of Louis XVI., and there is not now remaining the smallest vestige of this edifice. (Dulaure, Histoire de Paris; Remarques Historiques sur la Bastille; La Bastille dévoilée; Mémoires de Linguet; Mémoires de la Tude.) BASTIMENTOS, a port in Colombia, in the department of Istmo, to the north-east of Porto Bello, and near this harbour, 10° 10′ N. lat., and 79° 40′ W. long. It is formed by some islands which line the coast at a distance of about 500 paces: two of them are tolerably large, but the rest so small that they rather deserve the name of rocks. They are all uninhabited, the soil being in general barren, but in some places it is overgrown with wood, in which fine timber occurs. The harbour formed by them is safe, and resorted to by vessels in distress, and in time of war by cruisers. The bottom of the narrow sea between the islands and the shore is quite level, and affords excellent anchoring ground. (Alcedo.) BASTINA'DO is derived from the Italian bastone, a stick, bastonare, to beat with a stick, &c. The word would have been more correct in the form bastonáta, but long use has confirmed our etymological error. The bastinado is the chief governing instrument of a great part of the world, from Corea and China to Turkey, Persia, and Russia. It is administered in different ways, and called by different names, as the bamboo in China, the knout in Russia, &c. arrest of the master. The punishment was always inflicted on Although the privileges of the free Turks, or Osmanlis, civil and military, were not always respected, yet their pashas and men of authority or dignity were never subjected to the bastinado like the khans, begs, and others in Persia, where the shah would frequently have his vizier, or prime minister, According to our modern acceptation, the term bastinado cudgelled on the feet in his presence, and the vizier would does not include all these methods of stick-beating, but is do the like with the highest of the ministers and officers confined to the Turkish and Persian method, which is to under him. The Osmanlis were always a more sturdy and beat the soles of the feet with sticks. This excessively painful proud-spirited people than the Persians, and thought that punishment is thus inflicted. Two men support between only Jews, Christians, and other tributary subjects could be them a strong pole which is kept in a horizontal position; beaten with propriety. It appears, however, that in the about the middle of the pole are some cords with two run-time of Busbequius the Janissaries were basted with clubs.' ning knots or nooses; through these the naked feet of the That excellent old traveller says-Their lighter offences sufferer are forced, and then made tight in such a manner are chastised by the club. . . . . And here let me acquaint that the soles are fairly exposed; the sufferer is then thrown you with the patience of the Turks in receiving that punishon his back, or left to rest on his neck and shoulders with ment: they will receive sometimes a hundred blows on their his feet inverted, which are forthwith beaten by a third man legs, their feet, and buttocks, so that divers clubs are broken, with a heavy tough stick. When the presiding officer or and the executioner cries out, "Give me another!" Yea, magistrate gives the word, the heavy blows cease, the maimed sometimes the chastisement is so severe, that several pieces feet are cast loose from the cords and pole, and the victim is of torn flesh must be cut off from the wounded parts before left to crawl away and cure himself as best he can. anything can be applied to cure them. Yet, for all this, they must go to the officer who commanded them to be punished; they must kiss his hand, and give him thanks; nay, they must also give the executioner a reward for beating them. .... As some relief to their misery, they count those parts wounded with the rod or club to be free from any purgations and expiations after this life.' According to the letter of the penal code of the Ottoman Empire, this punishment can only be inflicted on the men of the fourth and last class of society, which comprises the slaves, and the rayahs or tributary subjects of the empire, as Jews, Armenians, Greeks, &c. The other three classes, viz. 1. The Emirs, or issue of the race of the prophet Mohammed, and the Oulemas, or men of the law; 2. Public functionaries, civil and military; 3. Free citizens and private individuals who live on their rents or the proceeds of their industry, were all exempted by law from this cruel and degrading punishment. By the original code the number of blows to be given was from three to thirty-nine; but a later clause permitted them, in certain cases, to be carried to seventy-five, and in practice, when the passions are inflamed, the Turks seem to dispense with the ceremony of keeping any account of the blows, and