produced a ground-plan of the whole, with a restored view of this interesting structure, which it is hoped will be cleared of the floors and modern fittings by which it is at present disfigured. Mr. Le Keux brought some fragments of painted glass, decorative tiles, &c. found in the examination of this building, and he exhibited a series of fine photographs, by Mr. Bergman, a gentleman resident at Sherborne, representing various parts of the abbey church, the castle, the curious fragment of an effigy of Abbot Clement, a relique of twelfth century sculpture, as also of the charters granted to the schools: these documents have been most successfully reproduced on a small scale by Mr. Bergman, shewing in a remarkable manner the value of photography in producing facsimiles of ancient documents or MSS. A letter was read from the Rev. E. Hartson, Vicar of Sherborne, stating that the stone coffin supposed to contain the remains of Ethelbald, brother of Alfred, had been found behind the high altar, where Leland describes his tomb to have been. It appeared to have been opened at some previous time. The bones remain, but no fragments of garments or other objects were found.

The Hon. Richard Neville read an interesting statement of the progress of his excavations at Chesterford during the previous month. He had found the site of a fourth cemetery adjacent to the Roman station, and brought for inspection some of the antiquities discovered. He noticed certain dwarf walls of dry masonry, which appeared to have been connected with some peculiar use in Roman interments, the remains of children being found placed alongside of them. Mr. Neville had seen similar walls at Rickling, Essex, and at Hadstock, with indications of the like sepulchral purpose, which seem to claim investigation.

Dr. Duncan McPherson, late InspectorGeneral of Hospitals, Turkish Contingent, delivered a detailed narrative of the ancient vestiges, sepulchral deposits, and examples of art disinterred during excavations which he had directed, on the site of Pantecapæum and the Mons Mithridatis, in the immediate vicinity of Kertch. Amidst the arduous responsibilities of the charge entrusted to him during the recent campaign, in the organization of an effective medical staff for the auxiliary force of 25,000 men placed at the disposal of the British Government by the Porte, Dr. McPherson had found means, with the aid of the camp-followers as labourers, to prosecute the investigation of many ancient vestiges, which throw a fresh light upon the history of the capital of the kings of

the Bosphorus. He produced a series of beautiful drawings prepared by Mr. Kell, for the detailed account of the antiquities of Kertch, now in the press: the originals, discovered in the Pantecapeian catacombs, have been deposited by Dr. McPherson in the British Museum. They comprise ornaments of gold, vases of bronze, glass, and terra-cotta, with fibulæ, personal ornaments and reliques, closely similar to those found in Germany and England with the vestiges of the Anglo-Saxon age. These objects appear to indicate that some of the Varangian body-guard of the Byzantine emperors, stated by Gibbon and other writers to have been Anglo-Saxon or Danish warriors in the imperial service, had made choice of the attractive neighbourhood of Kertch as their retreat from the din of arms. The public services of Dr. McPherson, both in the war in China and during the recent campaign, have received, as we believe, the warm commendations of the authorities under whom he has served; and the spirited exertions of which he related the results, achieved under circumstances of no ordinary difficulty, must be cordially appreciated by the archæologist and the historian. Some of the objects now deposited in the British Museum display the character of Greek art of high class. Some remarks were offered by Mr. Westmacott on the interesting features of these discoveries, as illustrated by Mr. Kell's admirable drawings; and Mr. Kemble pointed out certain remarkable analogies between the sepulchral usages noticed in the Crimean catacombs, and those which had fallen under his own observation in the north of Europe. Dr. McPherson had read a memoir on his researches in the Cimmeriau Bosphorus at the recent meeting of the British Association at Cheltenham, when it was received with great interest in the section of Ethnology. This detailed account, with coloured illustrations of all the important antiquities discovered, will be published shortly by Messrs. Smith and Elder, and will form a valuable addition to the notices of the ancient occupation and history of the Crimea. Mr. Vaux brought to the meeting a collection of drawings by Lieut. Thompson, representing tombs and other remains in the Crimea, including some chambers, covered with stones "stepped over," of most curious construction.

