks, before a combination between three elements and oxygen takes place, and heat is thus produced.*

The greater part of the constituents of meat and cheese-and a large proportion of those of bread-cannot serve for the production of animal heat; on the other hand, those of alcohol, as has been before remarked, can serve no other purpose than such production, or the accumulation of fat. The consumption of a certain quantity of beer, prevents the necessity of eating as much other food as contains a corresponding amount of its elements. Animal, and analogous kinds of food, are required only to make good the loss of substance, arising from muscular exercise; and if, in addition to this, the elements for the supply of heat are to be obtained from animal, or such food, it is evident, since so small a

* Whenever any fluid is taken into the stomach, it is immediately absorbed by numerous and small mouths of vessels, and conducted into the veins; and even if digestion is going on, it ceases till such absorption has taken place.

portion of it will answer the purpose, that there will be an unnecessary consumption of a more expensive and unnecessary kind of food.

That labouring men who habitually take intoxicating drinks in moderation, are generally more healthy and lusty than, and live to be as old as other men, and that, in the most luxuriant parts of the globe, fruits, the nature of whose juice is to undergo fermentation, grow in abundance; added to the light which chemistry throws upon the subject;-ought surely to convince people that such articles were intended by the Creator for use, and that to denounce them as injurious, and no better than poisons, is to add tenfold weight to the curse which the ground labours under: and the appeal is made to feelings of humanity-to the Christian feelings when it is asked, whether the comforts which they afford, the uses to which they may be applied, and the expense which may be saved by taking them, should not outweigh those considerations which, on account of their partial abuse, would lead to the total disuse of these "good creatures" of God.

look where I have a mind, and hinder me if ye dare." A hearty blow was the return to this, and then such a battle began! It being Saturday, all the boys of both schools were on the ice, and the fight soon became general and desperate. At one time they fought with missile weapons, such as stones and snow-balls; but at length they coped in I went up to try if I could pacify them, for by rage, and many bloody raps were given and received. this time a number of litle girls had joined the affray, and I was afraid they would be killed; so, addressing one of the party, I asked what they were pelting the others for ? what they had done to them? "O, nothing at all we just want to give them a good thrashing." After fighting till they were quite exhausted, one of the principal heroes stepped forth between, covered with blood, and his clothes torn to tatters, and addressing the warring parties thus; "Well, I'll tell you what we'll do with you; if ye'll let us alone we'll let you alone." There was no more of it; the war was at an end, and the boys scattered away to their play.

I thought at the time, and have often thought since, that the trivial affray was the best picture of war in general that I had ever seen. Kings and With a person in the enjoyment of health, the ministers of state are just a set of grown up chilappetite will prove a sure criterion, both with this material difference, that instead of fighting out dren, exactly like the children I speak of, with only respect to the quantity and quality of what the needless quarrels they have raised, they sit in should be taken. Then, the necessity and craving safety and look on; hound out their innocent but for food will be proportioned to the degree of servile subjects to battle, and then, after a waste of exercise or labour, and the intensity of, and ex- blood and treasure, are glad to make the boy's con. posure to cold. To a hard-working man, in additions, "If ye'll let us alone we'll let you alone." dition to what he may cat, beer will be a great comfort, and, indirectly, a saving: more than this, it will benefit him.

In the case of a person whose exercise is restricted to walking, fermented liquors will do no harm; and if the exercise is regularly taken, and sufficiently prolonged, positive good will be the result;-unless, lacking self-command, and disregarding future consequences, a habit of stuffing be formed.

For a poor man, whose work is exclusively in-door, and who takes little or no exercise, less of food altogether is required, than in the abovementioned cases; but even to such a man, a small quantity of beer would not be hurtful provided he consult his feelings: - and to deny him that kind of food which affords him most gratification from its consumption, or upon false principles to condemn the use of that which is cheaper than any other, evidences either a want of due consideration, or the absence of that kind of knowledge out of which a just opinion can be formed.

REVIEWS.

VERITAS.

THE OLIVE LEAF; or Peace Magazine for the Yoang, Vol. 1, 1844.

