the patient was made insensible by anaesthetics, lint smeared with honey or ghee placed upon the wound and bandages applied to the part. The dread of hæmorrhage did not deter the Hindu surgeons from amputating a limb under urgent circumstances. In these cases boiling oil was applied to the stump; with pressure by means of a cup-formed bandage to arrest the bleeding; pitch also appears to have been added to assist in stopping the blood.

To give an instance of their cleverness in brain surgery, King Bhoga of Dhar (977 A.D.) was suffering from a severe pain in the head which baffled all medical treatment. While his condition became critical it so happened that two brother physicians arrived in Dhar at that time, who after careful examination considered an operation was necessary. Accordingly under the influence of an anesthetic (Samohini) they trephined the skull, removed from the brain the real cause of the complaint, closed the opening, stitched the wound and applied a healing balm. The royal patient got completely well.

The art of surgery began to be neglected after the death of Buddha, and medicine after the Mahomedan invasion, and both declined after the European conquest of India. But by that time Hindu medicine had accomplished had accomplished its task, and though practically dead, it lives in the

younger civilisations of other nations and other countries. As in other branches of science, Hindu medicine was permeated with the spirit of philosophy and religion. To the Hindus Brahma was the first physician, and atma (soul) was of supreme importance. They reasoned from mind to matter, and treated man as a whole, body, mind and spirit; hence the Brahmins combined the offices of physician, philosopher and priest. Their love of philosophy and metaphysical speculations often clouded their rational conclusions; but their keen observation of Nature and by the bedside of the patients made them great in diagnosis and treatment. Their fertile imagination soared so high that it often outran reason; but they prescribed a strict regimen, a simple life and mental rest to their patients; while they directed them to the source of all peace-the basis of all cure and the want of which the cause of all disease. had a little more of the spirit of philosophy and faith of the East, it would have saved her many a disappointment and many a false conclusion with which her path of research is so thickly strewn, It would give her a wider outlook, a larger vision, so that she could look beyond the material and physical bases of life to those hidden forces and agencies for the cause and treatment of disease.— From a Paper prepared for the Royal Society of Medicine, London.

If the West

NE is apt to wonder what was the particular form of "telling forth" affected by that ancient prophet who first laid it down that a prophet has no honour in his own country. Even in the department of divination where familiarity would be most likely to breed contempt, (how can Smith believe that his nextdoor neighbour Jones is really a soothsayer), historical fact seems to be against him. The prophets of Baal had acquired sufficient honour to obtain for them a very thorough trial of their power to call down fire from heaven; of another Israelitish prophet, a seemingly simple-minded man who made artificial horns of brass wherewith the King should butt his enemies, it is recorded that he enjoyed a credence sufficient to lead his master to destruction. Cassandra, it is true, was neglected by the Trojans, but then the dice were divinely loaded against Cassandra. Colonel Stoffel is said to have

been disregarded by Napoleon III; Lord Roberts' warnings are said to have fallen unheeded on British ears. Warned or unwarned Napoleon certainly reaped the reward of inefficiency in 1870; but England's real army, the host of the sea, was not found unprepared by Germany's attack.

Abandoning the occult it is certainly possible to give instances of artistic "telling forth," Gordon wherein the dictum has proved true. Craig had to leave London for Moscow before his revolutionary ideas of stage decoration found serious consideration. John Coates, called der Meistersinger by the Germans, would probably enjoy more long-haired esteem in London did he call himself Johanne Kleider. But then the English are not in their inmost hearts interested in things military (as distinct from naval), theatrical, and musical. Literary they are; the

average Englishman may not talk literature on his way to office in the 8-15 train, and for the enlivening of this daily pilgrimage may prefer the Daily Mail to Walter Pater. But of a liking for literary style he gives the cogent proof of pur chase; Stevenson tells us that one of the Vailima years brought him in £4000. It is fortunate for the writer that this should be so. Painter, sculptor, and musician can appeal to a universal audience; the written word can only appeal to those who understand the language in which it is written.

men.

