turn J. Meigs of Connecticut, and Timothy Bigelow, the early patriot of Worcester, Massachusetts. Daniel Morgan, with Humphreys and Heth, led the Virginia riflemen; Hendricks, a Pennsylvania company; Thayer commanded one from Rhode Island, and, like Arnold, Meigs, Dearborn, Henry, Senter, and Melvin, left a journal of the expedition. Aaron Burr, then but nineteen years old, and his friend Matthias Ogden, carrying muskets and knapsacks, joined as volunteers. Samuel Spring attended as chaplain.

The instructions given to Arnold had for their motive affectionate co-operation with the Canadians. They enjoined respect for the rights of property and the freedom of conscience, "ever considering that God alone is the judge of the hearts of men, and to him only in this case they are answerable." "Should Chatham's son fall into your power," wrote Washington, "you cannot pay too much honor to the son of so illustrious a character, and so true a friend to America." Chatham, from his fixed opinion of the war, desired to withdraw his son from the service; and Carleton, anticipating that wish, had already sent him home as bearer of despatches. To the Canadians Washington's words were: "The cause of America and of liberty is the cause of every American whatever may be his religion or his descent. Come, then, range yourselves under the standard of general liberty."

Boats and provisions having been collected, the detachment, on the evening of the nineteenth of September, sailed from Newburyport, and the next morning entered the Kennebec. Passing above the bay where that river is met by the Androscoggin, they halted at Fort Western, which consisted of two block-houses, and one large house, enclosed with pickets, hard by the east bank of the river, on the site of Augusta. The detachment followed in four divisions, in as many successive days. Each division took provisions for forty-five days. On the twenty-fifth, Morgan and the riflemen were sent first to clear the path; Greene and Bigelow followed with three companies of musketeers; Meigs with four more went next; Enos with three companies closed the rear.

They ascended the river slowly to Fort Halifax, opposite Waterville; daily to their waists in water, hauling their boats

against a very rapid current. On the fourth of October they passed the vestiges of an Indian chapel, a fort, and the grave of the missionary Rasles. After they took leave of settlements and houses at Norridgewock, their course lay up the swift Kennebec, which flowed through the thickly forested and almost trackless wild; now rowing, now dragging their boats, now bearing them on their shoulders round rapids and cataracts, across morasses, over craggy highlands. On the tenth the party reached the dividing ridge between the Kennebec and Dead river. An advance party of seven men marked the shortest carrying-place from the Kennebec to the Dead river by snagging the bushes and blazing the trees. Their way stretched through forests of pine, balsam fir, cedar, cypress, hemlock, and yellow birch, and over three ponds, that lay hid among the trees and were full of trout. After passing them, they had no choice but to carry their boats, baggage, stores, and ammunition across a swamp, which was overgrown with bushes and white moss, often sinking knee deep in the wet turf. From Dead river, Arnold on the thirteenth wrote to the commander of the northern army, announcing his plan of co-operation. Of his friends in Quebec he inquired what ships were there, what number of troops, and what was the disposition of the Canadians and merchants; and he rashly made an Indian the bearer of his letters.

Following the Dead river eighty-three miles, encountering near its source a series of small ponds choked with fallen trees, and afterward seventeen portages, in ten or twelve days more the main body arrived at the great carrying-place to the Chaudière. On the way they heard that Enos, who commanded the rear, had, without any justification from his orders, led back his three companies to Cambridge.

The mountains had been clad in snow since September; winter was howling around them, and their course was still to the north. On the night preceding the twenty-eighth of October some of the party encamped on the summits from which the waters flow to the St. Lawrence. As they advanced, their sufferings increased. Some went barefoot for days together. Their path was shagged with thorns; their clothes had become so torn they were almost naked; at night they had no couch

or cover but branches of evergreens. Often for successive days and nights they were exposed to drenching storms, and had to cross torrents that were swelling with the rain. Their provisions failed, so that they even eat the dogs that followed them. Many a man, struggling to march on, stiffened with cold and death. Here and there a helpless invalid was left behind, with perhaps a soldier to hunt for a red squirrel, a jay, or a hawk, or gather roots and plants for his food, and watch his expiring breath. On Dead river, Macleland, the lieutenant of Hendricks's company, was suffering from inflammation of the lungs; his friends tenderly carried him on a litter across the mountain, Hendricks in his turn putting his shoulder to the burden.

The men had hauled their barges up stream nearly all the way for one hundred and eighty miles, had carried them nearly forty miles, through hideous woods and mountains, over swamps, which they were obliged to cross three or four times. to fetch their baggage; yet starving, and with uncertainty ahead, officers and men pushed on with invincible fortitude.

