Though unable at Yuste to indulge the love of sport, which may have had its influence in drawing him to the chestnut woods of the Vera, we have seen that he continued to the last to take his pleasure in the converse and companionship of the Jeromites. In the cloister, Charles was no less popular than he had been in the world; for in spite of his feeble health and phlegmatic temperament, in spite of his caution, which amounted to distrust, and his selfishness, which frequently took the form of treachery, in spite of his love of power, and the unsparing severity with which he punished the assertion of popular rights, there was still that in his conduct and bearing which gained the favor of the multitude. A little book, of no literary value, but frequently printed both in French and Flemish, sufficiently indicates in its title the qualities which colored the popular view of his character. "The Life and Actions, Heroic and Pleasant, of the invincible Emperor Charles V.," was long a favorite chap-book in the Low Countries. It relates how he defeated Solyman the magnificent, and how he permitted a Walloon boor to obtain judgment against him for the value of a sheep, killed by the wheels of his coach; how he charged the Moorish horsemen at Tunis; and how he jested incognito with the woodmen of Soigne. A similar impression, deepened by his reputation for sanctity, he seems to have left behind him amongst the sylvan hamlets of Estremadura. From Yuste, Luis Quixada and his wife returned to their house at Villagarcia, near Valladolid, taking Don Juan with them. When Philip II. arrived in Spain, in 1559, he received his brother and his guardian at the neighboring convent of San Pedro de la Espina. They afterwards followed the court to Madrid, where Quixada had an opportunity of signalizing his devotion to his master's son, by rescuing him from a fire, which burnt down their house in the night, before he attended to the safety of Doña Magdalena. This, and his other services, In one point alone did Charles in the cell were not neglected by the king, who made differ widely from Charles on the throne. In him master of the horse to the heir-apparent, the world, fanaticism had not been one of his and president of the council of the Indies, and vices; he feared the keys no more than his gave him several commanderies in the order of cousin of England; and he confronted the suc- Calatrava. When Don Juan was sent to comcessor of St. Peter no less boldly than he mand against the Moriscos, whom Christian made head against the heir of St. Louis. When persecution and bad faith had driven to revolt he held Clement VII. prisoner in Rome, he in the Alpuxarras, the old major-domo went permitted at Madrid the mockery of masses with him as a military tutor. They were refor that pontiff's speedy deliverance. Against connoitring the strong mountain fortress of Sethe Protestants he fought rather as rebels ron, when a bold sally from the place threw than as heretics; and he frequently stayed the the Castilians into disorder bordering on flight, hand of the triumphant zealots of the church. in the course of which a bullet from an infidel At Wittenberg, he set a fine example of mod-gun finished the campaigns of the comrade of eration, in forbidding the destruction of the tomb of Luther-saying, that he contended with the living, and not with the dead. But once within the walls of Yuste, and he assumed all the passions, and prejudices, and superstitions of a friar. Looking back on his past life, he thanked God for the evil that he had done in the matter of religious persecution, and repented him, in sackcloth and ashes, of having kept his plighted word to a heretic. Religion was the enchanted ground whereon that strong will was paralyzed, and that keen intellect fell groveling in the dust. Protestant and philosophic historians love to relate how Charles, finding that no two of his time-pieces could be made to go alike, remarked that he had perhaps erred in spending so much blood and treasure in the hope of compelling men to uniformity in the more difficult matter of religion. We fear the anecdote Charles V. He fell, shot through the shoulder, by the side of his pupil; and he died of the wound at Canilles, on the 25th of February, 1570, in the arms of his wife, who had hurried from Madrid to nurse him. Don Juan buried him with military honors, and mourned for him as for a father. The good Doña Magdalena retired to Villagarcia, and employed her childless widowhood in works of charity and piety, in prayers for the soul of her husband, and for the success of her darling young prince. For the latter she also engaged in a work of a more practical and secular kind; for the hero of Lepanto wore no linen but what was wrought by her loving hands. His sad and early death severed her chief tie to the world, and left religion no rival in her heart. The companions of Francis Borja, who had first kindled the holy flames of her devotion at Yuste, became her guides and coun sellors; and she built and endowed no less than three Jesuit colleges at Villagarcia, Santander, From the North British Review. DICKENS AND THACKERAY. and Oviedo. Her life of gentle and blameless OUR impression of the difference between enthusiasm ended in 1598, when