OERSTED-ŒESOPHAGUS. gave 100 miles west of Stockholm. Pop. in 1869, 8990. The town still retains many memorials of its earlier prosperity, when it was frequently the residence of the Swedish rulers, who found its central position in the more fertile southern portion of the kingdom favourable both in regard to safety and pleasantness of site. The old castle was built by Berger Jarl in the 13th c., and was in after-times frequently chosen as the seat of the national diets. O. has manufactories of wax-cloth, carpets, woollen goods, stockings, guns, and mirrors; and these industrial products, together with the minerals obtained from the neighbouring silver, copper, and iron mines, are conveyed to Gothenborg and Stockholm by means of the extensive system of canals which connects the lakes of the interior with the maritime ports. OERSTED, HANS CHRISTIAN, one of the most distinguished scientific discoverers and physicists of modern times, was born in 1777 at Rudkjobing, on the Danish island of Langeland, where his father practised as an apothecary. In 1794, he entered the university of Copenhagen, where he took the degree of doctor of philosophy in 1799, and soon afterwards became assistant to the professor of medicine, in which capacity he lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy. In 1806, after having enjoyed a travelling scholarship for several years, and visited Holland, the greater part of Germany, and Paris, he was appointed extraordinary professor of natural philosophy in the university of Copenhagen. In 1812 he again visited Germany and France, after having published a manual under the title of Videnskaben our Naturen's Almindelige Love, and Förste Indledning til den Almindelige Naturlære (1811). During his residence at Berlin, he wrote his famous essay on the identity of chemical and electrical forces, in which he first developed the ideas on which were based his great discovery of the intimate connection existing between magnetism and electricity and galvanism-a treatise which, during his residence in Paris, he translated into French, in conjunction with Marcel de Serres. In 1819, he made known these important truths in a Latin essay, entitled Experimenta circa Efficaciam Conflictus Electrici in acum Magneticam, which he addressed to all the scientific societies and the leading savans of Europe and America, and thus made good his claim to be regarded as the originator of the new science of electro-magnetism. discovery, which formed one of the most important eras in the history of modern physical science, obtained for O. the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of England, and the principal mathematical prize in the gift of the Institute of Paris. The original and leading idea of this great discovery had been in his mind since 1800, when the discovery of the galvanic battery by Volta had first led him to enter upon a course of experiments on the production of galvanic electricity. The enunciation of his theory of electro-magnetism was followed by many important experiments in regard to the compression of water, and by numerous other chemical discoveries, among which we may instance his demonstration of the existence of the metal aluminium in alumina. The influence which O. exerted on the science of the day by his discoveries, was recognised by the learned in every country, and honours increased upon him with increasing years. He was corresponding member of the French Institute, perpetual secretary to the Royal Society of Sciences in Copenhagen, a knight of the Prussian Order of Merit, of the French Legion of Honour, and of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, and a councillor of state. O.'s great object through life was to make science popular among all classes, in furtherance of which he wrote numerous This works, contributed scientific papers to the newspapers and magazines of his own country and Germany, and in addition to his regular prelections in the university, gave courses of popular scientific lectures to the public, including ladies. Among the works specially written to promote the diffusion of scientific knowledge, those best known are Aanden i Naturen (Kop. 1845), and Natur-læren's MechanischDeel (Kop. 1847), both of which have been translated into several other European languages. The majority of his more important physical and chemical papers are contained in Poggendorff's Annalen, and were written by him in German or French, both of which he wrote with the same facility as his own language. At the close of 1850, a national jubilee was held in honour of the 50th anniversary of his connection with the university of Copenhagen-a festival which he did not long survive, as his death occurred at Copenhagen 9th March 1851. A public funeral, attended by all persons distinguished by rank or learning in the Danish capital, bore testimony to the respect and esteem with which he was regarded by his fellow-citizens, among whom his menory is cherished, not merely as one of the greatest scientific benefactors of his times, but as a man who contributed largely, by his eloquent and earnest advocacy of liberal principles, to the attainment of the high degree of constitutional freedom which Denmark now enjoys. CSO'PHAGUS (Gr. oio, to convey, and phagein, to eat), or GULLET, a membranous canal, about nine inches in