Mr. Franks offered some remarks on the fraudulent manufacture of British urns, flint arrow-heads, and other fictitious antiquities, in the neighbourhood of Whitby and Scarborough. They w alleged to be found scattered over land, and the imitation cessfully carried out

were frequently victims of the deception. The Rev. J. Greville Chester had sought to investigate the matter;-he sent some of the deceptive reliques of flint as a warning to the unwary. The fabricator had carried his art so far as to produce even fish-hooks of silex.

Mr. E. G. Squier, the talented writer on South American antiquities, gave an account of certain ornaments formed of a peculiar precious stone, of the greatest rarity, found amongst the ruined cities of Central South America. He brought for examination a number of specimens which he had fortunately obtained, some of them sculptured with sacred symbols or hieroglyphics; and the whole are perforated or formed so as to be attached to the dress, being probably worn by the priests, or by the ancient Indian princes. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, speaking of the skill of the Mexicans in working precious metals, mentions also their art of polishing the calchihuis, gems which resemble emeralds; and the same writer records that Montezuma presented to the king of Spain a few of these precious objects, observing that each was worth ten loads of gold. Fuentes describes the precious chalchiguites, worn by the Indians of Quichi in their feather head-dresses. Humboldt, in his travels, gives a curious account of these gems, under the name of Amazon stones, worn as amulets against disease, the stings of venomous reptiles, &c. The stones are translucent, beautifully flaked with applegreen colour. The substance seems to be allied to the Euphotide of mineralogists.

Mr. Hewitt brought some Anglo-Saxon reliques from the graves in the Isle of Wight, consisting of bronze fibulæ, tweezers, and toilet implements, personal ornaments, beads of amber, crystal and vitreous coloured paste. Mr. Burges produced a curious representation of the Morris dance, which he had found on an ivory casket at Monza. The design is spirited, and the subject, of fifteenth century work, is an early illustration of the ancient English disport, the theme of an interesting dissertation by Mr. Douce in his illustrations of Shakspere. Mr. Way brought a representation of the sepulchral brass of Elizabeth, wife of Edward Chichester, Esq., in Braunton Church, Devon. She was daughter of John, Earl of Bath, and died in 1548. The lady is represented kneeling in front of a plain cross, raised on steps, upon which, at the foot of the cross, the figure rests. The Rev. J. M. Traherne presented a lithograph of the monument of Sir Edward Carne, of Landough Castle, Glamorganshire, which exists in the church of San Gregorio, in Monte Cali, Rome.

GENT. MAG. VOL. CCII.

He was

sent as envoy by Philip and Mary. This fine memorial was erected by his executors in 1561. Captain Oakes presented a series of photographs, on a large scale, illustrating architectural antiquities of Northamptonshire, at Brigstock, Brixworth, and Earls Barton, and the remarkable vestiges of Anglo-Saxon work; also the Queen's Cross, Northampton, and an admirable view of the west front of Peterborough Cathedral. Mr. E. Richardson exhibited photographs of Wells Cathedral and Glastonbury, executed by Mr. Greenish. Mr. Franks brought a drawing of an incised slab at Southwell Minster, commemorating William Talbot, a priest, deposited, according to the inscription, sub signo Thau.

Mr. Ready, of Princes-street, Shrewsbury, sent some interesting seals, of which the original matrices exist in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, especially the fine seal of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and the seal of John de Utterby, abbot of Grimesby, Lincolnshire, in 1369-a very fine example of its period.

It was announced that at the meeting on Jan. 2, Mr. Kemble would give a discourse on Heathen Interments, as noticed in Anglo-Saxon charters; and the Rev. J. Cumming, of Lichfield, would read a paper on the Sculptured Monuments and Runic Crosses in the Isle of Man, including some lately discovered.

BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

Nov. 21. T. J. Pettigrew, F.R.S., F.S.A., V.-P., in the chair.

Twenty-seven new associates and one corresponding member were announced. Among the former were the Right Rev. Lord Auckland, Bishop of Bath and Wells; Sir Pengwin Acland, Bart., Sir Arthur Hallam Elton, Bart.; Capt. Scobell, M.P.; William Tite, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A.; Col. Tynte, M.P.; C. K. Kemys Tynte, Esq.; Daniel Gurney, F.S.A.; Rev. H. M. Scarth; Rev. H. Street; Rev. J. E. Jackson; Mr. Burnell; Mr. Roberts, &c., &c.

