Thompson v. St. Nicholas National Bank. account of its transactions with Capron & Merriam to the plaintiffs' testator, but it did omit to send a written statement thereof in response to his notice requiring the same. The defendant subsequently sold all of the securities held by it, either at public or private sale, using its best efforts to obtain as large a price as possible for them, and realized less than the amount of the debt due to it from Capron & Merriam. The plaintiffs' testator in October, 1879, claiming to be the owner of the bonds, demanded of the defendant their unconditional delivery to him; and in April, 1880, brought this action to recover their possession. Each party, on the close of the evidence, requested the direction by the court of a verdict, and the court granted the request of the defendant, and ordered a verdict for it. To this direction the plaintiffs excepted. The plaintiffs also asked to go to the jury, in case the court should refuse to direct a verdict for them upon certain grounds stated, upon the fact whether the defendant was not liable for the full value of forty-eight certain bonds "which they sold without notice to plaintiffs' intestate, and he is entitled to have applied on the bank's account the highest market price which they would realize in extinguishment of the bank's claim, leaving the rest of the securities free and clear." This was refused, and the plaintiffs excepted. The court ordered the exceptions to be heard in the first instance at the General Term. There were some exceptions to the admission or rejection of evidence by the court taken by the plaintiffs during the trial, but none are referred to in the appellants' brief on the argument before us, and they were all unimportant. Neither has the exception to the refusal of the court to permit the plaintiffs to go to the jury on the alleged question of fact been argued or presented on the appeal. The refusal of the court was so obviously proper that it is unnecessary to spend time in discussing it. It thus appears that the only exception in the case is to the direction of the court requiring the jury to find for the defendant. This exception presents the question whether, upon all of the facts of the case, the plaintiffs had established a right to demand the surrender of such bonds, or any part thereof, by the defendant to them. We think there was no error in the disposiVOL. III.-84. Thompson v. St. Nicholas National Bank. tion made of the case by the trial court. The complaint alleges the ownership of the bonds by the plaintiff; that on or about the 18th day of April, 1874, the defendant became wrongfully and illegally possessed of the same; that upon demand it had refused to deliver them up to plaintiff; and a demand of judgment for the return of the bonds, and in case that could not be had, a judgment for their value. The answer denied all of the allegations of the complaint except its own incorporation, and a demand of the bonds by the plaintiff, and for a second defense alleged the transfer of said bonds to it by Capron & Merriam as security for certain loans and demands made to and for said Capron & Merriam, the non-payment of the debt for which they were pledged, and a sale of such securities pursuant to the agreement under which they were pledged. The issue in the case was thus a plain one. The plaintiff claimed to be the absolute owner of the bonds, unaffected by any right which the defendant might assert in respect to them; and to maintain the action he was bound to show that no title passed to the defendant by their transfer, or that at some time prior to the commencement of the action he had become entitled to the possession of such bonds, or some part thereof. Duncan v. Brennan, 83 N. Y. 487; Clements v. Yturria, 81 id. 285; Redman v. Hendricks, 1 Sandf. 32; Ingraham v. Hammond, 1 Hill, 353; Pattison v. Adams, 7 id. 126; 42 Am. Dec. 59. Assuming the validity of the transaction by which the defendant became possessed of the bonds, this could be effected only by proof that the debt for which they were pledged had been wholly paid or the tender of a sufficient sum to discharge such debt. Lewis v. Mott, 36 N. Y. 395; Bakeman v. Pooler, 15 Wend. 637; Talty v. Trust Co., 93 U. S. 321. This, confessedly, the plaintiff did not show. Various alleged equitable claims have been presented by the appellants as affecting the determination of this appeal; but, admitting their existence, the form of the action does not permit their consideration here. The action was replevin in cepit, and predicated upon the alleged wrongful taking by the defendant of the bonds in question from Capron & Merriam. The application of the deposits of the 18th day of April to the extinguishment of the unpaid Thompson v. St. Nicholas National Bank. balance of account existing against Capron & Merriam on the morning of that day, instead of the indebtedness created by the payment of the certified checks, was properly made, and could not be questioned by the plaintiff. The demand upon which they were applied was a running account, composed of a number of items accruing at different times, all equally secured by the collaterals held by the defendant, but which were always insufficient to discharge the whole debt. Under such circumstances, in the absence of any express application of payments by the parties, the law applies them to the earliest items of the account. Truscott v. King, 6 N. Y. 147; Harding v. Tifft, 75 id. 461; Webb v. Dickinson, 11 Wend. 62; U. S. v. Kirkpatrick, 9 Wheat. 