she was laid the two authors in the matter of style is beside her lord in the collegiate church of Villagarcia. Amongst the relics of that temple, two crucifixes were held in peculiar veneration, -one being that which she had pressed to her dying lips, the other a trophy rescued by Luis Quixada from a church burned by the Moors in the war of the Alpuxarras. William Van Male, the gentle and literary chamberlain, returned to Flanders, with a slender annual pension of 150 florins, which was to be reduced one half on his becoming keeper of the palace at Brussels, an office of which the king had given him the reversion. He died in 1560, and was buried in the church of St. Gudule, at Brussels, where his widow, Hippolyta Reynen, was laid by his side in 1579. very much what it has always been from a general reading acquaintance with their works, namely, that Mr. Thackeray is the more terse and idiomatic, and Mr. Dickens the more diffuse and luxuriant writer. Both seem to be easy penmen, and to have language very readily at their command; both also seem to convey their meaning as simply as they can, and to be careful, according to their notions of verbal accuracy; but in Mr. Dicken's sentences there is a leafiness, a tendency to words and images, for their own sake; whereas, in Mr. Thackeray's, one sees the stem and outline of the thought better. We have no great respect for that canon of style which demands in English writers the use of Saxon in Father Borja continued to teach and to travel preference to Latin words, thinking that a rule with unflagging zeal. Soon after preaching to which there are natural limitations, variable the emperor's funeral sermon, he was again in with the writer's aim and with the subject he Portugal, visiting the colleges at Evora, Coim- treats; but we should suppose that critics bra, and Braga, and aiding in the foundation who do regard the rule would find Mr. Thackof the college of Porto. Called to Rome by eray's style the more accordant with it. On Pope Pius IV., to advise on affairs of the church, the whole, if we had to choose passages at he was twice chosen vicar-general of the com- random, to be set before young scholars as pany; and finally, in 1565, he received the staff | examples of easy and vigorous English comof Loyola. During his rule of seven years, position, we would take them rather from the order lengthened its cords and strengthened Thackeray than from Dickens. There is a its stakes in every part of the world, and in Horatian strictness, a racy strength, in Mr. every condition of mankind. Its astute politi- Thackeray's expressions, even in his more cians gained the ear of princes and prelates level and tame passages, which we miss in who had hitherto been cold, or adverse; its the corresponding passages in Mr. Dickens's colleges rose amid the snows of Poland, and writings, and in which we seem to recognize the forests of Peru; Barbary, Florida, and the effect of those classical studies through Brazil, were watered with the blood of its mar-which an accurate and determinate, though tyrs; and its ministers of mercy moved amongst somewhat bald use of words becomes a fixed the roar of battle, on the bastions of Malta habit. In the ease, and at the same time thoand the decks at Lepanto. The general of rough polish and propriety with which Mr. this great army visited his native Spain, for the Thackeray can use slang words, we seem eslast time, in 1571, when he was sent by Pope pecially to detect the university man. Snob, Pius V. to fan the anti-Turkish flame in the swell, buck, gent, fellow, fogy-these, and bosom of Philip II., and to add a morsel of many more such expressive appellatives, not the true cross to the relics of the Escorial. Of yet sanctioned by the dictionary, Mr. Thackethe offers to build houses for the company, ray employs more frequently, we believe, than which now poured in, the last that he accepted any other living writer, and yet always with was Doña Magdelena de Ulloa's college at Vil- unexceptionable taste. In so doing he is lagarcia, thus finding, after many days, the bread conscious, no doubt, of the same kind of sewhich he had cast upon the waters at Yuste. curity that permits Oxford and Cambridge From Spain, he went to preach the crusade at men, and even, as we can testify, Oxford and the courts of Portugal and France-an ardu- Cambridge clergymen, to season their converous journey, which proved fruitful of royal ca- sation with similar words-namely, the eviresses, but fatal to his enfeebled frame. Fall-dent air of educated manliness with which ing ill by the way, he had barely strength to they can be introduced, and which, however reach Rome to die. In the year 1572, the rough the guise, no one can mistake. In the sixty-second of his age, he was laid beside his use of the words genteel, vulgar, female, and companions in toil and glory, and his predeces- the like-words which men diffident of their sors in power, Loyola and Laynez. own breeding are observed not to risk; as well as in the art of alternating gracefully between the noun lady and the noun woman, the Scylla and Charybdis, if we may say so, of shy talkers-Mr. Thackeray is also a perfect master, commanding his language in such cases with an unconscious