GENERAL GALLIENI. ENERAL Gallieni, the great War Minister of France, has already distinguished himself as the defender of Paris at a time when the Germans were not more than a score of miles from the impregnable ramparts. Before the outbreak of the war, like so many other Generals of the French Army, Gallieni was a retired officer, living with his grandchildren in an out of the way part of France. Behind him

is a record of the most brilliant career in the whole French Service, a career that has taken him into every corner of the vast colonial empire of his country. In this, as in some other respects, he is suggestive of our own War Minister, Lord Kitchener. The suggestion for comparison and contrast between these two soldiers of genius is almost irresistible. "Each found himself an officer at an early age struggling along the illdefined frontiers of African possessions, colliding with Mahomedan despots, arresting a dubious sovereignty over uncharted, oasis, ascending mysterious rivers, attacking interior capitals against tremendous odds." Each passed in due time from Africa to Asia and from Asia to Europe. Lord Kitchener emerged first in a blaze of glory. But Gallieni found himself the among Mandarins of Tonkins. Strong as Kitchener, he is never silent. His easy and loquacious manners are in contrast to Kitchener's sphynx-like bearing. But both can be trusted to keep their heads cool when the house is on fire. Whatever the obstacles they must win through; both are champion exemplars of Wentworth's policy of thoroughness, We know Kitchener of Khartoum, and how he carried out his policy of thoroughness in South Africa, in Egypt, in India and lately in England. Mr. Gallieni proved the same trait in even more trying occasions in his discharge of duties as Governor of Madagascar and in French China. In a sense both are despots, but while Kitchener is a stiff, silent, solitary giant, Gallieni is an amiable, indulgent, and chatty officer. Both are hard taskmasters; but the English General is a bit too aloof and exacting, while his French comrade is a smiling dilettante, with an abundant gift of the supremely French manner of amiability and politeness. But Kitchener's Khedivian authoritativeness compares favourably with Manderin manners of Gallieni, who has a trick of affecting the manner of the grand monarque.

The slim, tall, and soldierly figures of Gallieni and Kitchener are generally contrasted with the luxuriant corpulence of General Joffre, Joffre's

regard for Gallieni was evident when first the Defence of Paris was entrusted to this soldier of genius. Reared in the atmosphere of that nursery of French officers, La Fle'ihe and St. Cyr, Gallieni is however an individualist and seldom conforms to the "type." With the quickness of the artist's temperament, he divines while others are calculating. We are told that his undoubted genius is for what the military experts of Paris term "Conception." In this he differs from Foch, who is a marvel of execution. Those who have studied the characters of the belligerent Generals, will find a parallel to this in the genius of Falkenhein and Mackensen. Falkenhein is the brain of the Kaiser's army, and Mackensen the redoubtable arm. But Gallieni adds to all his soldierly attributes the gift of the artist. A sexagenarian himself he is a believer in the divine potency of youth. Only a young man he has said, can lead an army to victory. He cites instances from Alexander to Napoleon: Napoleon when he conquered Italy, and Alexander when he conquered the then world. This is the burden of two of his works, but before the third was finished his wife fell sick and the war came and left him no leisure. But whatever the plausibility of his historical evidences, his own example has disproved his fond theories as he emerged victorious in his old age from the defence of Paris at a desperate crisis in the history of France and of Europe.

GENERAL PETAIN.

General Petain who has been in immediate command of the French Forces, which have defended Verdun against the terrific attacks of the German army, is one of the most typical of French Generals. He has organised a splendid resistance to the greatest artillery attack in the world's history, and has succeeded in defending a most strategical point so triumphantly that his name has since become quite popular among the warriors in the field. The gruesome bombardment of Verdun, and General Petain's wonderful defence and resistance, have been the theme of thousands of pen and pencil sketches, but nothing can so visualise the reality of the horrors of war than an actual eye-witness of the area and the ruin wrought by the belligerents' artillery. Lord Northcliffe, after an interview with the General in the field and a close examination of the war zone, gives a picture of the Captain who conducts this marvellous resistance to the German hoards. "General Petain," says the great journalist, "talks agreeably, freely, calmly, about

which cost Rs. 4 per maund was sold at Rs. 10-12. In competition with the Austrian and German experts, working in the Upper India Glass Works and the Himalayan Glass Works, Ltd., 1 sold the same kind of glass at Rs. 15-18 per maund. At the end of 1908, the same glass was being sold at Rs. 8-8 per maund. At the close of the same year a glass factory was started at Ferozabad for the manufacture of bangle glasses. In 1909, two more glass factories made their appearance at Ferozabad. Before the establishment of the two new factories prices of various kinds of bangle glass were steady and high, but with the advent of these two factories, conditions of the industry were entirely reversed. The bangle industry was threatened with cut-throat competition. The exigency of the situation demanded complete stoppage of importation of glass into Ferozabad, To achieve this end, the Ferozabad glass manufacturers considered it highly necessary to adopt strong and decisive measures. With this object in view, they made sweeping reductions in the prices of all kinds of bangle glass with the consequence that the Gwalior Glass Works, the Upper India Glass Works and the Himalayan Glass works, Ltd., who had large quantities of glass in their stock, after suffering considerable losses, had to retire from the field. Thus the market was boldly captured by the glass manufacturers of Ferozabad. To-day a visitor to Ferozabad can see five glass factories working in full swing. The daily output of the five factories is about 350 maunds of bangle glass. The manufacturer of Ferozabad had four distinct advantages over other glass factories, namely:-(1) Their own market; they had to pay no charges such as packing, carting, loading, unloading, railway freight, etc. (2) Being glass and bangle merchants themselves had to pay no commission on sales or charges for the maintenance of their agencies. (3) Being nearer to Calcutta and Bengal collieries they obtained their supplies of soda and coal at much cheaper rates than the other factories. 4. They required less establishment and less working capital.

