fealty (fidelitatis) to the Apostolic See, prescribed in the Apostolic Commission.

The form of Oath.

[This is the same, word for word, with that required of bishops elect, before they can be consecrated, as in p. 53.]

After the oath has been sworn, the Pontiff rises in his mitre, takes the pallium from the altar, and puts it over the shoulders of the elect on his knees, saying:

Ad honorem omnipotentis Dei, et beatæ Mariæ semper virginis, ac beatorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, Domini nostri N. Papæ N. et sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ, nec non Ecclesiæ N. tibi commissæ, tradimus tibi Pallium de corpore beati Petri sumptum, in quo est plenitudo Pontificalis officii, cum Patriarchalis (vel archiepiscopalis) nominis appellatione; ut utaris eo intra Ecclesiam tuam certis diebus, qui exprimuntur in privilegiis ab Apostolica sede concessis. In nomine Pa+tris, et Fi+lii, et Spiritus+sancti. R. Amen.

To the honour of Almighty God, and the blessed Mary ever Virgin, and of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, of our Lord N., Pope N., and the holy Roman Church, and also of the Church of N. committed to thee; we deliver to thee the pallium taken from the body of the blessed Peter, in the which (pallium) is the plentitude of the Pontifical office, together with the name and title of patriarch, (or archbishop, as the case may be); which thou mayest use within thy own church on certain days expressly mentioned in the privileges granted by the Apostolic See. In the name of the Fa+ther, and the + Son, and the Holy+Ghost. R. Amen.

This done, the Pontiff withdraws to the Gospel corner of the altar; and the patriarch or archbishop [being now so called] rises in the pallium, and ascending to the altar, his cross displayed before him, if in his own church or other church of his diocese or province, solemnly blesses the people with his head uncovered. [Which concludes this important and useful ceremonial.* The following rubrics are added.]

* The pallium or pall is one of the chief badges of Antichrist. At first it was given by the Christian emperors to the prelates, as a badge of autho

Whereas the plenitude of the Pontifical office is conferred by the pallium, before that any one has obtained the pallium, he has no right to the name of patriarch, or primate, or archbishop; and it is not allowed to him either to consecrate bishops, or call a Council, or make the chrism, or dedicate churches, or ordain clergy; no, even though he may have had the pallium in another church, since it behoveth him to petition for a new pallium, [if he has been translated.]

He can, however, before the pallium has been received by

rity over the inferior orders of their clergy, as the emperors themselves wore it in token of their temporal power over the inferior officers of the empire. In the sixth century the bishops of Rome began to assume the conferring of it, as a token of the merit or virtue of him that wore it; and from this, in time, it grew into its present use and doctrine, so as to be regarded as the very essential constituting a patriarch, primate, or archbishop. The first Bishop of Rome we find giving the pall was Vigilius, who sent it A.D. 543, to Auxenius bishop of Arles (Dupin, tom. iv. p. 48.) The next was Pelagius I., the successor of Vigilius, who sent it to Sabandus, the next bishop of Arles. The next we find conferring it was Gregory I., at the close of the sixth century, who sent it to many bishops, and among the rest, to Augustine of Canterbury. Gregory says expressly, "that the custom is to give it only to bishops of merit, who desire it importunately" (Ibid. p. 79): so far was it from being yet thought to be that which made an archbishop. Even in the 9th century Hinckmar observes, "that the pall is only an ornament suitable to the metropolitana, as a mark of the dignity or virtue of him that wears it." (Ibid. century 9th, p. 34.) However, before the end of the fourteenth century, they had discovered its great profitableness, and consequently its amazing sacramental powers. In the Decretals of Gregory XI., it was declared, “that an archbishop cannot call a Council, consecrate bishops," &c., as in the above rubric. And Innocent III. decreed that it conveyed the plenitude of Apostolic power; and that neither the functions, nor the title of archbishop could be assumed without it; and that too, even after translation from one province to another, as above.

The manner of making the Pallium is the following:-It is the custom for the nuns of St. Agnes to present two lambs every year as an offertory on the altar of their church, on the feast-day of their patroness saint. These (holy) lambs are taken away during the night by the Pope's agents, and ceremoniously put to pasture till shearing time; when they are ceremoniously shorn; and the pall is made of their wool, mixed with other wool. It is then laid on the body of St. Peter, i. e. on the high altar of the Lateran Church, said to contain the bodies of Saints Peter and Paul. And hence, because it is taken (sumptum) from the body of St. Peter, it confers (ipso tactu, by its very touch) the plenitude of Pontifical power, on whomsoever the Pope confers it for that purpose. This lucky discovery has been a source of incalculable wealth to the coffers of the Papacy. Matthew Paris informs us that Walter de Gray, translated to York, A.D. 1215, had not his pall at less than £10,000; which was equal to £30,000 of our money! (Twysden's Vindication.) Hence all the above stringent

rubrics.

him, commit such consecrations to another, provided that he has not delayed to petition for the pallium.

Nor can the elect, before he has received the pallium, carry the cross before him. Nor can a patriarch or archbishop wear the pallium out of his own patriarchate or province, nor within the same at all times, but only in the churches in the solemnities of mass on special feast-days; but not in processions, nor in masses for the dead; moreover the pallium is a personal thing, and therefore cannot be lent to another, nor left to any one at death, but the patriarch or archbishop must be buried with it on him. [Otherwise, the profits which constitute the only virtue of the pallium would be diminished.]

