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Ditto India India | India S. Sea Ditto 4 per Ct5 per Ct Long Short 1726 Confol. Ann. 1777. 1778. Stock. Ann. Bonds. Stock. Ann. fhut 195. pr. 121

18

EACH DAY'S PRICE OF STOCKS IN OCTOBER, 1785.

Old New 13 per Ct New 3 per C 4 per Ct Excheq Lottery 1751 Navy. Scrip. Scrip.

Ann.

Bills. Tickets.

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N. B. In the 3 per Cent. Confols, the highest and lowest Price of each Day is given; in the other Stock the highest Price only.

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I No wind with this very low glafs.-2 Therm. abroad after this day.-3 Therm. 4 abroadat 11 at night.-4 Therm. 1 degree below zero; i. c. 33 degrees below the freezing point.

AVERAGE PRICES of CORN, from Nov. 14, to Nov. 19, 1785.

COUNTIES upon the COAST.

Wheat Rye Barley Oats Beans

London

s. d.js. d.fs. d.js. d.fs. d.
1/2 15/2 10
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COUNTIES INLAND.

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Northumberld. 5 3 52 101 11

Cumberland 5 93 73 22

Weftmorland 6 43 103 41

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THE

Gentleman's Magazine;

For NOVEMBER, 1785.

BEING THE ELEVENTH NUMBER OF VOL. LV. PART II.

I

MR. URBAN, **X*X*F you can find room in your entertaining mifcellany for the fentiments of an old traveller, who in September laft reviewed a part of this Ifland which he had paffed over forty years ago, you will oblige

A CONSTANT READER. In the Eaftern parts of the counties of York, Durham, and Northumberland, and the low-lands in Scotland, I faw fome hundred thousands of acres added to the national ftock. Thefe lands, forty years ago, confifted of boggy peat-mofs, or heath foil, which, at that time, were not worth more than from fix pence to three fhillings per acre (now let at twenty fhillings per acre), yielding only a fcanty pittance for a few half-ftarved fheep, colts, and young cattle, with here and there a bufh, fhrub, or dwarf-tree; without a hedge, a few ftone-walls, low-mould fences, or fhallow ditches, to mark the boundaries; travelling miles without feeing a human face, or the habitation of one, which when you did was the dwelling of a miferable farmer, fcarce able to exift. Sometimes, indeed, the eye was a little cheered by seeing a stonehouse of the owner of fome land, guarded by ftone-walls, with a small garden and improved land, ornamented with a few fycamores and alder trees.

I am now, in September 1785, happy to give you a different landfcape; the boggy and peat-land drained, producing Dats or potatoes; the barren heath converted into grafs, meadow-land, or eorn-fields, fmiling with plenty of golden

wheat or barley, ornamented here and there with pine clumps, fometimes mixed with afh, beech, and young oaks; the lands divided by luxuriant white-thorn hedges, which here thrive amazingly well, and thofe near the noblemen's and gentlemen's feats are kept in excellent order: indeed there is one, in particular, Mr. Brandling, one of the prefent members for Newcastle, feems fenfible of the white-thorn as a timber-tree, which fometimes grows to a large fize, and is the most beautiful wood for cabinet-makers ufe, being much fuperior in texture, colour, and veins, where the knots are, to any other wood now in ufe. I obferved in this gentleman's hedges, at the distance of every ten or twenty yards, one of these being traiter and taller than the reft, fingled out, growing two or three feet above the reft of the hedges. This mode I alfo obferved was followed by two or three gentlemen in Ayreshire. I dwell the longer on this wood because very few know its value, and to what fize it will grow. I have feen one of thefe trees in the county of Middlefex, where they do not thrive fo well as in the North, grow ftraight from the root to its branches twelve feet high, and, at five feet from the ground, meafure in the girth five feet and a half; but the tree was then decaying, and I faw from one of its branches planks of feven inches width cut from it; and of this one branch two large elbow chairs, one good fized table, two tea-trays, and two tea-canisters, were made, the most beautiful I ever faw. The Duke of Argyle has feveral of thefe trees tolerably

ftraits

ftrait, of a good height, which measure hear four feet in the girth.