Mr. Charles Ainslie exhibited an early iron padlock found in Fleet-ditch. It was of a globular form, and so constructed that the whole shackle could be drawn out when the bolt is thrown back. Mr. Gunston produced some articles of domestic use found in Ireland, among which were a pair of nut-crackers of the time of William III., found in Londonderry. Mr. Wood brought specimens of pottery and glass found in Canon-street West, some of which were curious, and exhibited the effects of having been long buried in the earth.

Mr. Wills read a paper on Pretended Finds of Egyptian Figures in London, and

N

exhibited specimens that had been brought to him. Their Egyptian character was sufficiently distinct, and they consisted of damaged bronze images of well-known type. A conversation took place, and the source whence those deceptions proceeded would appear now to be well ascertained.

The Rev. F. Bagot laid before the Society a Feretrum of Latten, upon which Mr. Syer Cuming read a short paper. Mr. Black and others examined the inscription upon it closely, but from the mode of its execution it was not readily to be made out. It appeared to read coNFINI MAGNI MADOCVS. It belongs to the latter part of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century. It will be engraved.

Dr. Iliff, Mr. Wakeman, and Mr. Halliwell presented a variety of Tradesmen's Tokens, belonging to various countries, lists of which will be printed. Among them was one of much rarity, a small brass of "The Bore's Head in Southwarke," which formed a property given by Sir John Falstaff to Magdalen College, Oxford.

A paper from Mr. T. Bateman, of Yolgrave, Derbyshire, was read, detailing the particulars of a discovery of Saxon Graves at Winster, in Derbyshire. Drawings of the spear-head, iron instruments, porcelain beads, quern-stones, &c., accompanied the paper. They will be engraved.

Mr. Carrington, through Mr. Planché, communicated some remarks on the derivation of the name of Coward, and deduced it from an occupation in former times of much importance, cow-herd, having charge of the cattle.

Mr. Vere Irving read an additional paper on the Cissbury and other camps, and Mr. Collins forwarded a communication on, and a plan of, Ruborough Camp, in Somersetshire, which has hitherto escaped record by the Somersetshire historians and antiquaries. It presents an example of the Castra Trigona of Vegetius. From the drawings sent by Mr. Collins, it was evident that the earth-work had been constructed in strict accordance with the rules laid down in the treatise De Re Militari, and that its peculiar form had been adopted by reason of the natural features of the site.

Dec. 10. Dr. John Lee, F.R. S., F.S.A., V.-P., in the chair.

Sir Benjamin Hall presented to the Association a copy of Mr. Mackenzie's work on the Architectural Antiquities of St. Stephen, West, executed, and only recently completed, at the expense of the Government, but commenced as early as 1843. Various other presents from an

tiquarian and archæological societies at home and abroad were laid upon the table.

Mr. Clarke exhibited a Roman urn lately found at Kettleborough; also a Calais groat, and a Woodbridge token of 1667, found at Easton; a penny of Edward I., of the London mint, dug up at Framlingham, and a fine silver medal of Charles I. and his queen, by Simon de Paasse, in his collection.

Capt. Tupper exhibited the remains of a Roman poculum, found at Widcombe Cemetery, near Bath.

Mr. C. Ainslie produced some curious examples of ancient glass brought to light in London, said to have been found in Tower-street. Two were unguentarii, another a portion of a wine-jug, and a small bottle which exhibited traces of punting, and belongs therefore to the mediaval rather than the Roman period.

Mr. Corner exhibited two fine medallions in lead, of Italian workmanship, of the sixteenth century: one a profile to the left of L. IVNIVS BRVTVS, with draped bust; the other LVC. AN. SENECA, with the name VANI beneath the shoulder. They were obtained from Rome.

Mr. G. Wright exhibited a RomanoEgyptian lamp and some coins, reported to have been found in an excavation in front of the White Tower, at the Tower of London, in October last.

Mr. Ainslie also exhibited a variety of gold and silver coins, said to have been found in London within a few months past. The earliest is a gold British coin, identical with that engraved in Ruding, pl. i. fig. 7. There were also Saxon pennies of Edelred and Eadward, of which a list was directed to be made.

