But these Words relate to Certainty, or Confidence, that the Thing is fo, or not fo; truly, furely, indeed, verily, &c.

Adverbs of Comparison; thofe Adverbs which do themselves mark Comparifon, or the Difference of Degree in Perfons or Things, are, how, as, fo, how much more, lefs, left, most, very, rather,

than.

The Adverbs of Comparison, more, left, and most, are joined to any Adverbs, that are capable of receiving more or less.

Q. What fort of Adverbs are Adverbs in ly?

A. Adverbs of Quality, or of the Manner; from moft Adjectives in our Language are formed Adverbs which end in ly, and thefe for the most part denote the fame Quality or Manner, as the Adjectives do, from whence they are derived; as, that was nobly done, or that was a noble Deed; God's Mercy is infinite, or God is infinitely mercy ful. So from juft, wife, prudent, brave, right, conftant, &c. come the Adverbs justly, wifely, prudently, bravely, rightly, conftantly, &c.

This fort of Adverbs commonly admit of Com. parifon; as, happily, more happily, most happily.

N. B. There are abundance of Words which are reckoned for Adverbs and are not; and there are great numbers of Adjectives that are ufed ad verbially, or as Adverbs: But thefe, and thofe that are formed from them ending in ly, and feveral Prepofitions that are reckoned as Adverbs, I have defignedly omitted.

Q. Are not Adverbs fometimes compared?

A. Some Adverbs are aifo compared; as, of. ten, oftener, ofteneft, &c.

Adverbs in ly are compared by more and moft; as, wifely, more wifely, moft wifely.

Some

Sometimes the Article The is ufed in an emphatical manner before the Comparative; as, The lefs I fee him, the better; the more I talk with him, the lefs like him.

Motion from one Place to another, is commonly expreffed by the Adverbs that end in ther; as, hither, to this Place; thither, to that Place.

Hither is fometimes ufed as an Adjective; as, on the hither fide of it, in contradiftinction to the. other fide, or the farther fide of it.

The Adverb is also often in the modern Languages explained by the Noun and the Prepofition; as, with justice, for justly; with wisdom, for wifely,

&c.

CHA P. XXI.
Of the Conjunction.

Q. What is a Conjunction ?

A. A Conjunction is a Part of Speech

that joins Sentences together, and shows the manner of their Dependence upon one another. ..Q. What is the ufe of the Conjunction? A. It is ufed to join Sentences.

Q. Does it join Words together?

A. Strictly speaking it does not; for in this Sentence, Peter and Paul preaches, preaches is underftood in the first part of the Sentence; that is, Peter preaches, and Paul preaches, where you fee there are two Sentences joined together by the Couple or Conjunction and.

I fhall divide the Conjurations into Conjunctions Copulative; into Disjunctive, or of Divifion; into. Adverfative, or of Oppofition, and of Exception; into Conditional; into Sufpenfive,

or of Doubting; into Conceffive; into Declarative; into Interrogative; into Comparative; into Augmentative and Diminutive; into Caufal, or Caufative; into Illative, or Conclufive; into Conjunctions of Time, and of Order; and into Conjunctions of Transition.

Conjunctions Copulative,

Are thofe Words which ferve to join or couple two Propofitions or Sentences under the fame Affirmation, or under the fame Negation. And, alfo, are those which are used for the Affirmation; nor, or neither, for the Negation.

There is no Conjunction of fuch general Ufe as and. As, Bread and Cheese, Beer and Ale, and yet, and therefore, &c.

Conjunctions Disjun&tive,

Are thofe Words which do ferve in fuch a Manner for the Connection of Difcourfe, that they mark at the same time Divifion or Distinction in the fenfe of the Things fpoken of: These are, or, and whether, either; as, it is one or the other. I do not know whether it be good or bad.

Conjunctions Adverfative; or,

Conjunctions of Oppofition, are thofe Words which are used to couple two Sentences, in marking the Oppofition in the fecond Sentence, with regard to the firft. The chief of these is but, the others are nevertheless, however, &c.

Conjunctions of Exception or Restriction are unless, but, otherwife, &c. as, I will not go unless you will go with me.

Conjunctions Conditional are fuch as, in connecting one Part of the Difcourfe to the other, ferve to put between the two Sentences that they join, a Condition or Claufe without which, that which is expreffed in the principal Sentence ceafes

10

to have its Effect. Thefe Conjunctions are, if, but if, alfo fave and except; if they may be allowed to be Conjunctions.

The Conjunctions Sufpenfive or Dubitative, which ferve to mark Sufpenfion or Doubting in Difcourfe, are whether, &c. as, I do not know whether it be fo or no.

Conjunctions Conceffive, or fuch as grant the Thing to be fo, are, although, &c.

Conjunctions Declarative, are fuch as are ufed to explain the Thing more clearly; as, as, namely, to wit, for example, &c.

As, There are four Elements, namely, or for example, or to wit, Earth, Water, Air, Fire. But if any one fhould infift that namely is an Adverb; for Example, a Prepofition and a Subftantive; to wit, a Prepofition and a Verb; I fhall not difpute it. To wit, comes from the Saxon, witan, to know.

Conjunctions Interrogative, are fuch as are used in asking a Queftion, or the reafon of a Thing: Thefe are, why, wherefore, &c. as, Why did you

do it?

The Conjunctions not yet mentioned are, for, because (i.e. by caufe, as it was wrote formerly ;) that, therefore, whereas, fince, likewife, thereupon,

&c.

If any fhall reckon fome of these Words as Adverbs, and fome of the Adverbs as Conjunctions, they being often ufed in both Senfes, there will be no great Harm done.

CHA P. XXII.

Of the PREPOSITIONS.

THE Prepofitions, of which we fhall now treat, and the Conjunctions, of which we have spoke already, are, as it were, the Nerves and Ligaments of all Difcourfe; and we cannot attain to a right Knowledge of any Language, without a good Understanding of thefe two Parts of Speech.

Q. What is a Prepofition?

A. A Prepolition is a Part of Speech, which being added to any other Parts of Speech, ferves to mark or fignify their State or Reference to each other. Or you may take it thus;

A. A Prepofition is a Word added to other Words, to fhow the Refpet or Relation one Thing has to another.

Note, By a Part of Speech. is meant a Word, for every Word is a Part of our Speech. I ufe the Word added; for though the Prepofition is added chiefly to the Noun Subftantive, yet it is alfo added to other Parts of Speech; as for Example, before the Pronoun; as, he came to him, or from me; before the Verb; as, to fight, to read, &c. Before the Participle; as, after having read: Before the Article; as, with the Help of a Sword: Before the Adverb; as, from hence; and fometimes after the Word it governs; as, What did you fell this for?

It ferves to mark or fignify their State or Reference to each other: That is, it fhows what Refpect or Relation one Thing has to another; as, Peter goes over the Bridge, or under it: I go to the Place, or from it: So as to its State; John dwells at

the