It may be taken for granted that before a literary prophet can be esteemed abroad, he must have obtained a somewhat exceptional measure of popularity amongst his own fellow-countryA sufficient honour he may indeed enjoy; but here sufficiency suffices not. Galsworthy, Masefield, Locke, Noyes, are prophets of no mean rank in England, but one may doubt if these names are of meaning for the average Frenchman. Arnold Bennett is familiar to the Parisian, but the familiarity may be as much personal as literary. H. G. Wells perhaps ; but Wells in the French phrase " continues" Jules Verne. Kipling doubtless; but Kipling's sound has gone out to all nations, and his words (which must look queer intranslations) to the uttermost ends of the earth.

One is led to these reflections by a perusal of Miss Winifred Stephens' literary portraits of " French Novelists of To-Day."* The book brings home how few and how exceptional are the writers who succeed in pushing their fame beyond the frontiers of their own language and country. Zola, Anatole France, Réné Bazin, Edmund Rostand, here are three novelists and one poet whose names certainly, and some of whose works possibly, are as familiar to the average educated Englishman as are the names and works of Hardy, Quiller Couch and Stephen Phillips. But what vogue or acquaintance in England have Romain Rolland, Réné Boylesve, Jean Ricard? Excellent writers all no doubt, and in their own country "arrived ;" an author must have some appreciable following before he can, like M. Rolland, continue the history of a fictitious character through ten volumes, and get these volumes published. Lack of a translator can hardly be urged as a reason for their English obscurity. Anatole France and Rostand are practically untranslatable; Zola has "made good" in spite of not because of Viztelly's flat, styleless translations. Perhaps the true reason is that

*" French Novelists of To-Day," by Winifred Stephens, (The Bodley Head).

these writers of whom Miss Stephens' treats are not quite good enough, nor yet utterly poor enough from a literary point of view, for international celebrity. For in some respects a literary commonplaceness, if combined with certain other excellences, may be a positive advantage to a writer, The excellent dramatic carpentry of Bernstein or Pinero is entirely international; their words neither lose nor gain by transference from one language to another.

Of much more interest therefore to the ordinary reader than portraits of unfamiliar writers is Miss Stephens' preliminary account of the spiritual change which has been coming over France for the last fifteen years, which has found gradual expression in French writings of that period, and which is now fully manifest in the armed and confident France of to-day. That stormy petrel, the late Emil Reich, was not far wrong when he proclaimed that much of the belauded French literary tolerance, dispassionate consideration of good and evil, broad-minded acceptance of moral and material dishonour as things which must be, was simply the outward and visible sign of a nation's mental damnation. It is not a good thing for a nation to lose all the clean angers of the savage; the man who murders the seducer of his wife or the betrayer of his country is a better citizen than he who bleats platitudinously that to know all is to forgive all. Especially acute and well considered is Miss Stephens' description of the changed attitude of the modern French writer towards the church. Not every modern writer may believe as Réné Bazin or Henri Bordeaux, but in the modern French novel is found an increasing recognition that the moral teachings of the church, even if not divinely inspired, are at any rate the product of centuries of experience as to what is really and ultimately to the practical interest of the individual and of the nation.

Miss Stephens sees in present-day French literature a revolt from Zolaism. Of the truth of this observation it is permissible to entertain much doubt. Zola wrote like a brute; like a bull he charged about the moral, or rather immoral, china-shop of his day. But if he rooted in the dirt he preached a gospel of cleanness, his heavy rootings rooted much of the muck away. He loved justice and hated iniquity; Fécondité may not be for the reading of the jeune fille bien élevée, but it was the song of hope for and of belief in France.