the men lay on till they are tired, and the sufferer's feet reduced to an unsightly jelly. As late as 1828, it was a very common thing to see a poor Greek or Jew crawling about the streets of Constantinople on his hands and knees, in the greatest agony, and unable to use his wounded feet many days after the infliction; at times they were crippled for life. The punishment, called zarb in Turkish, was generally inflicted in a summary manner, without examination or any form of trial, at the will or caprice of the sultan, his representatives, and the officers of justice and police. The most frequent dispensers of it were probably the Meuhtessibs, or the commissaries of police at Constantinople, each of whom, from time to time, and always unexpectedly, made the round of the quarter of the city assigned him, to see that the provisions were sold at the exact prices despotically and most absurdly fixed by the government, and to ascertain whether the weights and measures in use by the dealers were all just. This officer generally went on horseback, followed by an armed mob of irregular soldiers, and preceded by his bastinado-men (falacadjis), whose office was to execute the sentence the moment it was uttered. If the offending dealer were absent, then his shopman or journeyman was punished as his substitute, the commissary only requiring a victim ad terrorem, and not having patience to await the return or (See D'Ohsson, Tableau Géneral de l'Empire Othoman; Busbequius, Embassy to Solyman the Great; and Modern Travellers in Turkey, &c.) BA'STION. This term is applied to a species of tower which constitutes the principal member of the fortifications immediately surrounding a town, or position to be defended. The rampart by which it is formed is disposed on four sides of a pentagon, two of which, technically called the faces, meet in an angle whose vertex projects towards the country; the other two, denominated the flanks, connect the opposite extremities of the faces with the curtain, or that part of the rampart which coincides in direction with the sides of a polygon supposed to inclose the town: the fifth side of the pentagon is generally unoccupied by a rampart, and is called the gorge of the bastion. From the infancy of the art of war the defenders of a fortress must have felt the necessity of having the walls disposed so as to afford means of observing the enemy when very near their foot; for, when these means were wanting, the enemy was enabled to plant his scalingladders against, or even to make a breach in the wall itself, with almost perfect security. This was inevitably the case when the ground-plan of the enceinte, or inclosing rampart, was a simple polygon, since the men stationed on the rampart for its defence, behind the parapet by which they were protected, were incapable of seeing the exterior ground which lay near the base of the walls. Thus, according to the old story in Pausanias (iv. 20), when the Messenians were besieged in their hastily erected fort on Mount Ira, the guards being driven from their posts by violent rains, and there being no towers or projections from the walls to shelter them, the Spartans gained possession of the parapets by escalade. To avoid such a surprise, it was the practice o. the antient engineers to construct either machicoulis on the top of, or projecting towers at certain intervals along, the walls of fortresses, that from thence the besieged might get a view of and be able to annoy the enemy, when at the latest and most critical period of the siege the latter should have gained the otherwise undefended ground. The walls of Messene, built by Epaminondas (Paus. iv. 31), which were all of stone, and furnished with battlements and towers, were reckoned by Pausanias among the best specimens of Grecian fortification. From the accounts given by antient writers of their fortified places, and particularly from the precepts of Vitruvius (Architectura, lib. i. cap. 5), we learn that the projecting towers were sometimes square or polygonal, but generally circular, and that their distance from each other along the walls was regulated by the range of the weapons employed in the defence. In the fortifications of cities this distance seems to have varied from 80 to 100 paces, according to local circumstances, and the power of annoying the enemy by the arrows and javelins discharged from the towers; but, from the greater distance at which modern arms will take effect, the bastions, measuring from the vertices of their projecting angles, are now generally, and agreeably to the rules of Vauban, placed at 360 yards from each other. It was a maxim with the antient engineers that the projecting quoins of walls were detrimental to the defence, from the facility with which they might be destroyed by the batteringram; and it is on this account that Vitruvius