The Benediction of an Abbot of Apostolic authority.-De Benedictione Abbatis Apostolica auctoritate, p. 138.

[This is the next article in the Pontifical; and as it is in many parts similar to the office of consecrating a bishop, we can be more brief in describing it. The general Rubric, directing the preparations to be made in the church for the ceremonial, is the same, with the exception of the matter for anointing, which is omitted, as an abbot is not anointed.

"Then first, if the elect has not already profest (i. e. is not a monk), he goes through the ceremonies of admission into the order as a monk; [athe which ceremonies are here all laid down in full detail in the Pontifical.]

This done, then the elect is presented to the Pontiff by two assisting abbots, with the same forms as in the consecrating of a bishop; the Apostolic mandate or commission allowing the benediction is read; after which, the oath of allegiance to the Papacy is administered to the elect. [a This oath is the same, word for word, as that exacted of bishops, &c. Then follows the examination, (examen,) which consists of the following interrogations and sponsions.]

*

1. Interrog. Wilt thou persevere in thy holy purpose, and keep the rule of St. N.

Vis tuum sanctum propositum et sancti N. regulam observare, tibique subjectos,

* So that all bishops, archbishops, patriarchs and abbots of Apostolic authority, take the same oath of allegiance and fealty to the Pope, as in

p. 53.

and diligently train thy subjects to do the same? Ans. I will.

2. Interrog. Wilt thou refrain from all that is evil, and with God's help, as far as thou art able, change thy life to all that is good? Ans. I will.

3. Interrog. Wilt thou, with God's holy help, keep chastity, sobriety, humility, and patience in thyself, and teach thy subjects the same? Ans. I will.

4. Interrog. Wilt thou keep faithfully the goods of the monastery committed to thy charge, and distribute them to the uses of the Church, the brethren, the poor, and the pilgrims (strangers)? Ans. I will.

5. Interrog. Wilt thou always devoutly and faithfully render in all things faith, subjection, obedience and reverence, to our holy Mother the Church of Rome, to our most holy Lord N. supreme Pontiff and his successors ? Ans. I will.

ut idipsum faceant diligenter instruere? Resp. Volo.

Vis mores tuos ab omni malo temperare, et quantum, adjuvante Domino, poteris, ad omne bonum commutare? Resp. Volo.

Vis castitatem, sobrietatem, humilitatem, et patientiam cum Dei adjutorio in teipso custodire, subditosque tuos talia docere? Resp. Volo.

Vis res monasterii tibi commissi fideliter custodire, et in usus Ecclesiæ, fratrum, pauperum, et peregrinorum distribuere? Resp. Volo.

Vis sanctæ matri Ecclesiæ Romanæ, ac sanctissimo Domino nostro N. summo Pontifici, ejusque successoribus fidem, subjectionem, obedientiam, et reverentiam devote et fideliter per omnia perpetuo exhibere. Resp. Volo.

["If the elect abbot is non-exempt (i. e. not freed by Apostolic authority from subjection to any other superior but the Pope), then in addition to all the aforesaid sponsions, another is joined, in which he vows]" Always devoutly and faithfully to render faith, subjection, obedience, and reverence to the holy Church of N. and the patriarch of the same, or archbishop, or bishop, and his successors," to whom the abbot is subject. Where the only difference, it will be observed, between this sponsion and that which precedes it, is, that the phrase, Per omnia is omitted.-This with the oath of allegiance is the peculiar distinction of the Pope.]

Then follows the mass, celebrated by the Pontiff and the elect, each apart, [aas before in the consecration of a bishop. After the Gradual are said the seven penitential Psalms, the Litany, and two prefatory Collects. Then comes the Preface, in which the Pontiff says:]

O holy Lord, almighty Father, eternal God, pour out through our prayers on this thy servant, the abundant spirit of thy bene+diction: Here the Pontiff lays both his hands stretched out, but without disjoining his fingers, on the head of the elect, saying:-That he who, being chosen by thee, is this day made an Abbot by the imposition of our hand, may continue worthy of thy sanctification; and never after be separated from thy grace as unworthy. Here the Pontiff removes his hands from the head of the elect, and again holding them stretched out before his breast, proceeds:

ex

Domine sancte, Pater omnipotens, æterne Deus, affluentem Spiritum tuæ bene+ dictionis super hunc famulum tuum, nobis orantibus, propitius infunde. Hîc Pontifex imponit ambas manus tensas, digitis non disjunctis, super caput Electi, et eas sic tenet, dicens :-Ut qui per nostræ manus impositionem hodie Abbas Abbas constituitur, sancti+ficatione tua dignus, à te electus permaneat; et numquam postmodum à tua gratia separetur indignus. Hic Pontifex amovet manus de capite Electi, ac eas ante pectus extensas tenens, dicit:

[a With the Preface, which is an affectedly wordy prayer for the bestowment of the ascetic virtues. It ends thus], That so serving thee, O Lord, through thy bounty, with a clean heart, blamelessly in all thy commandments, he may come with multiplied usury to the prize of the vocation from on high, and with the hundred-fold fruit, and the crown of righteousness, to thy rewards of heavenly treasures. Through, &c.

[aThen follow three prayers, the third of which is very long and wordy, of which the following extract will suffice.]

Hear, O Lord, our prayers, which we pour forth in the sight of thy majesty over this thy servant, who, instead of thy name (i. e. instead of

Exaudi, Domine, preces nostras, quas in conspectu tuæ majestatis super hunc famulum tuum fundimus, qui vice tui nominis ad guberna

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