length, extending from the pharynx to the stomach, and thus forming a part of the alimentary canal. It commences at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx, descends in a nearly vertical direction along the front of the spine, passes through an opening in the diaphragm, and thus enters the abdomen, and terminates in the cardiac orifice of the stomach, opposite the ninth dorsal vertebra. It has three coats-viz., an external or muscular coat (consisting of two strata of fibres of considerable thickness-an external, longitudinal, and an internal, circular); an internal or mucous coat, which is covered with a thick layer of squamous epithelium; and an intermediate cellular coat, uniting the muscular and mucous coats. In this tissue are a large number of œsophageal glands, which open upon the surface by a long excretory duct, and are most numerous round the cardiac orifice, where they form a complete ring. The oesophagus is liable to a considerable number of morbid changes, none of which are, however, of very common occurrence. The most prominent symptom of Esophagitis, or Inflammation of the Esophagus, is pain between the shoulders, or behind the trachea or sternum, augmented in deglutition, which is usually more or less difficult, and sometimes impossible. The affection is regarded as a very rare one, unless when it originates from the direct application of irritating or very hot substances, or from mechanical violenceas, for instance, from the unskilful application of the stomach-pump or probang. Dr Copland, however, is of opinion that it is not unfrequent in children, particularly during infancy, and observes that when the milk is thrown up unchanged, we should always suspect the existence of inflammation of the oesophagus.' The ordinary treatment employed in inflammatory diseases must be adopted; and if inability to swallow exists, nourishing liquids, such as strong beef-tea, must be injected into the lower bowel. Spasm of the Esophagus-a morbid muscular contraction of the tube, producing more or less difficulty of swallowing-is a much more common affection than inflammation. The spasm generally comes on ESOPHAGUS-OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE. suddenly during a meal. Upon an attempt to swallow, the food is arrested, and is either immediately rejected with considerable force, or is retained for a time, and then brought up by regurgitation; the former happening when the contraction takes place in the upper part of the canal, and the latter when it is near the lower part. In some cases, solids can be swallowed, while liquids excite spasm; while in other cases the opposite is observed; but in general either solids or liquids suffice to excite the contraction, when a predisposition to it exists. The predisposition usually consists in an excitable state of the nervous system, such as exists in hysteria, hypochondriasis, and generally in a debilitated condition of the body. An attack may consist of a single paroxysm, lasting only a few hours, or it may be more or less persistent for months or even years. The treatment must be directed to the establishment of the general health, by the administration of tonics and anti-spasmodics, by attention to the bowels and the various secretions, by exercise in the open air, the shower-bath, a nutritious diet, &c.; and by the avoidance of the excessive use of strong tea, coffee, and tobacco. Care must also be taken not to swallow anything imperfectly masticated or too hot; and the occasional passage of a bougie is recommended. Brodie relates a case that ceased spontaneously on the removal of bleeding piles. Strychnia is deserving of a trial when other means fail; and if the affection assume a decidedly periodic form, quinia will usually prove an effectual remedy. Paralysis of the Esophagus is present in certain forms of organic disease of the brain or spinal cord, which are seldom amenable to treatment, and is often a very important part of the palsy that so frequently occurs in the most severe and chronic cases of insanity. In this affection there is inability to swallow, but no pain or other symptom of spasm; and a bougie may be passed without obstruction. The patient must be fed by the stomach-pump, and nutrient injections of strong beef-tea should be thrown into the lower bowel. Permanent or Organic Stricture of the Esophagus may arise from inflammatory thickening and induration of its coats, or from scirrhous and other forma upper part. They may not only cause immediate a mere rudimentary proboscis or none, the palpi The females deposit their eggs on different species The perfect insect is very short-lived. of herbivorous mammalia, each insect being limited to a particular kind of quadruped, and selecting for its eggs a situation on the animal suitable to the habits of the larva, which are different in different species, although the larvae of all the species are parasites of herbivorous quadrupeds. The characters and habits of some of the most notable species are described in the article BOT. Animals seem generally to have a strong instinctive dread of the O. which infest them. O'FFENBACH, a manufacturing town of HesseDarmstadt, on the south bank of the river Main, Birstein, 4 miles south-east of Frankfurt. Pop. (1867) within the domains of the Princes of Isenburgrichest parts of the valley