ease, not unlike that which enables the true English gen "AFTER long experience of the world," says Junius, "I affirm before God, I never knew a rogue who was not unhappy.' Very likely another author had intimated before the observations of Junius, that even the righteous "is of few days and full of trouble." tleman he is so fond of portraying, either to name titled personages of his acquaintance without seeming a tuft-hunter, or to refrain from naming them without the affectation of radicalism. In Mr. Dickens, of course, we have the same perfect taste and propriety; but in him the result appears to arise, if we may so express ourselves, rather from the keen and feminine sensibility of a fine genius, whose instinct is always for the pure and beautiful, than from the self-possession of a mind correct under any circumstances by discipline and sure habit. Where Mr. Dickens is not exerting himself, that is, in passages of mere equable narrative or description, where there is nothing to move or excite him, his style, as we have already said, seems to us more careless and languid than that of Mr. Thackeray; sometimes, indeed, a whole page is only redeemed from weakness by those little touches of wit, and those humorous turns of conception which he knows so well how to sprinkle over it. It is due to Mr. Dickens to state, however, that in this respect his "Copperfield" is one of his most pleasing productions, and a decided improvement on its predecessor "Dombey." Not only is the spirit of the book more gentle and mellow, but the style is more continuous and careful, with fewer of those recurring tricks of expression, the dread remnants of former felicities, which constituted what was called his mannerism. Nor must we omit to remark also, that in passages where higher feeling is called into play, Mr. Dickens's style always rises into greater purity and vigor, the weakness and the superfluity disappearing before the concentrating force of passion, and the language often pouring itself forth in a clear and flowing song. This, in fact, is according to the nature of the luxuriant or poetical genius, which never expresses itself in its best or most concise manner unless the mood be high as well as the meaning clear, for maintaining the excellence of the style of a terse and highly reflective writer, such as Thackeray, on the other hand, the presence of a clear meaning is at all times sufficient, though, of course, here also the pitch and melody will depend on the mood..... There is one piece of positive doctrine, however, in which both Pen and Warrington agree, and of which Mr. Thackeray's writings are decidedly the exponents in the present day, as Mr. Dickens's are of the doctrine of kindliness. This doctrine may be called the doctrine of anti-snobbism. Singular fact! in the great city of London, where higher and more ancient faiths seem to have all but perished, and where men bustle in myriads, scarce restrained by any spiritual law, there has arisen of late years, as there arose in Mecca of old, a native form of ethical belief, by which its inhabitants are tried and try each other. "Thou shalt not be a snob;" such is the first principle at present of Cockney ethics. And observe how much real sincerity there is in this principle, how it really addresses itself to facts, and only to facts, known and admitted. It is not the major morals of human nature, but what are called the minor morals of society, and these chiefly in their æsthetic aspect, as modes of pleasant breeding, that the Cockney system of ethics recognizes. Its maxims and commands are not "Thou shalt do no wrong," "Thou shalt have no other gods before me," "Thou shalt not covet," — but, "Thou shalt pronounce thy H's," "Thou shalt not abuse waiters as if they were dogs," "Thou shalt not falsely make a boast of dining with peers and members of Parliament." He who offends in these respects is a snob. Thus, at least, the Cockney moralist professes no more than he really believes. The real species of moral evil recognized in London, the real kind of offence which the moral sentiment there punishes, and cannot away with, is snobbism. The very name, it will be observed, is characteristic and unpretentiouscurt, London-born, irreverent. When you say that a man is a snob, it does not mean that you detest and abhor him, but only that you must cut him, or make fun of him. Such is anti-snobbism, the doctrine of which Mr. Thackeray, among his other merits, has the merit of being the chief literary expounder and apostle. Now it is not a very awful doctrine, certainly; it is not, as our friend Warrington would be the first to admit, the doctrine in the strength of which one would like to guide his own soul, or to face the future and the everlasting; still it has its use, and by all means let it have, yes, let it have its scribes and preachers. From Household Words. WORK AWAY! WORK away! For the Master's eye is on us, Keep upon the anvil ringing Work away! Night and day! Wide the trackless prairies round us, Far away Bring your axes, woodmen true; Of Heaven's sunny eye looks through W Every wild and tangled glade; O'er the torrents fling your bridges, Scouts upon the mountain's peak- Work away! For the Father's eye is on us, WORK AND PRAY! Pray! and