thing which is remembered, forgotten, or of which a person is reminded- -as semper hujus diei et loci meminero, reminiscor beneficii tui, admonuit eos matris sororumque, I shall always remember this day and place. I remember your kindness. he reminded them of their mother and sisters. The verbs of remembering and forgetting, especially memini, are often joined with the accusative- — as memini numeros, obliviscor causam, amicum meum bene meministi. This, however, is the case especially when the object of these verbs is a neuter adjective or pronoun used substantively. Recordor is more generally construed with the accusative than with the genitive. 298. The verb misereor (miseresco), I pity, and the impersonal verbs miseret (miserescit, miseretur), piget, poenitet, pudet, taedet, pertaesum est, are accompanied by the genitive of the thing exciting the feelings expressed by these verbs, and the impersonal verbs govern the accusative of the person in whom the feelings exist- -as misereor (miseresco or miseret me),} I pity my friend. amici mei, poenitet me consilii, pudet me negligentiae meae, pudet hunc hominem insolentiae, I repent of my plan. I am ashamed of my carelessness. this man is ashamed of his insolence. 299. Verbs of charging, accusing, convicting, condemning, and acquitting, govern the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing with which one is charged, and of which he is accused, convicted, acquitted, &c. Such verbs are accuso, incuso, insimulo, arcesso (I summon before a court of justice); postulo, ago cum aliquo (I begin a lawsuit with a person); arguo, coarguo, convinco, damno, condemno, absolvo; e. g., accusavit Titum furti, he accused Titus of theft; damnatus est repetundarum, he was found guilty of extortion; proditionis absolvit ducem, he acquitted the general of treachery. 300. When the price or value of a thing is stated in a general way, it is always expressed by the genitives magni, permagni, tanti, tantidem, quanti, quantivis, quanticunque, pluris, plurimi, maximi, parvi, minoris, minimi. This is the case especially with verbs of estimating and valuing-such as duco, facio, habeo, pendo, puto, taxo-as domum tanti ducit quanti ducenda est, sapiens voluptatem non tanti facit quanti virtutem, he values the house at as much as it should be valued. a wise man values pleasure not so much as virtue. Verbs of selling and purchasing, however, are joined with the ablatives magno, parvo, minimo, nihilo, nonnihilo. The verb aestimo may be joined either with the genitive or the ablative- —as magni or magno virtutem aestimo, I value virtue highly. 301. The impersonal verbs interest and refert (it is of importance, or interest to) are joined with the genitive of the person to whom anything is of interest or importance; but when the person is expressed in English by a personal pronoun, the Latins use the possessive forms mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra-as patris interest or refert, mea interest or refert, it is of interest to the father. As a possessive pronoun is the representative of a noun in the genitive, it frequently occurs that a substantive standing in apposition to the person implied in the possessive pronoun is put in the genitive-as mea scripta timentis, my writings who (I) fear- that is, the writings of me who fear; mea unius opera respublica salva est, through my exertion alone the republic is safe. Sometimes the genitive of the personal pronoun is used instead of a possessive pronoun. This is the case chiefly with substantives containing the meaning of an active verb, so that the genitive of the personal pronoun is an objective genitive-as accusator tui for accusator tuus, your accuser (the man who accuses you.) Sometimes, however, there is a difference of meaning—as imago mea, my image, or the image belonging to me; but imago mei, an image of me, or a portrait of me. USE OF THE ABLATIVE CASE. 302. The ablative, which is peculiar to the Latin language, expresses a variety of relations necessary to define and modify the predicate-that is, those relations which in English are expressed by the prepositions by, with, from, in, or at. It is used sometimes with and sometimes without prepositions. 303. The ablative is used to denote the part of a person or thing, or the point to which the statement contained in the predicate is limited-as aeger est pedibus, tu temporibus errasti, claudus altero pede, he is suffering in his feet. you were mistaken as to the times. lame in one foot. 304. The ablative is used to express the means or instrument by which anything is done or brought about-as manu aliquem ducere, securi aliquem percutere, to lead a person by the hand. When a person is employed as the means or instrument through which anything is done, the ablative cannot be used; but instead of it must be used the preposition per with the accusatias litteras tibi misi per servum, I sent you the letter by a slave. 305. The ablative denotes the moving cause by which, or through the influence of which, anything is done ardere studio, exsultare gaudio, to burn with zeal. -as The ablatives causa and gratia (for the sake of, on account of) are in reality ablatives of cause, and are joined with a genitive or a possessive pronoun. When joined with a genitive, they usually stand after it — as patris causa or gratia, on the father's account; mea causa, on my account. 