of the Main, and is one 20,308. O. is pleasantly situated in one of the of the most important manufacturing towns in the tions, situated either in the walls of or external to carriages have acquired a pre-eminent character for province. Among the industrial products, its the tube. The most common seat of this affection the tube. The most common seat of this affection excellence; and next to these, stand its bookis at its upper part. The symptoms are persistent and gradually increasing difficulty of swallowing, bindings, articles of jewellery, gold and silver goods, occasionally aggravated by fits of spasm; and a carpets, and silk fabrics. It has also good manubougie, when passed, always meets with resistance tin-lackered wares, umbrellas and parasols, waxfactories of wax-cloth, papier-mâché snuff-boxes, at the same spot. When the contraction is due to inflammatory thickening, it may arise from the candles, leather, hats, tobacco, sugar, and gingerabuse of alcoholic drinks, or from swallowing boiling and a Jewish synagogue. The palace is the winter bread and spiced cakes. O. has several churches, or corrosive fluids; and it is said that it has been residence of the Isenburg-Birstein family, to whom induced by violent retching in sea-sickness. If unrelieved, the disease must prove fatal, either the old castle, now in ruins, also belongs. by ulceration of the tube around the seat of the pontoon-bridge across the river, and a railway to Frankfurt, facilitate intercommunication, and tend stricture, or by sheer starvation. When the affec- materially towards the maintenance of its active tion in may be derived from a mild course of mercury, occasional leeching, and narcotics; and especially from the occasional passage of a bougie, of a ballprobang (an ivory ball attached to a piece of whalebone), or of a piece of sponge moistened with a weak solution of nitrate of silver. If it is dependent upon malignant disease, and the tissues have become softened by the infiltration of the morbid deposit, the bougie must be directed with the greatest care through the stricture, as a false passage may be easily made into important adjacent cavities. Foreign bodies not very unfrequently pass into the oesophagus, and become impacted there, giving rise to a sense of choking and fits of suffocative cough, especially when they are seated in its trade. A OFFENCES AGAINST RELIGION, PUBLIC PEACE, &c. See RELIGION, Peace, &c. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE is one mode of entering into a contract of sale. At an auction, the highest offer is generally accepted as a matter of course; and when accepted, the contract is completed. An offer is often made by letter from one merchant to another to buy or sell goods. In such a case, the party offering is bound to wait until he gets an answer by return of post or messenger; for until then the offer is supposed to be continuously made. But if A offer to B personally to sell, and B ask time to consider for a day, or any given time, A is not bound to wait a single moment, according to OFFERING-OFFICIAL ASSIGNEE. English law, and may withdraw at any time from the offer, because he had no legal consideration for waiting; whereas, in Scotland, in the same circumstances, A would be bound to wait the time agreed upon. OFFERING. Under the head FIRST-FRUITS (q. v.) have been described the various offerings prescribed in the Jewish law. We shall have occasion to consider, under the head of SACRIFICE (q. v.), some further questions connected with the subject of offerings in public worship. In the Christian community there appears to have existed, from the earliest times, a practice of making voluntary offerings, for purposes not directly connected with public worship. See OFFERTORY. O'FFERTORY (Lat. offertorium, from offero, I offer) is the name given to that portion of the public liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church with which the eucharistic service, strictly so called, commences. In the Roman Liturgy it consists of one or two verses from some book of Scripture, generally from the Old Testament, but sometimes also from the Epistles. In the Ambrosian Liturgy it consists of a prayer, similar in form to the collect or secret of the mass; and in both, this recital is followed by the preparatory offering up of the bread and wine, accompanied by certain ceremonies and forms of prayer. Catholic Church. Under the head BREVIARY will be found a general description of the contents and the arrangement of that great service-book. The special portions assigned for any particular day constitute what is called the divine office for that day; and each person who is bound in virtue of his order to recite the Breviary, is obliged, under pain of sin, to read, not merely with the eye, but with distinct, although it may be silent, articulation, each and all these portions. The adjustment of the portions of the office of each day, the combination of the ordinary' portions which are read every day in common, with the parts 'proper' for each particular day, is a matter of considerable difficulty, and is regulated by a complicated system of RUBRICS (q. v.). OFFICE, HOLY, CONGREGATION OF THE. In the article INQUISITION (q. v.) it has been explained that that tribunal is sometimes called by the name Holy Office. That title, however, properly