In the too great eagerness to descend the rocky channel of the Chaudière, three of their boats, laden with ammunition and precious stores, which had been brought along with so much toil, were overset in the whirls of the stream. On the second of November, French Canadians came up with two horses, driving before them five oxen, at which the party fired a salute, and laughed with frantic delight. On the fourth, about an hour before noon, they descried a house at Sertigan, twenty-five leagues from Quebec, near the fork of the Chaudière and the Du Loup. It was the first they had seen for thirty-one days; and never could the view of cultivated fields or flourishing cities awaken such ecstasy of gladness as this rude hovel on the edge of the wilderness. Macleland was brought down to its shelter, though he breathed his farewell to the world the day after his arrival.

The party followed the winding river to the parish of St. Mary, straggling through a flat and rich country, which had for its ornament low, bright, whitewashed houses, the comfortable abodes of a cheerful and hospitable people. Here and there along the road chapels met their eyes, and images

of the Virgin Mary, and rude imitations of the Saviour's

sorrows.

By the labor of seven weeks, Cramahé, the lieutenant-governor, had put the walls of Quebec into a good posture for defence. Communications, intrusted by Arnold to friendly Indians, had been, in part at least, intercepted. A vessel from Newfoundland had brought a hundred carpenters. Colonel Allan Maclean arrived on the twelfth with a hundred and seventy men, levied chiefly among disbanded Highlanders who had settled in Canada. The Lizard and the Hunter, ships-ofwar, were in the harbor; and the masters of merchant ships with their men were detained for the defence of the town.

At nine in the evening of the thirteenth Arnold began his embarkation in canoes, which were but thirty in number, and carried less than two hundred at a time; by crossing the river three times, before daybreak on the morning of the fourteenth all of his party, except about one hundred and fifty left at Point Levi, were landed undiscovered at Wolfe's Cove. The five hundred half-armed musketeers met no resistance as they climbed the oblique path to the Plains of Abraham. "The enemy being apprised of their coming," Arnold "found it impracticable to attack them without too great risk." In the evening he sent a flag to demand the surrender of the place. The British would not receive the flag, and would not come out. The invaders had no chance of success, except their friends within the walls should rise; and of this there were no signs. As the result, their ammunition being reduced to but five rounds to each man, on the nineteenth Arnold withdrew his party to Point aux Trembles, eight leagues above Quebec, where they awaited the orders of Montgomery.

The St. Lawrence, near the mouth of the Sorel, was guarded by continental troops under Easton. In the darkest hour of the night following the sixteenth of November, Carleton, disguised as a peasant, passed them in a small boat. On the next day Prescott, the British brigadier, from sheer cowardice, surrendered the flotilla of eleven sail, with all the soldiers, sailors, and stores on board, without a blow given or received. Touching as a fugitive at Trois Rivières, Carleton arrived on the nineteenth at Quebec. He had witnessed how much of the

success of Wolfe had been due to the rashness of Montcalm in risking a battle outside of the walls. His caution and his firmness were guarantees that the place would be pertinaciously defended.

The progress of Montgomery had emboldened a party in Quebec to confess a willingness to receive him on terms of capitulation. But, on the twenty-second, Carleton ordered all persons who would not join in the defence of the town to leave it within four days; and after their departure he found himself supported by more than three hundred regulars, three hundred and thirty Anglo-Canadian militia, five hundred and forty-three French Canadians, four hundred and eighty-five seamen and marines, beside a hundred and twenty artificers capable of bearing arms.

After Montreal was taken and winter was come, Montgomery was left with no more than eight hundred men to garrison his conquests, and to go down against Quebec. Even most of the Green Mountain Boys had gone home.

On the twenty-sixth, leaving St. John's under the command of Marinus Willett of New York, intrusting the government of Montreal to Wooster of Connecticut, and in the spirit of a law-giver who was to regenerate the province, making a declaration that on his return he would call a convention of the Canadian people, Montgomery, with artillery and provisions, embarked three hundred men, and on the third of December made a junction with Arnold. "The famine-proof veter ans," now but six hundred and seventy-five in number, were paraded, to hear their praises from the lips of the hero who, in animating words, did justice to their courage and superior style of discipline. From the public stores which he had taken they received clothing suited to the terrible climate; and about noon on the fifth the army, composed of less than a thousand American troops and a volunteer regiment of about two hundred Canadians, appeared before Quebec, which had a garrison of nearly twice their number, more than two hundred cannon of heavy metal, and provisions for eight months. There could therefore be no hope of its capture but by storm, and, as the engagements of the New England men ended with the thirty-first of December, the assault must be made within