Mr. Wills exhibited an iron coffer of the sixteenth century, which once had been highly decorated with devices in gold upon a deep red field. The keyhole was in the centre of the lid, and led to the interior fastening. The lock had six bolts: the two near the hinges are fixtures, the others moved at the same instant by the key. Within the coffer was an oblong square case of iron, evidently for the protection of some deed or important instrument.

Mr. Tross Beale exhibited three rubbings of brasses in Gondhurst Church, Kent, presenting the effigies of John de Bedgebury, 1424; Walter Culpeper, and Agnes Roper his wife, 1462 and 1457; and Sir John Culpeper, son of Walter.

Mr Beale also exhibited rubbings from Bodiam Church, Sussex, of the Bodiam family, upon which Mr. Planché made some remarks, and promised further information upon the subject.

Mr. Syer Cuming read a paper on the Discovery of Celtic Crania in the vicinity of London, in which he referred to a variety of specimens contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, Mr. Bateman's Museum, and other collections of much interest.

The Rev. Mr. Kell forwarded a paper on the ancient site of Southampton, occasioned by the discovery of bone-pits in St. Mary's-road, which seemed to strengthen the opinion expressed by Mr. Keele in the third vol. of the Collectanea Antiqua.

Mr. Kell also made some remarks on the nature of the sculptured stones at Clausentum, of which an account has been given in the Winchester Congress volume of the Association, and submitted some evidence to prove that they had been obtained from quarries in the Isle of Wight.

The Society was then adjourned over to the 14th of January next, when Mr. Planché will read a paper on the Sculptured Effigies in Wells Cathedral, lately visited by the Association.

YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.

AT the monthly meeting held Dec. 2, the Rev. J. Kenrick read a second paper on the coins presented to the museum by Lord Londesborough. The debased state of the coinage which they disclose was a natural consequence of the state of confusion, foreign war, and internal insurrection which characterises the period. Aurelian, on his accession, undertook to reform the abuses of the Roman mint; but the workmen, headed by a slave, Felicissimus, to whom the administration had been committed, raised an insurrection of so formidable a kind, that it cost the Emperor 7,000 of his troops to dislodge them from the Cœlian Mount, which they had seized and fortified". Such an effect from such a cause may seem incredible; but Rome abounded in "the dangerous classes," ever ready for an insurrection. The common people, too, are very sensitive on the subject of any interference with the coinage. Wood's halfpence had nearly raised Ireland in rebellion.

The third century after the birth of Christ, to which these coins belong, was remarkable for the great increase of the worship of the sun, caused by the growing influence of Asiatic, and especially Syrian, rites and usages at Rome. It is indicated by the frequent occurrence of the figure of the sun on the reverse of the coins, with the legend Oriens Augusti, or Augus

torum, and in the radiated crown which all the emperors of this period wear. The crescent moon, placed beneath the head of Salonina and other empresses, is another indication of the growth of astral worship. Aurelian was especially devoted to the worship of the sun, and built a splendid temple to his honour at Rome. The mother of Aurelian had been a priestess, and the Emperor Elagabulus a priest, of the sun.

Although the coins of this hoard are rudely executed, the heads on many of them are sufficiently distinct to be characteristic. In the strong, bluff features of Valerian we recognise the hardy warrior; the delicate lineaments and elaborately curled beard of Gallienus shew the man of effeminate manners, but elegant taste, to whom the cares of empire were a burden, and who, though roused occasionally to activity, gladly returned to his dilettante pursuits. Salonina is said to have been the daughter of a barbarian king, and her features are not of the Roman cast. The coarse face and brawny neck of Marius agree with the account that he had worked at the forge before he was an emperor. It is not difficult to trace a family likeness on their coins between Quintillus and his brother and predecessor, Claudius Gothicus.