Work will be completer; Fear not lest the busy finger From Household Words. on, too polite to outrage Japanese propriety by landing, even from a Phantom Ship, on the main island; so we sail to Kiusiu, and run into the bay of Nagasaki. The isles of Japan, calling rocks islands, are in number three thousand eight hundred and fifty. The main island, Nippon, is larger than Ireland, and is important enough to have been justly called the England of the Pacific Ocean. Only there is a mighty difference between this England, talking about liberty, or cherishing free trade, and that Dai Nippon; in which not a soul does as he pleases, and from which the commerce of the whole world is shut out. Dai (or great) Nippon is the name of the whole state, which the Chinese modify into Jih-pun, and which we have further altered to Japan. On Kiusiu, a large southern island, Nagasaki is the only port into which, on any possible excuse, a foreign vessel is allowed to enter. This port we are now approaching; the dark rocks of the coast line are reflected from a brilliant sea; we pass a mountain island, cultivated to the very submit, terrace above terrace; green hills invite us to our haven, and blue mountains in the distance tempt us to an onward journey. There are white houses shining among cedars; there are pointed temple roofs; boats with their sails up make the water near us lively; surely we shall like Japan. We enter the bay now, and approach Nagasaki, between fruitful hills and temple groves, steeps clothed with evergreen oak, ceOUR PHANTOM SHIP.-JAPAN. dars, and laurels, picturesque rocks, attacked E may as well go by the North-west pas- by man, and wheedled out of practicable ground sage as by any other, on our phantom for corn and cabbages. There is Nagasaki on voyage to Japan. Behring Straits shall be the a hill side, regularly built, every house peeping door by which we enter the Pacific Ocean. We from its little nest of greens; and there is the are soon flitting between islands; from the Dutch factory, named Dezima. Zima in JapaAmerican peninsula of Aliaska runs a chain of nese means island," for this factory is built islands, the Aleutian,-which lie sprinkled upon an island. No Europeans but the Dutch; upon our track, like a train of crumbs dropped no Dutch except these managers of trade who by some Tom Thumb among the giants, who are locked up in Dezima, may traffic with Jamay aforetime have been led astray, not in the pan; and these may traffic to the extent only wood, but on the water. If he landed on of two ships yearly, subject to all manner of Kamtchatka, from the point of that peninsula restrictions. As for the resident Dutch, they he made a fresh start, dropping more crumbs, are locked up in Dezima, which is an island -the Kurile Islands,-till he dropped some made on purpose for them. As if three thoularger pieces, and a whole slice for the main sand, eight hundred and fifty were not enough, island of Japan, before he again reached the another little island, fan-shaped, was built up continent and landed finally on the Corea. In out of the sea a few yards from the shore of sailing by these islands, we have abundant rea-Nagasaki. There the Dutchmen live; a bridge son to observe that they indicate main lines of connects their island with the mainland, but a volcanic action. From Behring Strait, in fact, we enter the Pacific, between two great batteries of subterranean fire. Steering for Japan, we pass, on the Kamtchatkan coast, the loftiest volcano in the old world, Kamtchatskaja teen thousand, seven hundred and sixty-three feet). Following the course of the volcanic chain of Kurile Islands, of which the most northerly belong to Russia, the southern Kuriles are the first land we encounter subject to Japan. We do not go ashore here, to be sent to prison like Golownin, for we are content, at present, to remember that the natives of these islands are the hairiest among men. We sail 66 high gate and a guard of soldiers prevent all unseasonable rambles. In another part of the town there is a factory allowed to the Chinese. Other strangers entering this port are treated (fif-courteously, are supplied gratuitously with such necessaries as they want, but are on no account allowed to see the town, still less to penetrate into the country, and are required to be gone about their business as soon as possible. Strangers attempting entry at any other port belonging to Japan, are without ceremony fired upon as enemies. The admitted Dutch traders are rigorously searched; every thing betraying Christianity is locked up; money and various with gold and color. As to the head equipment, we observe, however, a great difference between the sexes. The men shave their own heads, leaving hair only at the back part and upon the temples, which they gather forward, and tie up into a tuft. The women keep their entire crop of hair standing, and they make the most of it; they spread it out into a turban, and stick through it not a few pieces of polished tortoise-shell, as big as office rulers.