belongs to the Congregation' at Rome, to which the direction of the Roman tribunal of the Inquisition is subject. This Congregation was established by Paul III. in 1542, and its organisation was completed by Sixtus V. It consists of twelve cardinals, a commissary, a number of 'theologians' and canonists who are styled 'consulters,' and of another class of officials called 'qualifiers,' whose duty it is to report on each case for the information of the cardinals. In the most solemn sessions of the Holy Office the Holy Office, in addition to questions of heresy and crimes against faith, also extends to ecclesiastical offences, especially in connection with the administration of the sacraments. OFFICE COPY is a copy made of a document by some officer of a court in whose custody the document is; and in general such copies are receivable in evidence, without further proof, in the same court, but not in other courts, except some statute makes them evidence. This offering of the bread and wine in the public service became, from a very early period, the occasion of a voluntary offering, on the part of the faith-pope himself presides in person. The action of the ful; originally, it would seem, of the bread and wine designed for the eucharistic celebration and for the communion of the priest and the congregation, sometimes even including the absent members, and also for the agape, or common sacred feast, which accompanied it. That portion of the offerings which remained in excess of what was requisite for these purposes was applied to the relief of the poor, and to the support of the clergy. These offerings were ordinarily made by the faithful in person, and were laid upon the altar; and the Ambrosian rite still preserves this usage in a ceremonial which may be witnessed in the cathedral of Milan. By degrees, other gifts were superadded to those of bread and wine-as of corn, oil, wax, honey, eggs, butter, fruits, lambs, fowl, and other animals; and eventually of equivalents in money or other objects of value. The last-named class of offerings, however, was not so commonly made upon the altar and during the public liturgy, as in the form of free gifts presented on the occasion of other ministerial services, as of baptism, marriages, funerals, &c.; and from this has arisen the practice in the Roman Catholic Church of the mass-offering, or honorarium, which is given to a priest with the understanding that he shall offer the mass for the intention (whence the honorarium itself is often called an 'intention') of the offerent. In some places, however, and among them in some parts of Ireland, offerings in kind' are still in use, not indeed in the form of the ancient offertory, but in the shape of contributions of corn, hay, &c., at stated seasons, for the use of the parochial clergy. At weddings also, and in some places at funerals, offerings in money are made by the relations and friends of the newly married or of the deceased. In the Liturgy of the English Church allusion is made to the practice of oblations, and some of the recent controversies have turned upon the revival of the 'offertory,' which has found some advocates. OFFICE, THE DIVINE (Lat. officium, duty), is the name popularly given to the CANONICAL HOURS (q. v.) prescribed to be read each day by bishops, priests, deacons, and sub-deacons in the Roman OFFICERS, MILITARY AND NAVAL.-Military Officers are combatant and non-combatant, the latter term including paymasters, medical officers, commissariat, and other civil officers. The great divisions of rank are commissioned, warrant, and non-commissioned officers. Commissioned officers. are those holding commissions from the crown, or a lord-lieutenant, and comprise all holding the rank of ensign, or corresponding or superior rank. Divided by duties, they are Staff Officers (see STAFF), or liegimental Officers (see REGIMENT); divided by rank, General Officers (q. v.), Field-Officers (q. v.), and troop or company officers. The last are captains, lieutenants, and cornets or ensigns, and, except in the cavalry, are unmounted. The different systems of promotion for officers, and especially the intricacies of the purchase system, will be explained under PROMOTION, ARMY, and PURCHASE SYSTEM. The only warrant officers in the army are Mastergunners (see GUNNER) and Schoolmasters. Noncommissioned officers are described under that heading. Officers, Naval, are commissioned, warrant, and petty officers. Commissioned officers are admirals, captains, commanders, lieutenants, and sub-lieutenants, described under their respective titles. Warrant Officers (q. v.) are boatswains, carpenters, gunners, and one class of engineers. Petty officers will be described under that heading, and constitute a very important portion of the management in a ship-of-war. OFFICIAL ASSIGNEE', in English Law, is an officer of the Bankruptcy Court, in whom a OFFICINAL PLANTS-OGHAMS. bankrupt's estate vests the moment an adjudication by dividing it into triangles and trapezoids by of bankruptcy is made. He is the manager of the property, and can sell the estate under the directions of the court in urgent cases, such as where the goods are perishable; but in general, he is assisted in the management by the creditors' assignees, who are selected from the body of creditors by the other creditors' votes. The official