ment Association founded in Ireland. Treaty with France and Germany to secure neutrality of Belgium. 1871 Bill to abolish religious tests at universities passes the lords. Treaty of Washington made with the United States. Act passed giving the crown authority over militia, yeomanry, and volunteers. Dangerous illness of prince of Wales. The local government board is constituted. The Army Regulation bill; abolition of purchase of commissions by royal warrant. The Black Sea conferences. 1872 Reorganisation of the army. Ballot and Licensing bills passed. The Alabama arbitration. New commercial treaty with France. 1873 The Irish University bill rejected. Gladstone resigns and returns to office. Bill for abolition of religious tests at Dublin University passed. The Judicature bill. The Ashantee War in defence of Gold Coast settlement. Home Rule League is formed. 1874 Gladstone resigns. Disraeli becomes prime minister. Licensing act passed. Public Worship Regulation act passed. Endowed Schools Amendment bill passed. Spread of trades unionism. Prevalence of strikes. Ashantee War concluded. The Scotch Church Patronage bill. 1875 Retirement of Gladstone. Replaced by marquis of Hartington. Irish Coercion bills renewed. John Mitchel's election declared void. The Judicature bill completed. The Artisans' Dwelling act. Agricultural Holdings bill. The Regimental Exchanges act. Land Transfer bill. Friendly Societies bill. Peace Preservation act (Ireland). Amendment of Labour laws. Merchant Shipping bill passed. Colony of Fiji constituted. Reopening of Eastern question: The Andrassy and Berlin notes. Central government established for New Zealand. England purchases shares in the Suez Canal. 1876 Lord Lytton viceroy of India. Famine in India. War between Servia and Turkey. England urges reform upon the Turks. The Additional Tithes bill passed. England refuses to accede to Berlin note. Disraeli created earl of Beaconsfield. Appellate Jurisdiction act passed. Elementary Education act passed. Gladstone's indignation at Bulgarian atrocities. Punishment of offenders demanded. Salisbury attends the European conference at Constantinople. 1877 Failure of the conference at Constantinople. Turkey rejects the European protocol. Queen proclaimed empress of India. South African bill passed to confederate colonies of Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Orange Free State, and Transvaal. Annexation of the Transvaal, and difficulties with the Zulus. Russian war with Turkey: jingoism in England. Obstruction procedure by Parnell in house of commons. 1878 British fleet ordered to Constantinople. Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby resign. Troops from India ordered to Malta. Death of Earl Russell. Agitation against war with Russia. Secret treaties with Russia and with Turkey. Occupation of Cyprus. Meeting of the Berlin Congress. Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury attend (June). Treaty of Berlin signed (July). War declared against Afghanistan. Invasion of Zululand.

1879 Depression of trade in England. Zulus defeat English at Isandhlwana. Flight and death of ameer of Afghanistan. Treaty of Gundamak signed with new ameer. Zulus defeated at Ulundi. Second invasion of Afghanistan. English victory at Charasiab and entry of Kabul. Difficulties in Transvaal. The Army Discipline and Regulation bill passed. Irish University act passed. Home-rulers' obstruction in parliament. Parnell's agitation against landlordism. A commission inquires into agricultural depression. Davitt forms the Irish Land League. Arrests of Irish leaders. 1880 Relief of Irish famine. Water Works bill. Marquis of Ripon, viceroy of India. Resignation of Lord Beaconsfield (April). Gladstone forms a ministry. English victories at Ahmed Kiel, in Afghanistan. English defeated at Maiwand. March of Roberts from Kabul to Kandahar. Goschen sent on mission to Constantinople. Bradlaugh not permitted to make affirmation. Second Relief of Distress act for Ireland passed. The Burials' bill carried. Employers' Liability act passed. Prosecution of Parnell and others. Revolt of the Boers of Transvaal.

1881 English troops in Transvaal defeated at Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill. Boers agree to British suzerainty. Thirty-six Irish members suspended and removed from House. Protection of Life and Property bill and Preservation bill passed. Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Irish Land bill receives the royal assent (August). The Regulation of the Forces' act and Army act passed. Kandahar ceded to the ameer of Afghanistan. The Land League proclaimed "an illegal and criminal association." 1882 Bradlaugh expelled from house of commons. Plot of Arabi Bey against English influence in Egypt. He gains command of the army. British fleet bombards and destroys the fortifications of Alexandria. Defeat of Arabi's army at Tel-el-Kebir by English under Wolseley. Arabi, taken prisoner, is banished from Egypt for life. Murder of Cavendish and Burke. Irish obstruction in parliament and suspension of twenty-five Irish members. Several Procedure bills regulating parliament business passed. 1883 Explosives bill passed. Trial of the Invincibles. Corrupt Practices bill and Agricultural Holdings bill passed. The Bankruptcy bill and Patent Law bill passed.

1884 General Gordon sent to Khartum. Battle of Trinkitat. Fall of Sinkat and Tokar. Graham defeats Osman Digna. Conference of Great Powers as to affairs of Egypt. Wolseley enters the Soudan with British troops. The Albert bill passed by the council of India. New convention signed with Transvaal. Lord Dufferin appointed viceroy of India. Sir C. Warren despatched to Bechuanaland. The Franchise bill becomes law (December 6th).