HE state of Alwar is situated between N. Latitude 27 3′ and 28° 13′ and E. Longitude 76° 7' and 77° 13' and is 3,143 sq. miles in extent. The Gurgaon District of the Punjab, Kot Kasim of Jaipur and Bawal of Nabha lie to the north of the Alwar State. On the north-west is Narnaul of Patiala, on the west and south Jaipur, on the east Bharatpur and on the north-east Gurgaon. It is rather mountainous as the Aravalli range runs through the centre of the territory. The principal river is the Sahibi or Sabi, but is of no importanee as it is unfit for irrigation. The Ruparel, known also as the Barah or Laswari, runs through the centre of the state for 50 miles and irrigates a considerable area and is the cause of constant friction between Alwar and Bharatpur as to the proper and equitable share of the water. The Alwar hills have given their name to the quartzites of the Delhi system of which they are composed. They include heavy bands of contemporaneous trap while the older rocks of the Aravilli system forming the substratum consist of schist slates with bands of crystalline limestone with intiers of guiess. Copper and lead are also found and pink marble. The climate of the state is dry and healthy, the northern part of the state having an average temperature lower than the south, where, owing to the hilly nature of the rocky ground in the hot months, the heat is excessive. The average rainfall of the state is about 22 inches, which occurs mostly in July, August and September.

Population and Religion.-At the census of 1901 the population was 828,487, and in 1911 the Hindus mainly Vaishnavas about 74 per cent., the Mahomedans forming 24 per cent. who are mostly Sunnis. The Jains are in a very small minority. The languages spoken are Hindi and Mewati, the last being one of the four main groups of Rajasthani. The population may be divided into Meos, mainly Mahomedan agriculturists, the Chamars, cultivators, leatherworkers and menials, Brahmins, agriculturists and in state and private service, the Alurs cultivators; the Minas divided into Zamindari and Chaukidari, agriculturists and hereditary thieves and cut-throats respectively-but of late years being partially reformed the Gujars agriculturists and stock breeders, the Mahajans, traders, cultivators and in state service, the Jats cultivators and the Rajputs, one-fifth of whom are Mahomedans who follow Hindu usages. Taken all in all 60 per cent, are cultivators, 4 per

cent. are partially agriculturists and 7 per cent. employed in the cotton and leather industries and the rest are devoted to miscellaneous matt 2 s.

Christian Missions.-There is a small band of native Christians, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Roman Catholics.

Agricultural aud Industrial.-Of land paying revenue direct to the state the area is about 86

per cent. of the total area. The principal crops are bajra jowar, gram, barley, cotton, wheat, maize, til, linseed, Indian hemp, tobacco, sugarcane, indigo, rice and poppy. The soils are of three kinds stiffish clay, loaming soils and sandy soil.

The industrial life of the state is limited to the weaving and dyeing of turbans. A little paper and a coarse glass are manufactured from which bangles and bottles are made. Excellent stonework, perforated screens, cups, idols, is done. Indigo is manufactured, and of recent years a cotton press and ginning factory have been set up. The chief exports are cotton, oilseeds, bajra, country cloth, turbans and shoes; the imports being sugar, rice, salt, wheat, barley, grain, piece-goods, iron and cooking utensils.

Communications.-The Rajputana Malwa Railway (main line) runs through the state from north to south for 56 miles. A branch of the same railway, the Bandiku-Agra, traverses the south-eastern portion of the state from east to west for 19 miles. There are state roads. British Post and Telegraph Offices serve the state needs.

Administration.-The present Maharajah H. H. Sarvai Sir Jai Singh Bahadur, K.C.I.E., K.C.S.I., was invested with powers in 1903. He is a personal ruler assisted by a Council of three members and various heads of departments. The codes of British India obtain in the courts. The highest court is that of the Council and sentence of death can be passed only by this court with the Maharajah presiding. The local coinage was abolished in 1897, since which time the British Government

supplies from the Calcutta mint rupees bearing the Alwar device, Alwar rupees being legal tender in British territory. The state mint is closed to the coinage of silver for 30 years from May 1897.

The land revenue system is practically the same as that in South Punjab.