Thele landscapes are much ornamented by noblemens and gentlemens houses, repaired or new built, fome in an elegant ftyle.

The reader will now be pleafed by travelling with me into Scotland, where, in the low lands, they tread very clofe on the heels of the English, both in re1pect to the improvement in their farms as well as their buildings. But here my pleasure was much abated, when, afking my poftilions, Whofe feat is that? whom does that fine houfe belong to? &c. I was generally or frequently anfwered, To Colonel fuch a one, Major fuch a one, or Captain fuch a one, lately come from the Eaft Indies.

When this gentleman came into poffeffion of this eftate, I believe abour 25 years ago, on the death of his aunt the Lady Widrington, the rent-roll was faid to be near 2000l per annum; and how it could produce that, I can hardly conceive; for of all the lands I had then been over, thofe appeared the moft unpromifing, and the leaft capable of improvement. But let us fee what a good understanding, common sense, attentive obfervation, and the love of his family and country, will do.

In 16 years after his refidence at Netherby, the nett produce of this eftate was 10,000l. per annum; and before his death, I have been informed, was advanced to 13,000l. per annum; and that if his fon, Sir James Graham, the prefent poffeffor, treads in the fteps of his father, it will, in the course of a very few years, amount to 20,000l. per annum clear of all deductions. And how has this immenfe increase of fortune been obtained? Not by rackrenting his tenants, for that would have reduced his 2 to 1000l. per annum !

Not by mines, for I never heard that he had any in his eftate; nor by railing their rents; no; nor by fines, for that would have difenabled them to labour for the advantage of their landlord, and have operated like the taxes laid on the Americans.

On my arrival at Edinburgh, I was furprized and delighted at the fight of the New Town. The contraft aftonithes you but what increased my furprize was, the being told, that the foundation of another wing to that city, oppofire to it, was going to be laid add that another levelling-bridge of communication was to be erected oppofite that leading to the New Town; for which purpofe, it appeared to me not lefs than the dwellings of 100 fa milies must come down, to make room for the avenue only. The expence of this undertaking feems fa immenfe, that there must be other mines than It was fimply thus: by draining, thofe of frone found for its completion. manuring, and planting. His method Glafgow I faw lefs extended, but was, to drain and manure 1000 acres fit greatly improved. I had feen it a for tillage, grafs, or meadow land; then handfome regular well-built city be- build villages, confifting of eight or ten fore; but now more elegant, by fome houfes, with the neceffary out-buildnoble buildings and new directs, comings, allotting to each fo many acres, pofed of houtes for fingle families. Moft of the old buildings refemble Edinburgh too much in high houfes, hough nothing like fo inconvenient as the old city of Edinburgh.

Before I quit Scotland, I must obfeive, that the greatest improvements in farming, and in laying out the lands, are in Ayrehire; though the land does not appear to be better, if fo good, as in other parts: all which, I hear, is owing to the encouragement given to the tenants by the gentlemen of that

fhire.

After all thefe delightful improve ments, which I have already mentioned, in England and Scotland, 1 muft claim the reader's company to the eftate of the late Dr. Graham, of Netherby in Cumberland, which far outftrips them

all.

and then letting them to the most in duftrious among his married neigh bours, frequently rent-free, for one or two years, or until they were able to pay rent.

At the fame time that he was thus improving and peopling his lands, he was reviving or building towns, erect ing churches, building inns, and fur nifhing the induftrious with the means of accommodating the traveller, the gentleman, and the nobleman, with carriages and poft-horfes. In fhort, this worthy member of fociety fo improved this part of the country, from a cold moift clay, heath, and peat-land, that it is now the garden of that part of the country, and wears the appearance of the most improved foil about the metro. polis. He has raifed a princely eftate for his family; added fo many thoufand

acres

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