* Inviting admiration, the young beauty of Japan paints her face red and white, and puts a purple stain upon her lips; but the remaining touches are forbidden to a damsel till her heart is lost. The swain who seeks to marry her, fixes outside her father's house a certain shrub; if this be taken in-doors by the family, his suit he knows to be accepted; and when next he gets a peep at his beloved, he watches with a palpitating heart the movement of her lips, to see whether her teeth be blackened; for by blackened teeth she manifests the reciprocal affection. Only after marriage, however, is the lady glorified with a permission not only to have black teeth, but also to pull out her eyebrows. arms are removed, and hostages are taken. the men in form, but richer in material, more Every man undergoes personal scrutiny. The Dutch are allowed no money. The Japanese authorities manage all sales for them; pay the minutest items of expenditure, and charge it on the profits of their trade, which are then placed on the return vessel, not in money, but in goods. The Japanese deal justly, even generously, in their way; but it is their way to allow the foreigners no money power. They restrict their exports almost wholly to camphor and copper, and allow no native workmanship to go abroad. Yet among themselves, as between one island and another, commerce is encouraged to the utmost. The Japanese territories range in the temperate zone through a good many degrees, and include all shades of climate between that of Liverpool and that of Constantinople. Between island aud island, therefore, busy interchange takes place by means of junks, like these which now surround us in the Nagasaki harbor. You can observe how weak they look about the sterns, with rudders insecure. The law compels them to be so; for that is an acute device by which they are prevented from travelling too far; they dare not trust themselves too boldly to the mercy of the sea, and as it is, many wrecked men accuse the prudence of their lawgivers. But life is cheap; the population of Japan is probably near thirty million,-and who should care for a few dozen mariners? If you please, we will now walk up into Nagasaki, with our phantom cloaks about us. Being in a region visited by earthquakes, of course we find the houses of one story lightly built; they are built here of wood and clay with chopped straw,-coated over, like our town suburban villas, with cement. Paper, instead of glass, for window panes, Venetian blinds, and around each house a verandah, we observe at once. But our attention is attracted from the houses to the people. How very awkwardly they slip along! With so much energy and vigor in their faces, how is it that they never thought of putting reasonable shoes upon their feet? They wear instead of shoes mere soles of wood or matting, held to the foot each by a peg which runs between the great toe and its neighbor, through a hole made for that purpose in the sock. These clouts they put away on entering a house, as we should put away umbrellas, and wear only socks in-doors. Nevertheless the people here look handsome in their loose, wide gowns, bound by a girdle round the waist, with long sleeves, of which, by the bye, you may perceive that the dependent ends are Japanese coatpockets. Thence you see yonder gentleman drawing his nose-paper,-one of the little squares of clean white paper always ready in the sleeve-pocket to serve the purpose of our handkerchief. That little square when used is, you see, thrown away; but if the gentleman were in a house he would return it to his pocket, to be got rid of in a more convenient place. The women's robes are like those of Those are not little beggars yonder trotting by that lady who is so magnificently dressed; they are her children. The children of the Japanese are all dressed meanly, upon moral grounds. Notice those gentlemen who bow to one another; the ends of a scarf worn by each of them exactly meet the ground, yet one bows lower than another, and they go on walking in the bowed position until each has lost the other from his sight. Those scarfs are regulated by the law; each man must bow so that his scarf shall touch the ground, and it is so made long or short, that he may humble himself more or less profoundly in exact accordance with his rank. Of rank there are eight classes after the Mikado and the Ziogoon, whom we shall come to visit in our travels presently. There are, one, the princes; two, the nobles, who owe feudal service to the prince, or the empire; three, the priests; and four, the soldiers; these four form the higher orders, and enjoy the privilege of wearing two swords and petticoat trousers. Class five counts as respectable; inferior officials and doctors constitute this class, and wear one sword with the trousers. Merchants and respectable tradesmen form class six, whose legs may not pollute the trousers, though, by entering themselves as domestics to a man of rank, they may enjoy the privilege of carrying one sword. These are the only people by whom wealth can be accumulated. Class seven-artists, artisans, and petty shopkeepers. Class eight-day laborers and peasants. Tradesmen who work on leather, tanners, &c., are excluded from classification. They are defiled, and may not even live with ⚫ Hats are not used by either sex except in rainy weather, but every Japanese carries a fan; even the beggar yonder holds his fan to that young lady, whereupon she drops her charitable gift. |