We earnestly request our readers to introduce this little work to the notice of their young friends. It is both good and cheap; and the yearly volume bound in elegant cloth and gilt edges, would form a most acceptable and useful present. We were particularly struck with the "Chinese Story," a lively and faithful description, in language calculated to interest youth, of the causes and effects of the Chinese War; from which much might be learned by "men of larger growth." "The Broken Kite," and the various contributions of H. A. B. are also among our favourites. We regret we have only space for one short extract.

PICTURE OF WAR.

BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.

THE history of every war is very like a scene I once saw in Nithsdale. Two boys from different schools, met one fine day upon the ice: they eyed each other with rather jealous and indignant looks. and with defiance on each brow. "What are ye gazing at, Billy ?" "What's that to you? I'll

VARIETIES.

A "TRIMMER."- Messrs. Moses and Son, the

celebrated jew tailors, have advertized for what is technically termed a "Trimmer." We understand that Sir Robert Peel, in anticipation of losing his present situation, has applied for the vacant office; and from his experience in, and peculiar ability for that profession, we feel no doubt he will give ample satisfaction to his employers.

Sir James Graham's application was just one hour too late. He is about to enter a situation as sub-editor of the "leading journal of Europe."

THE PEOPLE.-The greatest scholars, poets, orators, philosophers, warriors, statesmen, inventors, and improvers of the arts, arose from the people. If we had waited till courtiers had invented the arts of printing, clock-making, navigation, and a thonsand others, we should, probably, have continued in darkness till this hour.-General Advertizer.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

"A Publisher." All works designed for review, should be sent to Messrs. Aylott & Jones, 8, Paler. noster Row.

At the request of several of our subscribers, our printers have re-published the excellent address of Henry Vincent, which appeared in our last. It may be had at 1s. 6d. per 100, or 500 for 6s.

TO OUR READERS.

Two gentlemen (members of the society of Friends,) well known for their benevolence, and the warm interest they feel in the promotion of the principles of Liberty, Temperance, and Peace, are desirous we should establish a GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION FUND, the same as most other kindred publications. They have headed the sub

scription as below, and we have applied to one or two friends since receiving their suggestion, who have readily fallen in with their idea.

Subscriptions in aid of the Fund, will be received by our Printers, our Publishers, or by any of our Agents. SUBSCRIPTIONS ALREADY RECEIVED.

NEW SERIES, No. 6.

CONTENTS.

The Next Election-Try back!

Emigration

Old Ben Barnes the Pauper (continued)..

Sir Robert and our Convention....

The Town, Town-Council, and the Mayor's Salary A Village Tale

Clerical Despotism, &c.

Northampton and Peterborough Railway

CORRESPONDENCE:-Dr. Lees on Teetotalism

PAGE

44

ib. 45

ib.

MONDAY, JUNE 2, 1845.

and let the man who buys a vote be 41 transported, as much as the man who 42 buys a horse, knowing it to be stolen. 43 It is impossible to speak with sufficient ib. contempt, of the man who, for some paltry consideration, barters away a possession of far greater value than the b. crown jewels. The poor sycophant who cannot do the bidding of conscience in such a case as this, ought to examine well, whether God has made him with two legs, or with four. Let him at least pay to be disenfranchised, for he is now a much greater slave than his unenfranchised fellow; since it were better not to carry arms, than only to be allowed to use them in wounding one's self.

Liebig's Theory

Mr. Courtney and 'A.' Corporation Jobbing.

47

To our Readers

ib.

Answers to Correspondents

Advertizements

THE NEXT ELECTION--TRY

BACK!

ib.

48

It is true that, in the present state of society, we can never expect all, nor even the bulk of those on whom the

WHOEVER has a vote to give, has a great duty to perform, not only to himself, but to his country; in the right discharge of which, he proves his honesty and his patriotism. Nothing fur-duty in question devolves, to be pernishes a better test of the state of a nation's morals, than the manner in which the different members of a community act in regard to such an obligation. For if here they can be indifferent, it is obvious, that however scrupulous they may be in other departments of duty, their virtue is, for the most part, merely conventional.