1885 Defeat of Arabs at Abuklea by General Stewart. Khartum surrenders to the mahdi. Death of Gordon. The Berber expedition to Egypt. Troops withdrawn from the Soudan. The Afghanistan Boundary Commission: dispute with Russia. Anticipations of war. Arbitration agreed to. The Redistribution bill is passed. Resignation of Gladstone. Salisbury becomes prime minister. Death of the mahdi (June). British troops invade Upper Burma. A Land Purchase bill (Lord Ashbourne's bill) is passed. Criminal Law and Amendment act passed. General election (December). 1886 Annexation of Upper Burma to the British Empire. Bradlaugh takes the oath. Carnarvon resigns lord-lieutenancy of Ireland. Resignation of Lord Salisbury. Gladstone forms a ministry (February 1st). The “unemployed" meeting. The Scotch Crofter's bill is passed. Ministers leave the government owing to Gladstone's proposed Irish policy (March 26th). Gladstone introduces Home Rule bill for Ireland (April 8th) and the Land Purchase bill (April 6th). Influential political meetings disapproving of Home Rule bill (May). Second reading of Home Rule bill is lost (June 7th). Riots in Belfast. General election (July). Resignation of Gladstone. Salisbury becomes prime minister (July). The plan of campaign" is announced. Lord R. Churchill resigns leadership of house of commons.

1887 Meeting of the Round Table conference. New rules of procedure are carried. Balfour becomes chief secretary for Ireland. Colonial conference at colonial office (May 2nd). The "Tunis" article on Dillon (May 6th). The Crimea bill in committee. Celebration of the Queen's Jubilee (June 21st). Irish Land bill passed (August). Proclamation of the National League. The Allotments act, the Coal Mines Regulation act, and Merchandise Marks act are passed. Proclamation for suppression of National League (September 20th). The Trafalgar Square conflict. Irish M.P.'s are imprisoned under the Crimes act. 1888 Lansdowne becomes viceroy of India. New rules of parliamentary procedure carried. Goschen's scheme for reducing interest on national debt is passed. Local Government bill (England and Wales) passed. Conflicts between nationalists and police. The Fisheries Treaty signed at Washington (February 5th). Commission on "Parnellism and Crime" bill. Parnell's action against the Times. The Irish Land Purchase bill carried.

1889 The county councils meet for the first time. Pigott's confession and suicide. Naval Defences bill passed. Local Government bill for Scotland passed. Bill for Improved Drainage of Ireland and Light Railways Extension passed. The question of royal grants is raised. Acts for prevention of cruelty to children. Technical Instruction act. Welsh Intermediate Education act passed. The dockers' strike. Charter granted to British South Africa Company. Dervishes' troops defeated by General Grenfell. 1890 Balfour's Land Purchase bill introduced (March). New education code issued (April). West Australia Constitution bill passed. Police act and Housing of Working Classes Amendment act passed (August). The O'Shea trial. Rejection of Parnell by Irish party. 1891 Death of Bradlaugh. Tithe bill passes the commons. Royal commission inquires into labour conditions. Balfour's Land Purchase bill passed (June 15th). Factory Workshops act passed. Bill creating free education in England and Wales read and passed. Newcastle programme adopted. Death of Parnell.

1892 Balfour's Irish Local Government bill is withdrawn (May 24th). Chaplins' Small Agricultural Holdings bill passed. General election (July). Resignation of Salisbury. Gladstone becomes prime minister (August 16th).

1893 Gladstone introduces his Home Rule bill (February 13th). Second reading carried (April 21st). Gladstone's closure resolutions carried (August 21st). Home Rule bill thrown out by lords (September 8th). Coal trade dispute settled (November 17th). 1894 Amendments to Parish Councils bill carried in the lords (February 12th). Education acts passed. Gladstone resigns (March 3rd). Lord Rosebery forms a ministry. British Protectorate declared in Uganda. Introduction of various bills into parliament. War between China and Japan (August).

1895 Introduction of new bills. Resignation of liberal ministry (June 22nd). Salisbury takes office. Jameson's raid from Mafeking across the Transvaal.

1896 Boers defeat Jameson at Krugersdorp (January 1st). Rhodes resigns premiership of Cape Colony. Withdrawal of the Education bill (June 22nd). Trial of the Johannesburg raiders. Rosebery resigns the liberal leadership.

1897 Voluntary Schools bill carried. Bill passed for relief of necessitous school boards. Sixtieth year of Victoria's reign. Thanksgiving services. War on the Indian frontier against the Afridis and other tribes.

1898 Death of Gladstone (May 19th). Irish Local Government bill, Vaccination bill, and University of London bill passed. Kitchener defeats the Khalifa. Capture of Omdurman and Khartum. English and French troops meet at Fashoda: evacuation of Fashoda by the French. 1899 Conference at Bloemfontein between Sir Alfred Milner and President Kruger. Negotiations proceed between the British and Transvaal governments as to the franchise and suzerainty. Orange Free State joins the Transvaal. An ultimatum issued by the Transvaal government (October 9th). War breaks out. British troops withdraw to Ladysmith. Disasters to the British troops. Boers besiege Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking. Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener are appointed to the command in Africa. Passing of the Local Government bill. Tithe Rent Charge Rating bill and Board of Education bill.

1900 Siege of Ladysmith. Relief of Kimberley (February 15th). Cronje surrenders at Paardeberg (February 27th). Relief of Ladysmith (February 28th). Death of Joubert. Relief of Mafeking (May 17th). Lord Roberts proclaims the annexation of the Orange Free State. Australia Commonwealth bill passed. General election (October). Lord Roberts becomes commander-in-chief. War Loan bill carried.

1901 Death of Queen Victoria (January 22nd). Edward VII. succeeds.