306. A substantive accompanied by an adjective, a pronoun, or a participle, is put in the ablative to express the manner or concomitant circumstance of the predicate summa aequitate rempublicam constituit, deos pura et incorrupta mente venerari debemus, as he settled the affairs of the repub lic with the greatest fairness. we must worship the gods with a pure and sincere mind. 307. Substantives denoting manner-such as modus, mos, ratio, ritus, and consuetudo-are used in the ablative without being accompanied by an adjective, participle, or pronoun-as latronis modo, more majorum, in the manner of a highwayman. according to the custom of our forefathers. Sometimes, however, the Latins use the preposition cum to express a concomitant circumstance, when this circumstance is something external, and is regarded as quite distinct from the idea contained in the predicate as magnum cum studio aderat, he was present with great zeal (that is, and displayed great zeal.) When the substantive used to express a concomitant circumstance or manner is not accompanied by an adjective, participle, or pronoun, the preposition cum must be used | — as cum cura aliquid facere, to do a thing with care. 308. With verbs of buying, selling, estimating, and the like, the price or value, if stated by a distinct sum or amount, is expressed in the ablative emere aliquid denario, -as to purchase a thing for a denarius. orationem vendidit viginti talentis, he sold a speech for twenty talents. 309. The ablative is used with verbs denoting plenty, abundance, filling, conferring on, or providing with - as affluere divitiis, manare cruore, to abound in wealth. Verbs of this kind are such as-abundo, redundo, affluo, scateo, compleo, expleo, impleo, refercio, cumulo, stipo, instruo, afficio, imbuo, conspergo, dignor. 310. Verbs, both transitive and intransitive, which denote want or deprivation, are accompanied by an ablative of the thing of which any one is in want or is deprived. Such verbs are — careo, egeo, indigeo, vaco; orbo, privo, spolio, fraudo, nudo as carere consuetudine amicorum, eyere auxilio, to be without the intercourse of friends. to be in want of assistance. 311. The ablative is joined with verbs of abstaining, renouncing, freeing, delivering, and excluding—such as obstineo, solvo, exonero, excludo -as abstineo maledictis, liberare hominem catenis, I abstain from calumny. Verbs of abstaining, preventing, and excluding, however, often take the preposition a or ab-as abstinere a vitiis, to abstain from vices; milites a pugna prohibuit, he kept his soldiers from fighting. But the preposition must always be used when the ablative is the name of a person —as arcere hostes a civibus, to keep the enemies away from the citizens. Verbs denoting a forcible removal of one from a place may be construed with the ablative alone, to denote the place from which; but it is more common to use the prepositions ab, ex, or de-as movere or pellere aliquem loco, to remove or expel a person from a place. In like manner the ablative alone is sometimes used with the words cedo, excedo, and decedo as decedere Italia or ex Italia. 312. The verbs gaudeo, laetor, glorior, delector, doleo, maereo, fido, and confido, are followed by the ablative to denote the thing at which you rejoice or grieve, and in which you trust -as gaudeo tua felicitate, doleo patris morte, I rejoice at your happiness. The ablative in these cases is in reality the ablative of the moving cause. 313. The verbs utor, abutor, fruor, perfruor, fungor, defungor, perfungor, potior, vescor, have their object in the ablative- -as carne utuntur, fruor suavi otio, they use meat. I enjoy delightful ease. Potior is construed also with the genitive, especially in the expression rerum potiri, to occupy the highest power in the state, where the ablative is never used. Pascor (I feed or graze) is joined both with the ablative and the accusative. 314. The expression opus est (there is need, it is necessary) is either treated as an impersonal verb, and then takes the thing of which there is need in the ablative; or opus is treat ed as an indeclinable adjective, and then the thing which is needed is expressed by the nominative. The person to whom anything is needful is expressed in each case by the dative -as praesidio opus est, exempla nobis opus sunt, there is need of a garrison. 315. Adjectives denoting plenty, abundance, want of, and freedom from, govern the ablative—as onustus praeda, dives agris, laden with booty. rich in landed possessions. Such adjectives are-praeditus, onustus, plenus, fertilis, dives; inanis, orbus, vacuus, liber, immunis, purus, alienus; also dignus, indignus, contentus, anxius, laetus, maestus, superbus, fretus, and others of a similar meaning. The adjectives plenus, fertilis, dives, and inanis, are also construed with the genitive, and plenus even more commonly than with the ablative -as Gallia plena bonorum civium. The participles refertus and completus likewise are often joined with the genitive when that of which anything is full are human beings—as carcer plenus sceleratorum; urbs referta mercatorum. The word macte is used, either alone or in conjunction with an imperative of sum (este, esto), with the ablative of the thing for which we congratulate a person-as macte virtute, or macte virtute esto, I congratulate you on account of your valour. 316. Participles denoting origin or birth-such as natus, ortus, genitus, satus, editus-are joined with the ablative denoting the parents of whom, or the station in which, a person is born-as nobili patre natus, humili genere natus, born of a noble father. 317. With comparatives the ablative denotes the amount of difference existing between two things compared—as Romani duobus millibus plures erant quam Sabini, uno digito plus habere, there were two thousand more Romans than Sabines. to have one finger more. The ablative, with the adverbs ante and post, likewise denotes how much one thing is earlier or later than another. as tribus annis ante, three years before or earlier; decem annis post, ten years after or later. 318. The ablative is often used with comparatives to denote the person or thing surpassed by another, which is commonly expressed by quam· -as filia matre pulchrior—that is, filia a daughter more beautiful than her mother. he was greater than Scipio. |