assignee is appointed by the Lord Chancellor, being selected from the body of merchants, brokers, or accountants. He is bound to find security to the extent of £6000. He is prohibited from carrying on trade on his own account. The salary is £1000. OFFICINAL PLANTS (Lat. officina, a shop) are those medicinal plants which have a place in the pharmacopoeias of different countries, and which are therefore sold-or some of their products or preparations of them-by apothecaries and druggists. The medicinal plants cultivated to any considerable Offset. extent are all officinal, but many are also officinal which are not cultivated. See MEDICINAL PLANTS. OFFSET, or SET-OFF, the splay or sloping part of a wall, &c., joining parallel surfaces when the upper face recedes from the lower. This frequently occurs on buttresses (see fig.). The O. is usually protected with dressed stones, having a projection or drip on the lower edge to prevent the rain from running down the wall. OFFSETS, a term used by gardeners to designate the young bulbs, which springing from the axils of the scales of a bulb (q. v.), grow beside it, exhausting its strength, but which serve for the propagation of the plant. A crop of shallots, or of potato onions, consists entirely of the offsets of the bulbs planted in spring; although the term is not commonly used except as to bulbous-rooted plants prized for the beauty of their flowers. OFFSETS. Let AEF.... Let AEF....B....D....C be a field with very irregular sides; take the points A, O, M, C at or as near the corners as convenient, the object being to enclose as much of the field as possible within the quadrilateral AOMC; and for this means of perpendiculars (to which the term offsets was originally applied, though it now denotes the irregular area before mentioned) from the corners E, G, H, &c. (see TRIANGLE and TRAPEZOID), and adding together the areas of the separate figures AEF, FGg, GHgh, &c. Similarly the areas of OLN.... D and MDUW are found. To the sum of these must be added the areas of the triangles ATS, QPC, diminished by the area of SRQ, and the result is the whole area of the field. If the offset have no distinct corners, as (fig. 2) ABLMN.... OK, then the base AK is divided into equal parts by perpendiculars ABLI, Mm, Nn, &c., and the area of the offset is found approximately as follows: the ABLI + LIMm + MmNn + &c. + whole offset PpOK Al × § (AB + Ll) + lm × § (Ll + Mm) + mn † (Mm + Nn) + + pK × (pP + OK) (since the divisions of the base are equal) Al + 2PP + OK} {AB + 2Ll+ 2Mm + 2Nn + Al x { AB + OK 2 .... + Ll + Mm + Nn + + Pp}; i. e., the area of an offset is found approximately by adding the intermediate perpendiculars to the semitotal by the length of a division of the base, the sum of the first and last, and multiplying the sumdivisions being equal; and the greater the number of perpendiculars, the nearer the result is to the true area. O'GDENSBURG, a village and port of entry in New York, U. S., on the south bank of the river St Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, 210 miles north-west of Albany, and at the western terminus of the Northern Railway. It has a large lake and river trade, mills and factories, customhouse, town-hall, &c., and a steam-ferry to Prescott, Canada. Pop. in 1860, 7410; in 1870, 10,076. OGEE', a moulding consisting of two curves, one concave and the other convex (a). It is called (in Classic Architecture) Cymatium or Cyma Reversa (see MOULDING). The ogee is also much used in Gothic archi tecture. An arch α Ogee Fig. 1. purpose it is sometimes necessary, as in the present case, to include a corner (as SRQ) which is outside the field. The area AOCD is found by means of the diagonal AM, and the perpendiculars on it from C and O. The area AEFG.... BL is found having each side 0 formed with two contrasted curves is called an ogee arch (b). Figure a represents Hogarth's line of beauty. O'GHAMS, the name given to the letters or signs of a secret alphabet long in use among the Irish and some other Celtic nations. Neither the origin nor the meaning of the name has been satisfactorily explained. The alphabet itself is called Bethluisnin, or Bethluis, from its first two letters, 'b,' called 'beith' (birch), and 'l,' called 'luis' (quicken). Its characters are lines, or groups of lines, deriving their significance from their position on a single stem or chief line-over, under, or through which they are drawn either straight or oblique. In some cases, the edge of the stone or other substance on which the Oghams are incised, serves the purpose of the stem or chief line. About eighty different forms of 45 OGHAMS-OHIO. the alphabet are known. The following is the one grounds, or beside Christian cells or oratories. most commonly used : The sign for the diphthong ea' is said to be the only one which has been observed on ancient monuments. It is added that the sign for 'ui' sometimes stands for 'y,' that the sign for 'ia' sometimes stands for 'p, and that the sign for 'ae' stands also for 'x,' for 'cc,' for 'ch,' forach,' and for uch.' Ogham inscriptions generally begin from the bottom, and are read upwards from left to right to the top, when they are carried over, and run down another side or angle. Most of those which have been read give merely a proper name with its patronymic, both in the genitive case. The