recommends the towers to be circular, or to have faces forming with each other obtuse angles. These towers were placed indifferently at the angles, or at any part on the line of the inclosing rampart in the latter case, when they were of a square form, one side was parallel to the length of the rampart, and in the former, one face was almost always perpendicular to a line bisecting the angle between two adjacent sides of the polygon surrounding the town; that is, to what would be now called the capital of the bastion. It must have frequently happened, therefore, that this face was nearly unseen from any other part of the rampart, and that the enemy made his assault against it in order to avoid, as much as possible, being exposed to annoyance from the defenders of the neighbouring works. It is true that the smallness of the towers rendered it impossible for the enemy to be wholly concealed at their front; but the desire of entirely depriving the enemy of the benefit arising from the undefended nature of that ground probably induced engineers to dispose the faces of their towers like those of a modern bastion, so that two of them might form a projecting angle, whose vertex was on the capital. There is no reason to believe that any material change took place in the manner of constructing the towers of fortresses during all the long period in which the antient arms were employed; but it is easy to conceive that the invention of fire-arms would render it necessary to enlarge the tower for the purpose of receiving the guns, and to increase the thickness of the rampart, that it might be able as well to resist the concussion produced by the discharge of the ordnance placed upon it, as the shock of the enemy's artillery when fired against it. On this account, also, the ramparts were constructed of earth, and their exterior surface was formed at such an inclination to the ground as would enable it to stand unsupported, except where it became necessary to prevent an escalade; in which case a facing of stone, brick, or timber was made sufficiently high and steep to create a serious impediment to any attempt of that nature. An opinion that the bastions are the weakest parts of a fortress remained in force, however, long after the modern artillery was introduced in sieges. On this account they were at first made very small, when compared with the extent of the wall between them; and the line of each face, when produced towards the town, was made to intersect that wall, in order that the fire from the part intercepted between this produced line and the flank of the next bastion might cooperate with that made from the latter in defending the ditch in front of the former bastion. But when the ramparts of a town were found to disappear almost instantly under the weight of shot discharged from large ordnance, it became necessary to employ ordnance of corresponding size on the walls; and the dimensions of the bastions were finally augmented to those at present assigned. The lengths of the faces vary from 100 to 120 yards, and the flanks are usually about 50 yards long; but the magnitude of the projecting angle in front, called the salient or flanked angle, to distinguish it from the angles formed by the faces and flanks which are denominated shoulder angles, evidently depends upon the kind of polygon on which the enceinte is constructed. Each face of a bastion, if produced towards the town, now falls at the interior extremity of the flank of the collateral bastion, so that the defence of a bastion depends wholly upon the fires from those on its right and left. It is to Italy that we must look for the invention of the modern bastion: the wars which raged in that country from the commencement of the twelfth century, and which were more systematically conducted there than in any other part of Europe, gave rise to this, as well as to many other inventions for military purposes. The precise date of its first formation is quite unknown; but if we omit the improbable story_related by Folard, that the Turkish commander, Achmet Pacha, caused bastions to be constructed about Otranto, when he took that place in 1480, we may observe that it is spoken of under the name of Balvardo, as an improvement of great importance in the military art, by Tartaglia, in his Quesiti ed inventi diversi, which was published in 1546; and in the same work is given a plan of the fortifications of Turin, which exhibits a bastion at each of the four angles of the rampart. Both Vasari, in his Lives of the Architects, and Maffei, in his Verona Illustrata, ascribe the invention to San Michali of Verona: one of the bastions of this city has on it the date 1527, and its construction is still ascribed to that engineer, who, in fact, was about that time employed in the erection or repair of several of the fortresses in Italy. From the word