One of the most effectual means by which States can assist one another, is the organization of international peace. The need of this is more generally felt at the present time when the meaning of war is so plainly before us. In former ages also, the nations realized the necessity of compacts and agreements whereby the peace of the world would be secured. The success of these organized efforts was due, in large measure, to the influence of the Church. The position of the Holy See and the office of the Sovereign Pontiff as Father of Christendom, were recognized by the nations as powerful factors in any undertaking that had for its object the welfare of all. A "Truce of God" was not to be thought of without the Vicar of Christ; and no other truce could be of lasting effect. The Popes have been the chief exponents, both by word and act, of the principles which must underlie any successful agreement of this nature. Again and again they have united the nations of Europe, and history records the great services which they rendered in the field of international arbitration and in the development of international law. The unbroken tradition of the Papacy with respect to international peace, has been worthily continued to the present by Pope Benedict XV. He not only made all possible efforts to bring the recent war to an end, but was also one of the first advocates of an organization for the preservation of peace. In his Letter to the American people on the last day of the year, 1918, the Holy Father expressed his fervent hope and desire for an international organization, "which by abolishing conscription will reduce armaments, by establishing international tribunals will eliminate or settle disputes, and by placing peace on a solid foundation will guarantee to all independence and equality of rights." These words revealed the heart of the Father whose children are found in every nation, and who grieves at the sight of their fratricidal struggle. That they were not then heeded or even rightly understood, is but another evidence of the degree to which the passions aroused by the conflict had warped the judgment of men. But this did not prevent the Pontiff from intervening in behalf of those who were stricken by the fortunes of war, nor did it lessen his determina tion to bring about peace. To him and to his humane endeavor, not Catholics alone, but people of all creeds and nationalities, are indebted for the example of magnanimity which he gave the whole world during the most fateful years of its history. THE END INDEX Acton, Lord, History of Freedom and other Essays, 101, 145, 196, 197. American Constitution, 149. Austin, John, 40, 125, 158, 252; Bacon, 125. Baltimore, Lord, 285. Bancroft, Archbishop, 123. Beard, Charles A., An Economic Bellarmine, 113, 115, 116, 133, 136, Benedict XV, 29, 325; Encyclical on Bentham, 125, 158, 174, 183. Bill of Rights, 186. Billot, Cardinal, on origin of civil authority, 62-67. Bismarck, 145. Blackstone, 168, 169, 170. Blair, Hugh, 154. Bodin, Jean, 112; on the patriarchal Bolingbroke, 132; Patriot King, 172. Bouquillon, 252; Theologia Moralis Brown, Alexander, The First Repub- Brown, Sir Thomas, Religio Medici, Bryce, Viscount, 159; Modern Democ- Burke, 125, 126, 150, 151, 153, 161, Church and State, comparative dig- Civil Authority, moral origin of, 62- Civil Law, basis of, 245-248; moral Civil Power of Church, 41, 42. Civil Society, historic origin of, 79–84. Clement V, 48. Coke, Sir Edward, 122, 123, 124. Consent of the Governed, 53, 84-98. Contrat Social, 63, 70-75, 91, 92, 94. Costa Rosetti, Synopsis Philosophiae Cronin, The Science of Ethics, 221, Cudworth, 130, 131, 141; Intellectual Curtis, G. C., Constitutional History Dante, Convivio, 102; Monarchia, 111. De Maistre, Joseph, Essai sur le Prin- De Regimine Principum, 110, 111. Declaration of Breda, 130. Droysen, Johann Justav, Outline of Duns Scotus, 162. Duties of the Citizen, 260–275. Elliot, Sir Thomas, The Governor, 102. Encyclicals; See Benedict XV, Greg- Faber, 136. Federalist, the, 163. Fenelon, 48; Direction pour la Con- Filmer, Sir Robert, 135, 136, 177; Forum Judicum, 102, 103, 107. Freedom of Speech, 16, 55, 239–243. Garner, James W., Introduction to Gooch, G. P., 121, 122, 129. Government, forms of, 3, 28. Gregory XVI, Mirari Vos, 17. Pacis, 135. Guillaume de Rochfort, 112. Hamilton, Alexander, 132, 146, 150, Hegel, 203; conception of the omnip- |