720; Munger Paym. 102. The main contention of the appellants is that the transaction by which the defendant certified checks for Capron & Merriam, without having an equivalent amount of money on deposit to meet them, was a violation of section 5208 of the United States Revised Statutes, and that no valid debt against Capron & Merriam was created thereby; or, in other words, that the defendant did not become a bona fide holder of such bonds by reason of payments made in pursuance of such alleged illegal and prohibited arrangement. The statute is as follows: "It shall be unlawful for any officer, clerk or agent of any National banking association to certify any check drawn upon the association unless the person or company drawing the check has on deposit with the association, at the time such check is certified, an amount of money equal to the amount specified in such check. Any check so certified by duly authorized officers shall be a good and valid obligation against the association, but the act of any officer, clerk or agent of any association in violation of this section shall subject such bank to the liabilities and proceedings on the part of the comptroller, as provided for in section fifty-two hundred and thirty-four." It will be seen that the statute affirms the legality of the contract of certification, and expressly prescribes the consequences which shall follow its violation. It therefore appears that so far from making the contract of certification void and illegal, its validity is expressly affirmed, and the consequences which follow a violation are specially defined, and impliedly limit the penalty incurred to a forfeiture of the bank's charter and the winding up of its affairs. There is a clear implication from this provision Thompson v. St. Nicholas National Bank. that no other consequences are intended to follow a violation of the statute. It would indeed defeat the very policy of an act intended to promote the security and strength of the National banking system if its provisions should be so construed as to inflict a loss upon them, and a consequent impairment of their financial responsibility. The decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States are uniform in giving this construction to the provisions of the National Banking Act. Bank v. Stewart, 107 U. S. 676; ante 96; 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 778; Bank v. Matthews, 98 U. S. 621; 2 Nat. Bank. Cas. 12; Bank v. Whitney, 103 U. S. 99; ante 5. The principle decided in Bank v. Stewart seems to be in point. There the bank made a loan upon the security of shares of its own stock, which loan was prohibited by section 5201 of the United States Revised Statutes. After the debt became due the bank sold the shares and applied their proceeds to the payment of the debt. The administrators of the debtor sued to recover the proceeds of the sale, and it was held that they could not recover, as the contract had been executed. In Bank v. Matthews the court held that a mortgage on real estate, taken to secure an existing indebtedness and for future advances, was a valid security in the hands of the bank, although by sections 5136 and 5137 of the Revised Statutes of the United States it was impliedly prohibited from taking such securities. It was held that the government alone was entitled to prosecute for the offense committed by the bank in taking a prohibited security, Justice SWAYNE saying: "The impending danger of a judgment of ouster and dissolution was we think the check, and none other, contemplated by Congress." The same principle was held by this court in Bank v. Savery, 82 N. Y. 291. But we are further of the opinion that the section has no application to the question here, which concerns the relations between Capron & Merriam and the defendant alone. By the deposit in question, Capron & Merriam secured the promise of the bank to protect their checks of a certain day for a specified amount. The certification of these checks was entirely aside from this agree ment. That was a contract between the bank and the anticipated holders of the checks. Capron & Merriam had received the con Thompson v. St. Nicholas National Bank. sideration for their pledge when the bank agreed with them to honor their checks. This would have been equally effectual between these parties without any certification. That act was simply a promise to such persons as might receive the checks that they should be paid on presentation to the bank, in accordance with the previous agreement with Capron & Merriam. The legal effect of the agreement was that the bank should loan a certain amount to Capron & Merriam, and would pay it out on their checks to the persons holding them. It was entirely lawful for the bank to contract to pay Capron & Merriam's checks, and it did not affect the legality of that transaction that they also represented to third parties that they had made such an agreement and would pay such checks. Capron & Merriam cannot dispute their liability for the amount paid out in pursuance of such an agreement, and neither can any other party standing in the shoes of the bank depositor. The fact that the bank, in connection with an agreement to pay such checks, had also promised third parties to pay them, could not invalidate the liability previously incurred, or impair the security which had previously been given to it upon a valid consideration. The fact of the certification was entirely immaterial in respect to the liability incurred by Capron & Merriam to the bank. We have been unable to discover any evidence in the case impairing the title to the bonds acquired by the bank through their transfer by Capron & Merriam to it. The purpose for which they were transferred by Thompson contemplated their possible and probable transfer and sale by Capron & Merriam, and the bank acquired a valid title to them by such transfer. The evidence showed that the transaction between Capron & Merriam and the bank was in the ordinary course of business pursued by the bank, and that it received the bonds in good faith for a valuable consideration. Within all the authorities, this gave it good title to such securities. Welch v. Sage, 47 N. Y. 143; 7 Am. Rep. 423; Murray v. Lardner, 2 Wall. 110; Machine Co. v. Best, 105 N. Y. 59. The bank having acquired a valid title to the bonds, was authorized to deal with them for the purpose of effecting the object for which they were transferred by Capron & Merriam. Talty |