What a misnomer, to call that man honest, who can be just to the individual, but can rob the million? This, however, is what every man does who votes contrary to his principles. We admit, it is true, that some worthy persons are in no danger of falling into this sin, because they have no principles to vote against. The man who does not give an honest vote, is only somewhat worse than the tradesman who furnishes a false account, or the juryman who returns a false verdict; inasmuch as the injury done by the former act of dishonesty extends itself to a much greater number of persons than the former, and spreads itself over a much longer period of time. We would say, would we could put the sentence in execution, let the man who sells a vote be transported, as much as the man who steals a horse;

fectly conscientious in the discharge of it. But what one chiefly regrets, is, that so many in whose fidelity we should, from their general sentiments and character, be taught to confide, prove false to the interests of truth, liberty, and justice. If there be any class of men one would expect to act with a most scrupulous regard to truth and consistency, when they are called upon to say who shall represent them in Parliament, it is the dissenters of Great Britain. Who, however, will say their past conduct has, on the whole, justified such an expectation?

It were difficult, we think, to find a specimen of more palpable inconsistency than has, hitherto, characterized dissenters at elections. In their votes there has been, in most cases, no expression of their real sentiments. They profess to regard all Church establishments as unscriptural and unjust in principle, and pernicious in their influence, and yet they have sent to Parliament men who hold such establishments to be a national good, and will do all in their power to support them. They look upon perfect liberty of conscience to be one of the first and most precious rights of man, and then vote

UNSTAMPED, 1D. STAMPED...2D.

for a man who will legislate upon the principle, that such a sentiment is false; that the statesman has a right to manufacture a religion for the people, as much as any Yorkshireman to manufacture cloth, or any petty druggist pills. Contending that all compulsory support of religion is a gross injustice, opposed to the rights of conscience and the claims of God, they, nevertheless, choose for their representatives in Parliament, those who will treat such a notion with the most sovereign contempt, and will deem it just and pious to tax all sects for the support of one.

Why should we be surprized, this being the manner in which the dissenters have acted, at what has transpired during the present session of Parliament? Why should not folly, as well as wisdom, have its reward? The dissenter wonders he got up meetings, formed associations, appointed deputations, protested, remonstrated, and petitioned in vain, against a measure he deems false and unjust in principle, and daugerous in its tendency! Let him wonder rather at his own folly in employing, to represent him, the men who have been so consistent in supporting it. He has placed himself like a camel upon the ground, that they might put what burden upon him they pleased; and when they have heaped upon him such a weight, as to keep him there, and laugh maliciously at his fruitless efforts to rise, let him not complain.

The improbability of success, even if the proper effort were made to obtain better men, will, doubtless, be the excuse. 'We have selected the best we could find.

Had we stood out for better, worse would have gone. Where were we to find candidates, of exactly our own sentiments, who, with any chance of success, would have stood?' We suspect, however, the attempt has not been made; or not made with sufficient vigour and determination. We cannot tell, precisely, what is the relative strength of dissent in different parts of

the kingdom. We cannot but think,

EMIGRATION.

work going on, making docks and canals. I was offered 2s. 9d. a day. I was very near buying a horse and cart, but was afraid the work would stop in the winter.

senters in Parliament; which number would have been worth the whole pack of whigs. And even if this could not have been done, what then? Would it not be better for dissenters to state what they want, and say what they mean,-to do what is right, and leave the result, than to be laying themselves open to constant misrepresentation by the kind of compromise they have so often adopted? Justice, if she be somewhat tardy, is always worth waiting for. It were much better to

therefore,

In the month of July last, a young man left Long Buckby for Upper Canada, accompanied by his wife and five children. He had been accustomed to keep a horse and cart, and work for hire, but could not earn a living. He was a steady and industrious man, and his wife was an excellent manager. The particulars subjoined are extracted from a letter from him, dated "December 25th, Picton, Prince Edward's County, Midland District, Upper Canada." They landed, after a very rough passage, on the 2nd of September, at Gross Island,

wheelbarrow. There is a large market of cabbages, larger than at home. Here we meat each day, and fruit; some apples and were, waiting for the government boat for a free passage. It not coming, two Scotch families and we took our

Passage to Kingston—250 miles, part river, part canal. The papers at home stated this passage at 18s. a head, and 2s. 6d. cwt. for luggage. I got up the whole distance, family and all, for 20s., including 6d. twice, for carting boxes to the steamer. In fact, they charge nothing

the whole debt, than to be meanly taking the paltry penny in the pound; or what is worse, receiving it in base coin, merely for the sake of getting it at the present moment. A manly person would say, "If I can do with this I can do without it; if I can do with a whig, I can do with a tory; and if I can do with either, I can do with neither; and till I can find a true man, I will find no vote."