stones on which Oghams are cut would seem, for the most part, to have been sepulchral. Oghams are of most frequent occurrence in Ireland, where they are found both written on books and inscribed on stones, metals, or bones. The Oghams on stones are most numerous in the counties of Kerry and Cork. A few Ogham inscriptions on stones have been discovered in Wales-as at St Dogmael's, in Pembrokeshire; near Margam, in Glamorganshire; and near Crickhowel, in Brecknockshire. There are a few in Scotland, as on the Newton Stone and the Logie Stone in Aberdeenshire, on the Golspie Stone in Sutherland, and on the Bressay Stone in Shetland. One has been found in England-at Fardel, in Devonshire. Oghams have been observed on an ancient MS. of Priscian, which belonged to the famous Swiss monastery founded in the 7th c. by the Irish missionary, St Gall (q. v.). The difficulties of deciphering Ogham inscriptions cannot be said to have been as yet altogether overcome. It is confessed by the most learned and judicious of Ogham scholars, the Rev. Charles Graves, D.D., of Trinity College, Dublin, that the nature of the character is such that it does not at once appear which, of four different ways of reading, is the right one; that the words being written continuously, as in ancient MSS., there is great chance of error in dividing them; and that the Celtic names inscribed are generally Latinised in such a manner as not readily to be recognised. Some still bear the names of primitive saints. At least one is inscribed with a Christian name; and some of the inscriptions betray an undeniable knowledge of Latin. At the same time, it has been argued by one of the most learned of Celtic philologists, Mr Whitley Stokes, that the circumstance that genuine Ogham inscriptions exist both in Ireland and in Wales which present grammatical forms agreeing with those of the Gaulish linguistic monuments, is enough to shew that some of the Celts of these islands wrote their language before the 5th c., the time at which Christianity is supposed to have been introduced into Ireland.' It has been observed by Dr Graves, on the other hand, that there are many points of resemblance between the Oghams of the Celts and the Runes of the Norsemen; and, indeed, one Irish MS. asserts that the Oghams came to Ireland from Scandinavia : Hither was brought, in the sword sheath of Lochlan's king, The Ogham across the sea. It was his own hand that cut it.' The Ogham is said to have been in use so recently as the middle of the 17th c., when it was employed in the correspondence between King Charles I. and the Earl of Glamorgan. The best account of Oghams is in Dr Graves's papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. iv. pp. 70, 173, 183, 254; vol. v. pp. 234, 401; vol. vi. pp. 71, 209, 248; and the Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, pp. 134-140; and in Mr Whitley Stokes's Three Irish Glossaries, pp. 55-57, compared with Thomas Innes's Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland, vol. ii. Pp. 440-466. Dr Graves has had a work for some time in the press, the issue of which is looked for with considerable interest-A Treatise on the Ogham or Occult Forms of Writing of the Ancient Irish, from a MS. in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, with a Translation and Notes, and a Preliminary Dissertation. It is to be printed for the Irish Archæological and Celtic Society. Ogham inscriptions may be seen in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin, in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland at Edinburgh, and in the British Museum at London. O'GIVES, the arches in pointed Gothic vaulting which cross the vault diagonally from one angle to another. OGY'GES, the earliest king of Attica and Boeotia named in Greek legend. In his time (according to Larcher, about 1759 B.C.) a great flood took place, called the Ogygian Flood, which desolated all the lower districts of both countries, and destroyed their inhabitants. The different legends lead to the supposition that under O. an Egyptian colony Attica. From him Boeotia took came to Boeotia, and thence to the name of Ogygia. OGY'GIA, a genus of Trilobites peculiar to the Llandeilo flags of the Lower Silurian period. species have been described. Six Ogygia Buchii. The old school of Irish antiquaries contended that the Oghams were of Persian or Phoenician origin, and were in use in Ireland long before the introduction of Christianity. But this theory is now generally discarded, as not only unsupported, but as contradicted by facts. A comparison of the Ogham OHIO, one of the United States of America, alphabet, with the alphabets of Persepolis and lies between lat. 38' 17-41° 54' N., and long. Carthage, shews that there is no likeness between 80° 34'-84° 40′ W.; 225 miles in extent from them. The great majority of Ogham monuments, east to west, and about 200 miles from north to it has been observed, bear more or less distinct south; containing 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 marks of Christian hands. Several are inscribed acres; bounded N. by Michigan and Lake Erie, with crosses, as old, to all appearance, as the Oghams E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia, and separated themselves. Many stand in Christian burying- from the latter by the Ohio River, which alsc |