The invasion of the barbarians and the dismemberment of the empire were not the only calamities which the Romans suffered under Gallienus. Pestilence, earthquakes, and floods alarmed the superstition of the people; to appease the gods, the Sibylline books were consulted, and sacrifices offered to Jupiter Salutaris. To this excited state of the public mind Eckhel refers the extraordinary number of coins, with figures of the gods, struck in this reign. The collection now exhibited contains coins with the legends of Jupiter Conservator, Jupiter Propugnator, Jupiter Ultor, Neptunus Conservator, Apollo Conservator, Diana Conservatrix, Liber Pater Conservator, Mars Pacifer, and Sol Conservator Augusti. Famine usually accompanies the other calamities mentioned before, and to this perhaps was owing the appearance of the goddess Segetia on a coin of Salonina, the empress of Gallienus. Though scarcely mentioned in our books of mythology, this goddess formed a triad with Seia, the goddess of the sown corn, and Tutilina, who protected the harvest when gathered into the rick and the barn". She was one of the Dii Indigetes, the old Italian gods, whose worship preceded that

e Trebell. Gallien., c. 6.

of the Greek divinities, though she now appears for the first time on the coinagean honour paid to her, perhaps, to tranquillize the minds of the common people in the suffering or apprehension of famine. The coins of Postumus are remarkable for the honour paid to Hercules, who appears upon them in almost every one of his mythological characters: one, inscribed HERCULI DEUSONIENS, in this collection, probably commemorates a victory over the Germans, at Deuz, or Duisburg, near Cologne. Those of Claudius Gothicus exhibited several types of the consecratio or apotheosis of the deceased emperor. This compliment was paid, without much discrimination, to Claudius, Commodus, and Caracalla, as well as to Augustus, Trajan, and the Antonines. Eckhel doubted the consecration of Tetricus, but Mr. Wellbeloved has found one in the present collection bearing the type of the eagle.

Considering the vast variety of types in the Roman coins (those of Gallienus amounting, according to Eckhel's Catalogus, to 276), it is remarkable how very few of their dies have been found. If they were of brass, as seems probable, their number may be more easily accounted for, as few impressions could be taken from one die. Classical Latinity has no name for the die, and numismatists have been obliged to use the word matrix. Indeed, we know hardly anything of the mechanical processes of the Roman mint. The coins of Valerian, Gallienus, Claudins Gothicus, and Aurelian, who were really emperors of Rome, would naturally be struck there. Gaul had in this age three mints-one at Arelate (Arles), another at Lugdunum (Lyons), and another at Treveri (Trèves); and at these the coins of Postumus, Victorinus, and Tetricus, who were sovereigns of Gaul, would, of course, be struck. There is no trace of any mint in Britain at this time. We can hardly believe that Carausius, who maintained himself here so long in an independent dominion, and one of whose coins appears to exhibit Britannia welcoming him with the words Expectate Teni, had not a mint of his own, but we have no nositive proof of it. The coins

of Constantine inscribed PLON. are generally referred to a London mint, and perhaps Londinium, as even then the commercial capital of Britain was better entitled to this distinction than Eburacum, the military capital. The honour of having a special mint, York seems to owe to her Northumbrian sovereigns.

Mr. Kenrick's paper was illustrated by reference to some of the coins, which, with the exception of the duplicates sent, by desire of Lord Londesborough, to the Leeds Philosophical Society, having been first classified by Mr. Roach Smith, have been arranged in cases and catalogued by the Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, the venerable curator of the antiquarian department of the museum.

BEDFORDSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AND

ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

AT the annual meeting held on the 13th of November, the Rev. William Airy read a paper on "Festival Orientation." He reviewed the theory that all churches were anciently built on that principle, viz. to point to the precise degree at which the sun rose in the morning on the festival of the saint to whom the church was dedicated; and stated as the result of his observations in different parts of the country, that in no instance was this borne out, and in some cases the variation was very considerable. He arrived at the conclusion that the theory was a very fanciful one, unsupported by facts. That there was an intention on the part of the designers of our early churches to point them eastwards is not questioned, and the reason is evident, but there is no proof whatever of "festival orientation" having been adopted.

The Rev. W. Monkhouse afterwards read a paper on Cold Harbours, in which he combated the various theories which have been advanced as to the origin of this puzzling term, and gave as his opinion, that it implied merely a shelter for deer or cattle. We fear this will not serve for our London "Cold Harbour."