Whig-ridden dissenter! sew up thy mouth, or open it only to make confession. Thou, like others, hast been a poor deluded idolater of rank. Thou hast been made drunk with the wine of aristocratic favour, and hast gone reeling on, thou knowest not whither. The thought of being represented, or at least smiled upon, by some titled person, some sprout of aristocracy, has unmanned thee, and led thee often to honour with thy confidence persons who, like thy mutton or venison, would be better for hanging awhile. Thy principles thou hast maintained, as long as they neither ate nor drank; but the moment they have been incapable of paying for their board and lodging, thou hast turned them out of doors. Frightened to death at the gust of chartism, thou hast run into the very jaws of tyranny. Thou hast had a lesson or two of late, how ever, and hast found that if thy principles are not worth supporting, they are not worth selling. Learn wisdom; play the man, instead of playing the fool; and thou shalt be free for ever.

away

But, if thou wilt, go canting about freedom, justice, civil and religious liberty, and then go and vote it at the very first election. Be prepared to place thy conscience under the silent system, or thou wilt be likely enough to hear, from it, the harsh but just rebuke-"Thou hypocrite!"

ness compelled them to enter the infirmary, and twenty-two days afterward, the wife died.

"She did not grieve so much to leave the children as I expected. After charging me to use them well, she said she could leave them with more comfort than if she had died in England, as she was not afraid they would ever go to a Union; and that I should do better for them here than at home."

On the 1st of October, "with a heavy heart," the father and his children started called "landing money," which is a small for Quebec. There he received what is sum secured to emigrants, and wisely intended to save them from destitution, when first they set foot on a foreign shore. The amount paid him was twenty-one dollars.

"It looked as if all the shipping in the world were assembled together. They reached several miles down the river. The town is seated on a high hill, with a large battery, which I went up to see, Here were a great many cannon and balls lying, which I should think might defy all the armies in the world from taking it."

The next movement of the emigrants was from Quebec to Montreal, and is thus described.

"I applied for a free passage up the country, but the agent having to pay me, said I had plenty of money. There was one Scotch family who had £100 got up free, by telling him they had friends up the country, and could not get to them. I went on board a steamer called the "Lord Sydenham," which was the largest vessel ever I saw,-200 feet long, fitted up with separate rooms, with glass windows, and a good deal of glass roofing. It looked like a palace. I paid seven shillings to go to Montreal, luggage free; set off at night, and got to Montreal at eight o'clock the next morning-180 miles."

The Emigrant's Sketch of Montreal.

Here are eleven hundred one-horse carts "This is a surprising place for trade. and trucks kept, carting to and from ships and steamers;-a great deal of government

A little piece of important advice. "I am sorry I did not bring more things with me. Tools are dear here. My peckiron bar, which I nearly gave away, would be worth 12s. here. People should bring all their tools. They would have something to work with. I was told not to bring a spade; but the spades here are only fit to buy and sell again—not to work

with."

The passage to Kingston is encumbered by many locks, and the travellers stopped plishing this latter part of their journey, at night. They were four days accomarriving there on the 10th of October. It is described as a large town, with a good market, and streets well paved. Here, on applying at the Emigrant Agent Office, he had the offer of a free conveyance to Picton; and four great loaves of bread were given him unsolicited.

The Emigrants' arrival at their destination.

"I got my boxes on board the steamer "Prince Edward," for Picton; got here at midnight; was put on shore about five o'clock the next morning.

"This was no enviable position, and I felt the loneliness of my situation; and the loss of my dear wife preyed upon my spirits, which, though naturally strong, were almost ready to sink. I wrapped the children up, and set them together on the things, while I went to see if I could find any one up. After a while, I found a woman milking a cow. She told me to bring the children up. They gave us our breakfast," etc.

The day after his arrival he obtained employment, in which he was occupied at the date of his letter, being paid by the piece. His oldest child had been at work seven days, and had earned his board and lodging, and seven shillings.

Prices of Provision, &c. Wheat, 3s. 9d. per bushel. White peas, 1s. 9d. Oats, 10d. Flour, 1s. 4d. pr. stone. Beef, mutton, and pork, 3d. per pound, at