Balvardo, denoting a stronghold, the earliest French engineers gave to this work the appellation of Boulevard; and such is its designation in the treatise of Errard, which was published in 1594. The term Bastion appears to have been taken from the Italian writers, for Maggi, in his treatise Della Fortificatione delle Citta, applies the term Bastioni to redoubts constructed of earth; and, according to Pere Daniel, the French subsequently gave to such works the name of Bastilles, or Bustides. Froissart also uses these terms in speaking of the forts executed during the siege of Ventadour by the Duc de Berri, under Charles VI. It should be remarked, however, that Errard applies the name of Bastion indifferently to works in the situation of those now so called, and to those to which the name of Ravelin is generally given; and doubtless it denoted originally any work of earth constructed on the exterior of one more antient. It appears that it had been the practice from the earliest times to form a rampart, or bank of earth, in front of the walls of fortresses, in order to secure the latter from the destructive effects of the ram; and it is easy to conceive that, by forming such a bank in front of the old towers of a place, so as to connect those previously existing in front of the adjacent curtains, the work would assume a figure like that of a modern bastion; and indeed would very much resemble one of the detached bastions in what is called the second system of Vauban; the original tower of the fortress occupying the place of the interior bastion of that system, and constituting a sort of retrenchment to the new work. The construction was proposed in 1584 by Castriotto, seemingly as if it had been his own idea; but probably he meant only to recommend the adoption of a kind of work which must have been then a novelty. The Italian engineers, immediately after the invention of the bastion system of fortification, became celebrated for their skill in military architecture, and they seem to have been extensively employed in the construction or repair of fortresses beyond the Alps: one of the first of their labours in the north of Europe was the fortification of Landreci, with bastions, for Francis I.; and the like works were executed about New Hesdin, on the frontiers of Artois, for Charles V. In 1568, the Duke of Alva employed Pacciotto in the construction of the citadel of Antwerp, a regular fortress, whose bastions still exist within those subsequently erected at that place; and, during the reign of Elizabeth, Genebella was brought from Flanders to this country in order to superintend the formation of a bastioned enceinte about the antient castle of Carisbrook, in the Isle of Wight. Albert Durer, the celebrated engraver, proposed, in 1527. to fortify places with circular towers only, like those of the antients, but of larger dimensions; and in most of the plans published during the sixteenth century by Italian engineers, there appears to be a union of the old and new methods: for the angles of the polygons are furnished with round towers, and these are protected exteriorly by bastions. The guns mounted on the flanks of a bastion, by firing along the ditch in front of the curtain and of the neighbouring bastions, created a serious impediment to the passage of the enemy across the ditch in attempting an assault, and it became necessary for him to silence that fire by a battery placed for the purpose in the direction of the ditch; but the establishment of this battery necessarily compelled the defenders to augment the number of guns in their bastions. To get room for these guns, engineers were induced to form their bastions with a double and even a triple flank on each side, the flanks receding from each other, from below upwards, in the manner of terraces, towards the interior of the bastion; and, to prevent the enemy from dismounting the guns in the lower flanks by other batteries raised in the prolongations of those flanks, it became necessary to mask them by extending the rampart of the face beyond them, and giving it a return towards the curtain; this return was frequently rectilinear, but generally in the form of an arc of a circle, like a portion of a round tower, and the projection with its return received the name of orecchione or orillon. Besides masking the lower flanks from the effect of any enfilading, or lateral fire, it concealed one or more guns on the upper flank from the fire of an enemy's battery directly opposed to that flank, while it permitted those guns to defend the main ditch and the breach made by the enemy in face of the collateral bastion. it in casemates [see CASEMATE], from whence the guns might pour a destructive fire upon the assailants when crossing the ditch of the enceinte. In one of the systems of Coehorn, each principal bastion is attached to