mains, however, after paying the rent and keeping up the stock, is called profit, but wages evidently make a part of it. The farmer, by faving these wages, muft neceffarily gain them.-Wages, therefore, are in this cafe confounded with profit.

An independent manufacturer, who has stock enough both to purchase materials, and to maintain himself till he can carry his work to market, fhould gain both the wages of a journeyman who works under a mafter, and the profit which that mafter makes by the fale of the journeyman's work.-His whole gains, however, are commonly called profit, and wages are, in this cafe too, confounded with profit.

A gardener who cultivates his own garden with his own hands, unites in his own person the three different characters, of landlord, farmer, and labourer.-His produce, therefore, fhould pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the fecond, and the wages of the third.-The whole, however, is commonly confidered as the earnings of his labour.-Both rent and profit are, in this cafe, confounded with wages.

An apothecary charges in his drugs the expence of his education, his houfe, his carriage if he has one, his conftant attendance to the wishes of his employers, &c.—

But the whole is confounded in the idea of the value of the articles employed.

It is fhameful to see the confufion at prefent exifting with respect to MEDICINE.-Quacks are riding in their coaches, while many of the regular faculty absolutely ftarve.-Phyficians inftead of directing the apothecary write now for the druggift, and druggifts in return have ufurped the privilege of medical advice.-Man-midwives and dentists call themselves furgeons.-Apothecaries, nay furgeons, prefcribe like phyficians, and accept the fee as fuch, and we find, even in capital towns, the union of

OCCULIST

SURGEON-DENTIST-MAN-MIDWIFE

APOTHECARY—and DRUGGIST, in the fame person, which destroys altogether the advantage which results to fociety from the proper diftribution of labour.

Why does not government interfere in regulating the practice of medicine?-The chemift, by not includ ing medical advice, fhould demand lefs than the apothe cary, who includes his attendance and skill in the drug. It would be certainly much to the advantage of the public, were the employments of druggist and apothecary separate, were the latter INSPECTORS of the fhops of the former, and only, in fact, MEDICAL ADVISERS.-Drugs would not then be improperly heaped on the patient,

and

and the apothecary and phyfician might still be distinguished, by their education and fee.-The fears of collufion between the doctor and apothecary, too often unjustly entertained, would ceafe, and the practice of medicine would be put on a more liberal and gentleman-like footing *.

SECT. XI.

OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TRADE.

THIS divifion of labour, from which fo many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which forefees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion.—It is the neceffary, though very flow and gradual, confequence of a certain propenfity in human nature which has in view no fuch extensive utility; it arifes from felf-love.

In civilized fociety man stands at all times in need of the co-operation and aff.stance of great multitudes, while his whole life is fcarce fufficient to gain the friendship of a few perfons. In almost every other race of animals, each individual, when it is grown up to maturity, is entirely independent, and in its natural ftate has occafion for the affistance of no other living creature.-But man has almoft confiant occafion for the help of his brethren, and` it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence

only.

only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their SELF-LOVE in his favour, and fhew them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them.-Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this: "Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want," is the meaning of every fuch offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of.-It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.-We addrefs ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their felf-love; and never talk to them of our own neceffities, but of their advantages.-Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens.-Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely.-The charity of well-disposed people, indeed, fupplies him with the whole fund of his fubfiftence. But though this principle ultimately provides him with them as he has occafion for them, the greater part of his occafional wants are fupplied in the Jame manner as thofe of other people, by treaty, by barter, and by purchase.-With the money which one man gives him he purchases food. The old clothes which

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another