if the Subitantive begins with a Vowel, but not elle; as, my Arm, or mine Arm; thy own, or thine

Q. Which Pronouns are Subftantive, and which are Adjective?

A. The Pronouns are divided into Subftantives and Adjectives; the Pronouns Subftantive are, I, thou or you, we, ye or you, himself, and themselves: The Adjectives are, he, she, they, it, my, mine, thy, thine, our, ours, your, yours, ker, their, theirs, who, what.

The following Words, this, that, the fame, are not Pronouns, but Adjectives. D 4

For

For they are not put to fupply the Place of the Noun Subftantive; but are joined to Subftantives, just as other Adjectives are; as, this Man, that Man, which Man, the fame Man. And if at any time we meet them without their Subftantives, which is not often, yet the Substantives are underftood.

This makes in the Plural Number thefe, and that makes those.

i. That is often ufed inftead of who, whom, or which; as, I faw a Man that [who] had been on 1 the fame Side that [which] I had been on. the Man that [whom] we faw.

He is

2. This and that are called Demonstratives, becaufe they show what particular Perfon or Thing you mean: And they frequently have very put after them, for the fuller and more clear Demonftration of what you mean.

This and That are faid both of Perfons and Things; as, this or that Man, this or that Book.

Which is an Adjective, and is the fame in both Numbers; it is ufed when we fpeak of Things, as who and whom are when we speak of Perfons.

Which is called an Interrogative when it is ufed in asking a Question; as, Which is the Place? And it is alfo called a Relative, when it has Relation to fome Subftantive expreffed or understood; as, Which Thing will never do. Here is the Ring which [Ring] you left.

Own which is used fometimes after the Pronouns Potletlive in an emphatical or expreffive manner, is alfo an Adjective; as, my own House, your own Lands, Alexander's own Sword.

The Word felf makes in the Plural felves, and and has always a Pronoun Adjective before it; as, my felf, thy felf, our felves, your felves.

But we commonly fay himself, for his felf, itself for its felf, and themselves for their felves; except

own

own be added; for then we fay, his own felf, its own felf, their own felves.

CHA P. X.

Of the Verbs, with Notes concerning Tenfes or Times, Perfons, and Moods.

Q. What is a Verb?

A. A Verb is a Word that betokeneth being, doing, or fuffering.

1. Being is here to be taken not only in its common Senfe of Existence, but also in its largest Senfe, as it denotes the being in fome Pofture or Situation, or Circumftance, or fome way or other affected; as, to ftand, to fit, to hang, to lie, to abide, to be cold, to be hot, to be wet.

2. Doing, denotes all manner of Action; as, to fight, to write, to play, to dance, &c.

3. Suffering denotes the Impreffions that Perfons: or Things receive: We are to confider, that as Perfons or Things act or do, fo they are often acted upon, or become the Subject of Action themselves;, as, Charles beats, here beats denotes the Action of Charles; Charles is beaten, here is beaten denotes the Impreffion or Suffering that Charles receives;. for Charles is the Subject on which the Action of Beating is exercised.

Q. What Words are Verbs?

A. All thofe Words that denote or fignify Being,, Doing, or Suffering, are called Verbs.

Thofe Verbs that fignify merely Being may be calJed Effential Verbs; thofe that fignify Doing are called Verbs Aftive; thofe that fignify Suffering are

D5

called:

Called Verbs Paffive. But we have, strictly speaking, no l'erbs Paffive.

NOTE I. of Tenfe or Time.

Q. What is Tenfe?

A. Tenfe is the Time of the Verb.
Q. What is the Time of a Verb?

A. The Tenfe or Time of a Verb relates to a Thing a doing, done, or not done.

Q. How many Tenfes are there?

A. As for Tenfes or Times, the natural or proper Number is three, becaufe all Time is either paft, prefent, or to come: That is,

I. The Prefent Time, that now is.
II. The Preter Time, that is past.

III. The Future Time, that is yet to come.

If we confider whether an Action be perfect, or imperfect, we may make fix Tenfes or Times; that is, three times of the Imperfect Action, and three times of the Perfect Action. As,

I. The Prefent Time of the Imperfect Action; . as, I fup, I do fup, or I am at Supper now, but have not yet done.

II. The Preter Time of the Imperfect Action; as, I was at Supper then, but had not yet done it. III. The Future Time of the Imperfect Action; as, ball fup, or fhall be yet at Supper; but not that I fhall have then done it.

IV. The Prefent Time of the Perfect Action; as, I have fupped, and it is now done.

V. The Preter Time of the Perfect Action; as, 1 bad then fupped, and it was then done.

VI. The Future Time of the Perfect Action; as

1 ball have fupped, and fhall have done it.

Q. How many Tenfes are there in English? A. There are in English two Tenfes or Times, the Prefent Time, and the Preter Time.

Q

Q. How do you know them?

A. The Prefent Tenfe or Time is the Verb itself, as burn.

A. The Preter Tenfe or Time is commonly made by adding ed to the Prefent Time, as burned.

But if the Prefent Tenfe ends in e, as Love, then the Preter Tenfe is made by only adding d to the Prefent; as loved. The frequent Contraction of this Texfe is very blameable: As, lov'd for loved, drown'd for drowned; unless in Poetry, when the Verfe requires it.

Q. But if we have but two Tenfes, how do we express the other Times of the Verb?

A. We do it by the help of certain other Words called Helping Verbs.

In fome Words whofe Present Tense ends in d or t, the Preter Tenfe is the fame with the Prefent Tenfe; as read, read; and then the Senfe of the Place, and the Helping Verbs muft diftinguish them. It is very probable they are Contractions, of ed, and fo fhould be writ with a double dd or it; as I have readd, headd, or bedd, bread, spreadd, caft, biftt, knitt, hurtt, putt, shutt, fett, flitt, Splitt, thruftt, whit, fweatt.

Q. Does the Preter Tenfe always end in ed?

A. Not always; for fometimes it ends in f, or en. For there are a great many Irregularities in the Preter Tenfe, that is, there are a great many Words of this Tenfe which do not end in ed.

NOTE II. Of the Perfons of the Verb. When we spoke of the Pronouns, there was men tion made of the Perfons, which are three in both. Numbers; I, thon or you, he or he, for the Sin gular; We, ye or yox, and they, for the Plural.

The Distinction of Perfons and Numbers in the Englib Verbs, is chiefly fignified by these Pronouns being put before them; as, 1 burn, they burn; or