the enceinte, and contains an interior one for the purpose of prolonging its defence. At the shoulders of the former are constructed towers of masonry, serving as orillons and containing galleries whose front walls are pierced with loopholes, to allow a fire to be directed along the interval between the parallel faces of the two bastions. the main ditch, and thus endanger the safety of the defenders stationed in the neighbouring works. Bastions are now made either solid or hollow: that is, either the interior is filled with earth up to the level of the platforms of the guns, or it is left coincident with that of the natural ground. Of the two methods, the former is generally preferred, because it affords some facilities for the formation and defence of interior parapets or retrenchments. In almost every system of fortification the ramparts of the faces and flanks of bastions have been made rectilinear on the plan; a few cases, however, occur in which the flanks have been curved, with their convexity towards the interior of the work. This seems to have been devised to allow room for a few more men to fire over their parapets than a straight wall could afford, and to prevent the distant batteries of the enemy from easily dismounting their artillery by firing along the interior side of the parapet. On some occasions these advantages may be worth obtaining, but as the soldier placed The desire of avoiding the exposure of the flanks of the behind a parapet always fires nearly in a direction perpenbastions gave rise to the practice of making them form a right, dicular to its length, it is evident that the curved flank may and even an acute, angle with the curtain; but a better judg-cause the lines of fire to tend towards the right or left of ment subsequently rejected this disposition, as the musketry fire from the defenders of the flank was thereby liable to injure the men stationed on the curtain. The lower flanks, also, were eventually suppressed, because they contracted too much the interior of the bastion to which they belonged; and because the enemy's fire, soon destroying the parapets of those above, masses of brickwork fell among the defenders below, and obliged them to quit their guns at the very time that their service was most required. The orillons, moreover, are now considered useless, as they contract the length of the flank; and the guns which they protect from a fire in their front are liable to be dismounted by a fire from their rear. In what are called the second and third systems of Vauban, the principal bastions are detached from the enceinte by a ditch in their rear, and consequently the capture of those works would not immediately compel the surrender of the fortress. In these systems, a small bastion of brickwork, closed by a parapet wall at its gorge, is constructed at each of the angles formed by the polygonal wall surrounding the place. The fire from the parapets of these tower bastions, as they are called, would have a powerful effect in preventing the enemy, after he has breached and stormed the great bastions, from erecting batteries in them to destroy the interior walls; and, in order to preserve the artillery of their flauks uninjured till the end of the siege, engineers placed The desire of lessening the effect of what is called the enfilading fire, or that which an enemy may direct along the interior side of any parapet, has led Bousmard to give a small curvature to the faces of his bastions, the concave part being towards the interior; but it is evident that, by this construction, the lines of fire directed from the collateral flank for the defence of the face, instead of grazing the latter in its whole length, can only be tangents to the curve, each line of fire meeting it in but one point. It is therefore probable that the injury inflicted on the enemy would be found so much less than that arising from the usual construction, as to neutralize entirely the advantage of the diminished enfilade fire of the enemy. This last mode of firing would be most effectually prevented by the formation of semi-circular bastions, detached from the enceinte, in the manner lately proposed by Mr. Bordwine; but the ingenious author of that system is, in consequence, compelled to abandon, in a great measure, the advantage of having the exterior of his walls well defended from those which are in collateral situations. The batteries however which he proposes to raise in the interior of his bastions cannot fail to produce a powerful defence towards the rear, for the rampart of his enceinte. Fig. 1. The line A B represents one side of the polygon supposed to inclose the town fortified. The semicircular work at A is half a round tower; and A C is part of the curtain, or connecting wall between two such towers, according to the antient manner of fortifying places; a c