The normal revenue of the state is about 35 lakhs annually and the expenditure about the same. The chief sources of revenue are from land, Government securities interest, salt, and forests.

un

forward with the present volume based mainly on accumulated contemporary evidence. Hedges' Diary, The Dropmore Papers published by the Historical Manuscripts Commission and other recently accumulated contemporary material and correspondence form the basis of Dalton's monograph. The author efficiently combats the favourable view of Governor Pitt, taken by the German historian, von Ruville in his Life of Chatham, and maintains that the Governor amassed his fortune without the slightest stain on his reputation and adhered to a certain standard of duty and honour. The general force of his character, his fidelity to the cause of his employers in spite of his master-fault of keenness in money-making, his decision and firmness in dealing with difficulties, and his maintenance of the prestige of his nation, are all vigorously dwelt upon. This half-forgotten Anglo-Indian worthy, sturdy, self-confident and masterful, has now received his due measure of recognition and praise from the hands of Dalton.

Governor Pitt was born in 1653, engaged early in the East India trade as an Interloper', experienced the usual adventures common to interloping trade, became rich mainly from trade with Persia, returned to England in 1683, settled down to a quiet life, and was elected member of Parliament for New Sarum in 1689. In 1693 his old roving spirit possessed him again, and he engaged in another excursion to Balasore and came again under the ban of the Company. Knowing him to be irrepressible the Directors resolved to come to terms with him and commissioned him Governor of Madras in 1698. As Governor, Pitt kept up a considerable amount of state, not merely towards the native rulers, but towards his own countrymen as well. He maintained the cause of his masters, the Old Company, unflinchingly and triumphantly, when every wind seemed to be against them; but when the two Companies were united, he did his best to establish a workable system for the transaction of the United Company's affairs. And his spirit of loyalty to his masters whoever they might be, is well illustrated in his letter to the Directors of the New Company after the Union: "It was my Fate and nott my Choice that made mee Your Enemy, and Since You and My Masters are united, Itt shall bee my utmost Endeavours to purchase Your Good Opinion and deserve Your Friendship."

His keenness for making money never led him to sacrifice the permanent interests of the Company or the English prestige in India. "Under

his rule, no native potentate or official dared to take personal liberties with any Englishman in the Carnatic, although during the greater part of the time that he was Governor, the Company's servants at Surat were persistently subjected to ignominious imprisonment, and in Bengal Englishmen were actually flogged in the public durbars." Not only his fellow-countrymen, but other European nationalities in India had reason to be thankful to him for maintaining their prestige. He had a more intimate and practical experience of trade and a wider knowledge of the habits and characteristics of the Great Moghul and his lieutenants than any other previous Governor sent out by the Court of Directors, and he had a good insight into the requirements of his employers and the British public and the political parties of the day. After his return to England, he was known as the Great President.'

His later life may be disposed of briefly. He purchased large properties in England, was repeatedly elected member for Old Sarum, and in 1716, he accepted but shortly afterwards resigned the Governorship of Jamaica. He took a prominent part in opposing the Tory Party and the Treaty of Utrecht. One thing seriously disturbed his happiness, the fractiousness of his wife and the insubordination of his children. It is this that soured him, drove him wild at times, and made the arrival of the Indian mail a cause of periodical panic to his children.' He died in 1726 at the age of 73, while his great qualities as an administrator were almost forgotten.

If we may judge him by what he did and its results, it is incontestable that at a very critical time in the early history of British India, he did more than any other man to uphold the prestige of his fellow-countrymen in the East; and that he was not only "the worthy grandfather and great grandfather of our two most illustrious prime-ministers, each of whom inherited some of his most sterling qualities and neither of whom could have attained the position which he did, if it had not been for the Parliamentary influence which the governor had acquired for his family; but that he is also entitled to a very distinguished position in the long time of our great Proconsuls, who in every quarter of the globe, dealing with every variety of race, in the face of manifold difficulties and opposition on the part of the Home authorities as well as of open enemies abroad, have for centuries done their part to make the British Empire what it is to day,"