Having failed in carrying coal to New Castle, I mean, in disposing of their goods profitably at Ferozabad and its adjacent places, the glass manufacturers outside of Ferozabad turned their attention and capital to the manufacture of medicine phials, but all of them after working for some time found to their great disappointment and great loss that the manufacture of phials was not profitable.

The main cause of the failure was high

cost of production. Considering the low prices of medicine phials, expensive establishments and high consumption of coal, it was a grievous mistake on the part of the manufacturers to expect profits when the average daily output of any of the factories did not exceed 15 maunds. A glass factory manufacturing 10-15 maunds of medicine phials cannot afford the luxury of having a qualified glass expert, a highly paid secretary, accountant, store-keeper, time-keeper, clerks, travelling agents. In order to develop and to make this branch of the industry a paying one in India, it is essential that at least 50 maunds of glass must be blown out daily. The cost of production, which has so far proved a great obstacle in the way of success of this branch of the industry, must be lowered by working on a large scale and must be further decreased by the employment of automatic or semi-automatic blowing machines. Thus the chief difficulty experienced in procuring a sufficient number of blowers can easily be removed.

Manufacture of bottles.-For this branch, a skilled labour is not available in India. Imported labour becomes very expensive. This is the main cause which has contributed to the failure of two bottle factories in India. It requires no prophet to foretell that no industry in any country can flourish or prosper under such adverse circum

stances.

Bangle-making.-The manufacture of pressed bangles was attempted on a large scale by the Jabalpur Glass Factory; in fact, it was expressly built and started for this very purpose. It failed through gross mismanagement, expensive estabilshment and heavy breakage of bangles during annealing, cracking, grinding and polishing operations. The breakage ran between 54-5 and 97 per cent. In my report submitted to the proprietors of the factory in last November, I had pointed out the following causes of heavy breakage of bangles :

(1) Defective composition. (2) Defective annealing. (3) Defective method of cracking. (4) Unskilful cutters. But the chief cause of the breakage is to be sought in the defective and wasteful method of cracking pressed bangle cups. In view of the fact, that very skilful and expensive labour is not required for the manufacture of bangles, there is no reason to doubt that the bangle-making industry will prove one of the most profitable industries in India, if only etticient machines for cracking pressed bangle cups can be obtained from Europe or America,

Chimney-making.-In India the manufacture of chimneys of all sorts and descriptions has proved the most paying branch of the industry. In fact, it is already yielding above 20 per cent. profit to the mannfacturers. I strongly recommend the manufacture of chimneys for the following reasons:

(1) The average price of finished chimneys is Rs. 28 per maund, whereas the average price of bottles is about Rs. 7, and of machine phials is Rs. 11 per maund in India. With the exception of raw material, all other expenses such as blowing, coal, establishment, etc., are the same. The difference in prices of raw materials is only eight annas to one rupee.

(2) Less number of blowers are required. In order to blow out 30 maunds of chimneys, six blowers are more than sufficient, whereas to blow out the same quantity of phials 15 blowers are hardly sufficient.

(3) One double-chimney blower can blow out chimneys worth Rs. 50 to 80 in a day of 10 hours,

while the value of daily output of a medicine phial blower does not exceed Rs. 15.

Factories for the manufacture of chimneys must be started on the following lines:

(1) One regenerative gas furnace, capable of holding 8 pots of 7 maunds each, should be built. (2) Double or quadruple chimney moulds must be employed.

(3) Cracking and grinding must be done by machinery. I do not approve of the Japanese method of cracking by hand. In Japan, labour being very skilful breakage in cracking chimneys is a negligible quantity whereas in India this method has proved wasteful and entirely unsuitable. One cracking machine can crack 6 to 10,000 chimneys in a day of 10 hours.

(4) Factory must work at least 25 days in a month and 10 months in a year.

(5) At least 500 maunds of chimneys must be manufactured in a month.

Failure of a glass factory started on the lines indicated above is an impossibility.

OW after a great deal of conflict of thought and wearisome excitement, the Muslim University Foundation Committee have found it expedient to accept the principles of the Hindu University Act, the Musalmans of India may fairly hope to have amidst them a University of their own in the not very distant future. It may not be quite out of place, at the present time, to take a brief survey of this movement.

The desire of the Musalmans to establish a centre of learning and culture for them in India has not been of a recent growth. Long before the Government or our Hindu brethren were able to recognise the necessity of denominational Universities in India, the idea had dawned on the sage of Aligarh that if any community was to receive any useful education, it should be on truly national lines. There were in the country various Government Universities no doubt. from actual results, he was well impressed that these Universities could not promote that learning and culture, that national spirit and selfrespect, which were very essential to infuse fresh life into the fallen communities of India.

But

The condition of the Muslim community during the latter half of the 19th century was quite depressing. With every political power gone, bereft of all wealth and prestige, the Musalmans of India were passing that stage of national decadence when sad rumination and indignant aloofness from the current of Worid's Progress outside benumbed every sense of activity in them. To make matters worse they were hopelessly ignorant and priest-ridden, and Syed Ahmed Khan could well foresee the coming doom if nothing was done to avert it. With his characteristic fervour and zeal, he tried to rouse his people from their slumber. Political power was by its very nature transitory. It could come and go. But it was still possible for them to so live their lives that they could command the respect

and esteem of other nations in the world. What specially marked them in the past was not so much of political power as so much of liberal and enlivening culture and learning. It was by reviving it in the light of modern developments that they could hope to go abreast of the civilized world. They had slept too long and they should wake up. They should take to English educa