An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: To which are Now First Added, I. An Analysis of Mr. Locke's Doctrine of Ideas, on a Large Sheet. II. A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity, with an Appendix. III. A Treatise on the Conduct of the Understanding. IV. Some Thoughts Concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman. V. Elements of Natural Philosophy. VI. A New Method of a Common Place-book Extracted from the Author's Works, Volume 2

John Locke

T. Tegg, 1828 - Knowledge, Theory of

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CONTINUED CHAPTER XXIII	1

The essence of each sort is the abstract idea	2

Principium individuationis	3

Our idea of substance in general 3 6 Of the sorts of substances 4 No clear idea of substance in general	4

As clear an idea of spirit as body	5

Identity of	6

Powers a great part of our complex idea of substances	7

And	8

Divine law the measure of sin and duty 9 Civil law the measure of crimes and innocence	98

Philosophical law the measure of virtue and vice	99

SECT	100

Its enforcements commendation and discredit 13 These three laws the rules of moral good and evil 14 15 Morality is the relation of actions to these r...	104

The denominations of actions often mislead us 17 Relations innumerable 18 All relations terminate in simple ideas 19 We have ordinarily as clear or ...	109

CHAPTER XXIX	110

CHAPTER XXXI	125

SECT	136

Three sorts of ideas make our complex ones of substances	9

Powers make a great part of our complex ideas of substances	10

The now secondary qualities of bodies would disappear if we could discover the primary ones of their minute parts	11

Our faculties of discovery suited to our state	12

Conjecture about spirits	13

Complex ideas of substance	14

Idea of spiritual substances as clear as of bodily substances	15

No idea of abstract substance	16

The cohesion of solid parts and impulse the primary ideas	17

Thirdly ideas of substances when false	18

Truth or falsehood always supposes affirmation or negation	19

Real ideas are conformable to their archetypes	20

of body 18 Thinking and motivity the primary ideas of spirit	21

1921 Spirits capable of motion	22

Idea of soul and body compared 2327 Cohesion of solid parts in body as hard to be conceived as thinking in a soul	23

Fourthly when judged to represent the real essence	24

Ideas when false	25

More properly to be called right or wrong	26

Communication of motion by impulse or by thought equally intelligible	28

Ideas of body and spirit compared	29

Which yet serve for common converse	30

The notion of spirit involves no more difficulty in it than that of body	31

The more general our ideas are the more incomplete and partial they	32

This all accommodated to the end of speech	33

SECT	34

Men make the species Instance gold	35

Though nature makes the similitude	36

And continues it in the races of things	37

Each abstract idea is an essence	38

Complex ideas are voluntary combinations	40

Relations all terminate in simple ideas	41

OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY	47

Personal identity in change of substances 1215 Whether in the change of thinking substances	57

Consciousness makes the same person 17 Self depends on consciousness	62

1820 Objects of reward and punishment	63

Difference between identity of man and person	64

2325 Consciousness alone makes self	66

Person a forensic term 28 The difficulty from ill use of names 29 Continued existence makes identity	69

CHAPTER VII	71

Conclusion	85

Proportional	94

Natural 3 Instituted 4 Moral CHAPTER XXVIII OF OTHER RELATIONS	96

Moral good and evil 6 Moral rules 7 Laws	97

CHAPTER XXXIII	148

Something unreasonable in most men 2 Not wholly from selflove 3 Nor from education 4 A degree of madness	149

CHAPTER II	161

SECT	195

CHAPTER VIII	248

Instance gold	262

The names of simple ideas the least doubtful	263

And next to them simple modes	264

The most doubtful are the names of very compounded mixed modes and substances	265

This should teach us moderation in imposing our own sense of old authors	266

CHAPTER X	268

1012 Instances	269

Secondly a steady application of them 6 Thirdly affected obscurity by wrong application 7 Logic and dispute have much contributed to this 8 Callin...	272

As useful as to confound the sound of the letters 12 This art has perplexed religion and justice	274

And ought not to pass for learning 14 Fourthly taking them for things	275

Ideas some clear and distinct others obscure and confused 2 Clear and obscure explained by sight	276

This makes errors lasting 17 Fifthly setting them for what they cannot signify 18 V g putting them for the real essences of substances	279

Hence we think every change of our idea in substances not to change the species	280

This abuse contains two false suppositions 22 Sixthly a supposition that words have a certain and evi dent signification	281

Secondly to do it with quickness	284

2631 How mens words fail in all these	285

How in substances 33 How in modes and relations	287

Seventhly figurative speech also an abuse of language	288

CHAPTER XI	289

But yet necessary to philosophy 4 Misuse of words the cause of great errors 5 Obstinacy 6 And wrangling	291

Instance bat and bird	292

First remedy to use no word without an idea 9 Secondly to have distinct ideas annexed to them in modes	294

And distinct and conformable in substances 11 Thirdly propriety 12 Fourthly to make known their meaning 13 And that three ways	296

First in simple ideas by synonymous terms or showing 15 Secondly in mixed modes by definition 16 Morality capable of demonstration 17 Definitio...	299

Ideas of the leading qualities of substances are best got by showing	300

The ideas of their powers best by definition 23 A reflection on the knowledge of spirits 24 Ideas also of substances must be conformable to things 25...	304

Fifthly by constancy in their signification 27 When the variation is to be explained	306

Because of their minuteness	376

Hence no science of bodies	377

Much less of spirits 28 Secondly want of a discoverable connexion between ideas we have	378

Instances	379

Thirdly want of tracing our ideas	381

Extent in respect of universality	383

SECT CHAPTER IV	384

Answer not so where ideas agree with things	385

As first all simple ideas do 5 Secondly all complex ideas except of substances 6 Hence the reality of mathematical knowledge 7 And of moral 8 Exist...	388

1416 Farther instances of the effects of the association of ideas 17 Its influence on intellectual habits 18 Observable in different sects 19 Conclusion	395

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John Locke
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John Locke
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2d Answer abstract ideas actions æther agree animal annexed aqua regia archetypes article of faith belong bishop of Worcester body capable cause cerning clear and distinct clear idea cohesion collection of simple colour complex idea conceive concerning conformity confused connexion consciousness consider consists dead denominate discourse distinct idea distinguish doubt exist false farther give gold hath ideas of sub ideas of substances intuitive knowledge knowledge language lordship says material substance men's mind mixed modes moral motion nature nominal essence obscure observe parcel of matter parrot particles of matter particular perceive personal identity plain plex idea produce raised real essence reason rection relation resurrection Secondly sensation sense sensible qualities signification signify simple ideas Socrates solid sorts of substances soul speak species stances stand subsist substratum supposed things Thirdly thought tion true truth vitally united whereby wherein whereof whilst words

Bibliographic information

Title	An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: To which are Now First Added, I. An Analysis of Mr. Locke's Doctrine of Ideas, on a Large Sheet. II. A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity, with an Appendix. III. A Treatise on the Conduct of the Understanding. IV. Some ..., Volume 2 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: To which are Now First Added, I. An Analysis of Mr. Locke's Doctrine of Ideas, on a Large Sheet. II. A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity, with an Appendix. III. A Treatise on the Conduct of the Understanding. IV. Some Thoughts Concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman. V. Elements of Natural Philosophy. VI. A New Method of a Common Place-book Extracted from the Author's Works, John Locke
Author	John Locke
Publisher	T. Tegg, 1828

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