represents a sort of fausse braye, or elevation of earth protecting the antient walls of a place. D represents half a bastion constructed at the angle, A, of the polygon, according to the method of the first Italian and French engineers, with an orillon and triple flank. The pentagonal figure about B is the plan of a modern bastion, of which the part on the left of the capital, B E, represents what is called a hollow, and that on the right a solid bastion. An imaginary line from f to g is the gorge, and the rampart, ef, is the curtain joining the right flank of one bastion to the left of the next, The space, F G E, is the main ditch; and H and K are respectively the positions of a counter and enfilading battery which might be constructed by the enemy to silence the fires from the triple flank of D. The outworks, P, G, Q, R, S, [TENAILLE, CAPONNIERE, RAVELIN, COVERED WAY, and GLACIS] will be described under those words. M Fig. 2 represents a section supposed to be made from B to L, perpendicularly across the rampart on the left face of B, and the main ditch in its front. M and N are sections through the revetments, or walls which support the earth on the sides of the ditch. the body is a dirty whitish-brown. On the head is a rufous crest which is blackish at the apex. In the female the Fig. 3. V In fig. 3, V represents the plan of a detached bastion; T is a tower bastion at an angle of the polygon which sur rounds the place. (Vitruvius, De Architectura; Maggi, Della Fortificatione delle Citta, Venetia, 1584; Errard, La Fortification réduite en art, Par. 1600; De Ville, L'Ingénieur Parfait, Par. 1672; Vauban, Euvres Militaires, par Foissac, Par. 1795; Belidor, La Science de l'Ingénieur, Par. 1729; Fritach, L'Architecture Militaire, Par. 1668; Cormontaigne, Euvres Posthumes, Par. 1809; Montalembert, La Fortification Perpendiculaire, Par. 1776-98; Bousmard, Essui Général de Fortification, Par. 1814; St. Paul, Traité Complet de Fortification, Par. 1806; Savart, Cours Elémentaire de Fortification, Par. 1830; Mandar, De l'Architecture des Forteresses, Par. 1801; Dufour, De la Fortification Permanente, Genève, 1822; Carnot, De la Défense des Places Fortes, Par. 1812; Col. Pasley, Course of Elementary Fortification, Lond. 1822; Malortie, Permanent Fortification, Lond. 1821; Capt. Straith, A Treatise on Fortification, Croydon, 1833.) BAT. [See CHEIROPTERA.] BATA'RA (Zoology), D'Azara's name for the Bushshrikes, forming the genus Thamnophilus of Vieillot. A very good account of these birds, which appear to have been found between the northern and southern points of Canada and Paraguay, will be found in the Memoirs of Dr. Such and Mr. Swainson, published in the Zoological Journal. The latter zoologist considers the typical group to consist of the species with long tails; and of this division, Thamnophilus Vigorsii, Such (Vanga striata, Quoy and Gaimard), may be taken as an illustration. Dr. Such states this to be the largest species yet known, and gives thirteen inches as the length of the body. The bill is black and very much compressed. In the male (which is the sex here figured) the back, wings, and tail are black, broadly banded with fulvous, and the under part of division. bands are whitish and the crest blackish, and the under BATA'TAS, the Malayan name of a convolvulaceous plant, the root much eaten in the south of Europe before the cultivation of the potato, which both became a substitute for it and appropriated its name. It has generally been considered a species of convolvulus; but Professor Choisy, in his recent classification, has erected it and a few others into a peculiar genus, distinguished by having an ovary with four cells, in each of which there is only one seed. [Batatas.] also occur in inscriptions), the name of the antient inhabitants of South Holland, and some adjacent parts. The Batavi were a Germanic tribe of the race of the Catti, who, some time before the age of Cæsar, left their native district, and settled on the banks of the Vahalis, the present Waal, a branch of the Lower Rhine. They occupied the district between the Vahalis and the Mosa above their junction, and also the island formed by the northern arm of the Rhine (or Rhine of Leyden), the Vahalis and Mosa after their junction, and the ocean; which island now constitutes part of the province of South Holland. Cæsar (De Bell. Gall. iv. 10), who mentions their country by the name of Insula Batavorum, appears to consider it as belonging to Germany, and not to Gaul; the limits of Belgic Gaul on that side being placed at the southern branch of the Rhine, or Waal, after its junction with the Mosa, or Maas. They seem to have occupied also a small portion on the banks of the Rhine, and not within the island. Cæsar did not carry the war into the country of the Batavi. Under Augustus the Batavi became allies of the Romans. