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was forced to leave Paris, and fhelter himself among the Huguonots, in whofe army he was at the battle of St. Denys. Peace having been concluded fome months after, he was restored to his profefforfhip; but, forefeeing that the war would foon break out again, he did not care to venture himself in a fresh ftorm, and therefore obtained the king's leave to visit the univerfities of Germany. He accordingly undertook this journey in 1568, and received very great honours wherever he came. He returned to France, after the third war in 1571; and loft his life miferably, in the maffacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. It is faid, that he was concealed in a cellar during the tumult; but dragged thence at the inftigation of fome peripatetic doctors who hated him. He gave a good quantity of money to the affaffins, in order to procure his escape, but in vain: for, after wounding him in many places, they threw him out of a window; and, his bowels gufhing out in the fall, fome Ariftotelian scholars, encouraged by their masters, spread them about the streets; then dragged his body in a moft ignominious manner, and threw it into the Seine.

He was a great orator, a man of univerfal learning, and endowed with very fine qualities. He was free from avarice, fober, temperate, chafte. His temperance was very exemplary. He contented himself with only boiled meat, and eat but little at dinner: he drank no 'wine for twenty years, and would never have drunk any, if the phyficians had not prefcribed it. He lay upon ftraw; ufed to rife very early, and to ftudy all day; and led a fingle life with the utmoft purity. He was zealous for the Proteftant religion, but at the fame time a little obftinate, and given to contradiction. The Proteftant ministers did not love him much, for he made himfelf a kind of head of a party, to change the difcipline of the Proteftant churches; that is, he was for introducing a democratical government in the church: but his defign was traverfed and defeated in a national fynod. He published a great num ber of books; but mathematics was chiefly obliged to him. His writing was fcarce legible, and gave the printers prodigious trouble. His fect flourished pretty much for fome time it was not known in Spain and Italy, made little progress in France, but fpread very much in Scotland and England, and ftill more in Germany; as appears from many books, which feveral German Ariftotelians publithed against the Ramifts.

RANDOLPH

RANDOLPH (THOMAS), an English poet, was the Athen. fon of a fteward to Edward lord Zouch; and born in Oxon.Langbaine's Northamptonshire, (Wood fays, at Newnham near Dain- Account of try; Langbaine, at Houghton) in 1605. He was edu- the dramacated at Weftminfter-school, and thence elected in 1623, tis poets. as one of the king's fcholars to Trinity-college in Cambridge; of which he became fellow, and took a master of arts degree. He was accounted one of the most pregnant wits of his time, and greatly admired by all the poets and men of parts. He was diftinguished early for an uncommon force of genius; having, when he was not more than ten years old, written "The Hiftory of the Incarnation of our Saviour," in verfe. Ben Jonfon was fo exceedingly fond of him, that he adopted him one of his fons; on which account Randolph wrote a gratulatory poem to him, which is printed among his works. Like a true poet, Randolph had a thorough contempt for wealth, and as hearty a love of pleafure; and this drew him into exceffes, which made his life very fhort. He died in 1634. when he had not compleated his 30th year. His "Mufe's

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Looking-Glafs," a comedy, is well known he was the author of other dramatic performances, which with his poems were collected, and publifhed in one volume, by his brother Robert Randolph; the fifth edition of which, with feveral additions, corrected and amended, was printed in 1664, 8vo. Robert was alfo a good poet, as appears from feveral copies of his verfes printed in various books. He was a ftudent of Chrift-Church in Oxford, where he took a bachelor of arts degree in 1627; and afterwards became vicar of Donnington in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1671, aged about 60.

Wood gives an account of another THOMAS RANDOLPH, a Kentish gentleman, who was made ftudent of ChriftChurch, when Henry VIII. turned it into a cathedral; and principal of Broadgate-hall in 1549, being then a doctor of law. In the reign of queen Elizabeth, he was employed in feveral embaffies to Scotland, France, and Ruffia; and not only knighted, but preferred to fome confiderable places. He died in 1590, aged 60. We have of his, "An Account of his Embaffage to the Emperor of "Ruffia, anno 1568;" remitted into the firft volume of Hakluyt's Voyages, Lond. 1598," and, " Instructions

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given to, and Notes to be observed by, certain persons, "for the fearching of the fea and border of the coaft, "from the River Pechora to the Eastwards, anno 1588.". RAPHAEL,

RAPHAEL, an illuftrious painter of Italy, was born at Urbin, on Good Friday 1483. His father was an or dinary painter his mafter, Pietro Perugino. Having ä penetrating understanding, as well as a fine genius for painting, he foon perceived that the perfection of his art was not confined to Perugino's capacity; and therefore went to Siena, in order to advance himself. Here Pintur richio got him to be employed in making the cartoons for the pictures of the library; but he had scarcely finished one, before he was tempted to remove to Florence by the great noife which Leonardo da Vinci's and Michael Angelo's works made at that time. As foon as he had confidered the manner of thofe illuftrious painters, he refolved to alter his own, which he had learned of Perugino. His pains and care were incredible; and he fucceeded accordingly. He formed his gufto after the ancient statues and bas reliefs, which he defigned a long time with ex-treme application; and, befides this, he hired people in Greece and Italy, to defign for him all the antique pieces that could be found. Thus, he raised himself presently to the top of his profeffion. By the general confent of mankind, he is acknowledged to have been the prince of modern painters, and is oftentimes ftyled "the divine Raphael;" as if, for the inimitable graces of his pencil, and for the excellence of his genius, he had fomething more than human in his compofition. "He furpaffed," fays a connoy's Art of noiffeur," all modern painters, because he poffeffed more Painting, P. of the excellent parts of painting than any other; and Pof "it is believed that he equalled the ancients, excepting "that he defigned not naked bodies with fo much learn"ing as Michael Angelo: but his gufto of defign is "purer, and much better. He painted not with so good,

