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from the feet upward, to the bare bones, roasting it continually by a slow fire, were now come to the eating of her entrails,' &c. "And again, after narrating that the peasants were Another driven to eat horseflesh, kites, &c. he adds,

balism at this crisis.

Cap- case of canitain Trevor and many honest gentlemen lying in the Newry, can witness that some old women of those parts used to make a fire in the fields, and divers little children, driving out the cattle in the cold mornings, and coming thither to warm them, were by them surprised, killed and eaten.' The children's skulls and bones, he adds, were found, and some women were convicted and executed for the crime.†

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human food

by the starv

Again he states (p. 289) that it was a common Horseflesh
practice to thrust long needles into the horses of our used also as
English troops, and they dying thereupon, to be
ready to tear out one another's throats for a share ing people.
of them; and no spectacle was more frequent in the
ditches of towns and especially in wasted countries
than to see multitudes of these poor people dead
with their mouths all coloured green by eating net-
tles, docks, and all things they could rend up above
ground.'

6

stanced in

Again Moryson states that from O'Kane's coun- Desolation try northward of Tyrone, we have left none to of the coungive us opposition, nor of late have seen, any but try indead carcases, merely starved for want of meat.'t Derry, Ty"And again he says that O'Hagan protested unto rone, &c. us that between Tullaghoge and Toome, there lay unburied a thousand dead, and since our first drawing this year to Blackwater, there were above three thousand starved in Tyrone, and sure the poor people of those parts never yet had the means to know God, or to acknowledge any other sovereign

• Fynes Morysɔn, vol. 2, pp. 282, 283. † ib. + ib. p. 172.

Spenser's parallel ac

count of the effects of

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than the O'Neils which makes me commiserate them, and hope better of them hereafter."*

Moryson cannot " (says Mr. Stuart) "be suspected of exaggeration in the portraiture of human misery which he has thus depicted in such lively colours. Spenser, the English poet, &c. writes thus ... Ere one mond war. year and half. -[then follows the passage already given in the body of this work, p. 802 sup., and ending with "void of man and beast."]

the Des

...

Again, (as Mr. Stuart mentions at p. 373,) in the great rebellion of 1642, the king's troops in the course of their marching through Ulster found the Irish once more in the same terrible condition, and "reduced by famine to the dreadful necessity of eating their own dead.”

No. LVII.

JUDGMENT OF THE UNIVERSITIES OF SALAMANCA AND VALLADOLID
ON THE LAWFULNESS OF H. O'NEILL'S WAR AGAINST QUEEN ELI-
ZABETH.

A.D. 1603. O'Sullevan,

The very striking and instructive record to prove the above named is here presented to the reader at full length, as taken, along with the observations comprised in the notices which precede

unlawful

ness of loyalty to

⚫ib. p. 200.

zabeth, cites

and follow, from O'Sullevan's History, tom. 3, Queen Elilib. 8, cap. 7, fol. 202-204. It may be seen the also in Foulis, pp. 491-494.

"CHAP. VII-Whether the Irish were justified in undertaking this war?

"From the historical statement now set before the reader, with scrupulous regard to truth, it clearly follows, that the war against the Queen of England, and the Irish belonging to the royal faction, was undertaken upon just and lawful grounds;-an opinion which some of our Anglo-Irish priests have refrained from asserting or pressing on the attention of their Anglo-Irish and Irish followers. In opposition to whose views, I think it better on the present occasion to produce here the judgment of those most famous academies of Salamanca and Valladolid, than to commence any argument about a matter so plain and perspicuous. That judgment, which was issued after some delay, in compliance with the request of the belligerant Catholics of Ireland, runs as follows:

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Sentence of the Doctors of the Universities of Salamanca and Valladolid concerning the present War in Ireland, and their Explanation of the Letter of our most holy Lord Pope Clement the Eighth respecting the same

War.

Judgment of

The most illustrious prince Hugh O'Neill wages war the Spanish with the Queen of England, and the English people, for the universities defence of the Catholic religion, that is, that he and the in favour of Irish people may be allowed freely to profess the Catho- the rebellion lic religion, a freedom which the Queen of England is O'Neill.

of Hugh

Two ques

tions proposed.

A first prin

viz., that seceders from the Romish

coerced with arms.

endeavouring to wrest from them by violence and arms. Connected with this war there are two questions now raised. The one is, Whether it be lawful for Irish Catholics to support the said Prince Hugh in this war by arms or by any other means whatsoever? The other, Whether the same Catholics may, without mortal sin, fight against the aforesaid prince, or favour the English in this war by arms, or in any other manner? especially considering that if they refuse the English this kind of assistance, they expose themselves to manifest peril of life, or of losing their worldly substance. And besides, as a permission has been given to these Catholics of Ireland, by the supreme Pontiff, allowing them to obey the said Queen of England, and acknowledge her for a lawful Queen by paying taxes to her, they seem in a position to render her that service, which properly belongs to subjects, namely by fighting with those that have rebelled against the queen's authority, and who appear to be asserting a usurped claim to a territory subject to her dominion.

In order to give a satisfactory answer to both quesciple stated; tions, it must be laid down as certain, that the Roman Pontiff has the power, when other means prove insufficient for meeting such a serious evil, to compel and coerce by force of arms, deserters from the faith, and such faith may be as attack the Catholic religion. It is also to be taken for a settled truth, that the Queen of England is one who makes attacks on the Catholic religion, and will not allow the Irish to celebrate publicly the worship of the Catholic faith, and that it was for the said cause the aforesaid prince, and before him the others who are mentioned in the letter apostolic of CLEMENT THE EIGHTH have been led to engage in the war against her. These observations being thus premised, the First Question is easily answered.

For it is beyond doubt that any Catholics may give

O'Neill's re

torious.

their countenance to the said prince HUGH O'NEAL 1st. The in the war aforesaid, and that with great merit and ful- aiding of H. lest hope of an eternal recompense. For as the aforesaid bellion is prince makes war by authority of the supreme Pontiff, in pronounced defence of the Catholic religion, and the Pontiff in his highly meriletter exhorts him and all the faithful servants of Christ to adopt that course, as is evident from his letter; and confers many graces on those who give their countenance to the prince in that war, as though they were engaged in war against the Turks, no person can reasonably doubt but that the war engaged in is a just one, and that to fight for the defence of the Catholic religion, the greatest of all blessings, is a proceeding highly meritorious in its character

Queen, to

mortal sin.

As touching the Second Question also, it is quite cer- 2ndly. "Catain, that all those Catholics are guilty of mortal sin, tholics" who follow the camp of the English against the said loyal to the prince; and that they cannot obtain eternal salvation, be consinor be absolved of their sins by any priest, unless they dered as first repent and desert from the camp of the English. guilty of And the same sentence must be passed on those who support the English with aid of arms or provisions in that war, or who render them any like service, beyond those customary taxes, which by the indulgence of the supreme pontiff, and by his permission, are allowed to be paid to the Queen of England or to her officers.

"The assertion here made is established by this most The obvious proof;-That from the letter of the supreme "proof" of pontiff it is sufficiently clear that the Queen of England this latter position, and her generals are carrying on an unjust war against from papal the prince above named and his supporters. For where pastorals. the pontiff says that the English are fighting against the Catholic religion, and ought to be resisted not less vigorously than the Turks, and confers the same graces on those who do resist them, as he confers on those who fight against the Turks, who can doubt but that the war

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