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, resided for a time among them, and dug a canal, Fossa Drusiana, which connected the Rhine with the modern Yssel. Besides the Batavi there was another people on the same island, probably in its north-western extremity, called by the Roman historians Canninefates. They were of the same origin as the Batavi (Tacitus, Hist. iv. 15.), but not so numerous, and their name became gradually lost in that of the larger tribe. The chief place of the Canninefates was Lugdunum Batavorum, now Leyden; and that of the Batavi was Batavodurum, afterwards called Noviomagus, and now Nymegen. This is Mannert's opinion, though others have placed Batavodurum at Duurstede, and made it a different place from Noviomagus. The other towns of the Batavi were Arenacum, generally supposed to be Arnheim, but placed by others near Werthuysen; Carvo, on the northern branch of the Rhine, probably near Arnheim; Grinnes, near the junction of the Waal with the Maas; Trajectum, the modern Utrecht; and Forum Hadriani, in the western part of the island near the sea. The name of the Batavi can be traced even now in that of Betuwe, which is a district of the antient Batavorum Insula, between the Rhine, the Waal, and the Lek. [See BETUWE.] Beyond the no hern branch of the Rhine, and between that and the Flevium, or Yssel, in the province now called North Holland, were the Frisii and the Frisiaboni, tribes belonging to the great Frisian stock which inhabited the land north-east of the Yssel. Pliny places two other tribes, the Sturii and the Marsucii, on the islands off the western coast at the mouth of the Mosa, which islands now form part of Zealand. After the death of Galba, the army of the Rhine having proclaimed Vitellius, and followed him on his way to Italy, the Batavi took the opportunity of rising against the Romans, whose alliance had become very burthensome to them. Claudius Civilis, a man belonging to one of their principal families, though bearing a Latin name, acted as their leader, At one time the insurrection seems to have spread among the neighbouring tribes of Germans as well as of Belgian Gauls, but the speedy return of the legions suppressed the movement. Civilis resisted for a time, but the Batavi were at last subdued. Still it would appear that they obtained The only species of any general interest is the Batatas conditions, for we find them afterwards restored to their foredulis, the Convolvulus Batatus of authors. This plant, mer state of free allies of Rome. (Mannert, Geschichte der originally found wild in the woods of the Malayan archipe- alten Deutschen.) It appears, however, that subsequently, lago, has been gradually dispersed over all the warmer parts under the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, the Romans had of the world, where it is still an object of culture for the sake completely established their dominion over the Batavi; for we of its roots, which, when roasted or boiled, are mealy, sweet, find in the Antonine Itinerary and the Peutinger Table, two and wholesome, but slightly laxative. It is a perennial Roman roads across the country, one from Lugdunum eastplant, with long creeping stems, leaves variously lobed and ward to Trajectum, and following the course of the northern angled, and pale purple flowers about an inch long. It is Rhine to its separation from the Vahalis, and another from impatient of cold, and consequently unfit for cultivation in Lugdunum southward across the island to the Mosa, and the northern parts of the world; but it is a productive agri- then eastward along the bank of that river and the Vahalis cultural plant in many warm countries. It is partially cul- to Noviomagus. We also find places named after the tivated in the south of Spain and of France, whence its roots emperors, such as Forum Hadriani, and fortified camps, are sent to the markets of Madrid and Paris, where they are such as Castra Batava, which some, however, suppose to held as a delicacy. They, however, have the great fault of have been the same as Batavodurum. (See Mannert, Geokeeping badly, being very apt to become mouldy and to de-graphie der Griechen und Römer.) There was another cay, unless extraordinary pains are taken to preserve them dry. Sometimes they are raised in the hothouses of curious persons in this country, by planting them in rich soil in a bark-bed, when plenty of roots weighing from one to two pounds are easily obtained. BATAVI, or BATA'VI (the forms Badai and Betavi place in Upper Germany, or, more properly, in Noricum, called also Castra Batava, near the confluence of the Inn and the Danube, which was colonized by Batavi, apparently in conformity with the policy which led the Romans to transplant their subjects and allies from their homes to foreign countries. [See ARMY.] The Batavi were em |