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225. Lond. 1716.

fo full, and fo graceful a manner, as Corregio; nor has he any thing of the contraft of the lights and "fhadows, or fo ftrong and free a colouring, as Titian: "but he had without comparison a better difpofition in his pieces, than either Titian, Corregio, Michael Angelo, or all the reft of the fucceeding painters to our days. His choice of attitudes, of heads, of ornaments, the suitableness of his drapery, his manner of defigning, his varieties, his contrafts, his expreffions, "were beautiful in perfection; but, above all, he pof"feffed the graces in fo advantageous a manner, that he * has never fince been equalled by any other."

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Raphael

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Raphael was not only the best painter in the world, but perhaps the beft architect alfo: he was at least fo admirable a one, that Leo X. charged him with the building of St. Peter's church at Rome. He was one of the hand- See CASfomeft and beft-tempered men living: fo that, with all thefe natural and acquired accomplishments, it cannot be wondered, that he was not only beloved in the highest degree by the popes Julius II. and Leo X. at home, but admired and courted by all the princes and states of Europe. He lived in the greateft ftate and fplendor imaginable, most of the eminent mafters in his time being ambitious of working under him; and he never went out without a crowd of artifts and others, who attended and followed him purely through refpect. Cardinal Bibiano offered him his niece in marriage, and Raphael engaged himfelf; but, Leo X. having given him hopes of a cardinal's hat, he made no hafte to marry her. His paifion for the fair fex deftroyed him in the flower of his age for one day, after he had abandoned himself to exceffive venery, he was feized with a fever; and, concealing the true caufe of his diftemper from his phyficians, he was fuppofed to be improperly treated, and fo carried off. He died upon his birth-day in 1520. Cardinal Bembo wrote his epitaph, which is to be feen upon his tomb in the church of the Rotunda at Rome, where he was buried. Here are two lines of it:

Ille hic eft Raphael, timuit quo fofpite vinci

Rerum magna parens, et moriente mori. Raphael had many fcholars; but Julio Romano was his favourite, becaufe he did him moft credit. Pouffin ufed to fay of Raphael, that "he was an angel compared with "the modern painters, but an afs in comparison of the "ancients :" but all fuch fayings are extravagant, and unmeaning.

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RAPIN (RENATUS), a French jefuit, famous for his fkill in claffical learning, was born at Tours in 1621, and entered into the fociety at eighteen. He taught polite literature for nine years: he made it his particular study, Diet, art. Bayle's and fhewed by fome Latin productions, that he was able RAPIN. to write on the fineft fubjects with great art and eloquence. He excelled in Latin poetry, and published various pieces in it: the principal of which was, "Hortorum libri quatuor," a work, which has been much almired. and applauded, It was first printed at Paris 1665, and af afterwards

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terwards re-printed with alterations and corrections by the author. An English verfion of it was made and published at London in 1673, 8vo, by John Evelyn, efq. and again, in 1706, by Mr. James Gardiner of Jefus-college in Cambridge. All his Latin poems, confifting of odes, epitaphs, facred eclogues, and thefe four books upon Gardens, were collected and published at Paris 1681, in 2 vols. 12mo. He applied himself afterwards to write in French, and fucceeded very well in that language. He wrote in it feveral treatifes upon polite literature, and upon pious fubjects, which met with a good reception from the public. The treatises on polite literature, having been publifhed at various times, were collected and published, 1684, in 2 vols. 4to, at Paris; and at Amfterdam, in 2vols. 8vo. They were tranflated into English by Bafil Kennet and others, and publifhed in 1705, in 2 vols. 8vo, under the title of "The Critical Works of Monf. Rapin." The firft volume contains a comparison between Demofthenes and Cicero for eloquence, Homer and Virgil for poetry, Thucydides and Livy for hiftory, Plato and Ariftotle for philofophy: the fecond, are reflections on eloquence, on Ariftotle's poetry, on history, on philofophy. Rapin's general defign in this work was, as he In the Pre-tells us himself, to restore a good taste among the ingenious, which had been fomewhat corrupted by a spirit of profound erudition, that had reigned in the preceding age: and indeed he was not altogether unqualified for the attempt; for he is a writer, as Bayle obferves, who feems to have had more good tafte and delicacy, than depth of erudition. He was not, however, wanting in learning; and, though many things are loosely faid by him, and some that may deferve critical animadverfion, yet his work abounds with excellent materials, and upon the whole is both useful and entertaining.

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He died at Paris in 1687; and his elogium, written by father Bouhours, was published foon after. He is there reprefented, and there is reafon to think defervedly, as poffeffed of the finest qualities, that can adorn a man of probity and a good Chriftian. We find there, among other particulars, that zeal for the honour of his fociety made him undertake, above twenty years before, an Hiftory of Janfenifm. He was a dangerous adversary of that party, and attacked them on their weakest fide in a Latin work, published in 1658, under the title of, "Differtatio de nova doctrina, feu Evangelium Jan"feniftarum."

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