The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IV: September 1921-September 1922The fourth volume of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers marks the period of deepening crisis in the UNIA's political and economic fortunes. After September of 1921, membership declined and morale in the UNIA began to weaken. Underlying it all, however, was the final failure of the Black Star Line that resulted when negotiations with the United States Chipping Board for the purchase of the long proposed African ship collapsed in March 1922. The movement also suffered a major setback when the first Liberian colonization plan aborted in the summer of 1921. On the political front, Garvey's African program had to compete with W.E.B. Du Bois's Second Pan-African Congress. The were also major shifts in Garvey's political strategy during this period, his speeches reflecting a desire to placate the U.S. government, while simultaneously assailing his lef-wing critics for promoting "social equality." This disavowal of radicalism earned him further enemies on the left. One of his chief black critics, Cyril V. Briggs, the leader of the African Blood Brotherhood, unwittingly supplied federal investigators with evidence that led to Garvey's indictment on charges of mail fraud in February 1922. By prosecuting him, however, the Department of Justice did not discredit Garvey in the eyes of his followers; rather, it temporarily strengthened his hold over the movement as the appearance of persecution intensified the loyalty of the UNIA membership. But later in 1922 Garvey did lose favor among many of his followers when it was disclosed that he had met secretly in Atlanta with the Acting Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. What Garvey had thought was a diplomatic triumph proved instead to be anathema to most blacks. At the Third UNIA Convention in 1922, Garvey repudiated the entire executive council of the UNIA, while expressing his anger of "plots" against him from within the UNIA leadership. Loyalty to Garvey thus became a more urgent issue than ever before. But although Garvey was once again able to silence his critics within the UNIA, the price was to be a badly fractured and demoralized movement. At the same time, his political adversaries outside the UNIA were steadily gaining ground against him. As meticulously documented as the three previous volumes, Volume IV provides the first extended record of Garvey's emergent social philosophy, particularly as it relates to his conception of "racial purity" and the metaphysics of the human condition. It stands as an impressive record of the Garvey movement. |
Contents
ILLUSTRATIONS | xxvii |
EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES | xxxvii |
TEXTUAL DEVICES | xliii |
CHRONOLOGY | li |
September Edward J Brennan to William J Burns | 1 |
September | 4 |
September Negro Factories Corporation Stock | 10 |
Redemption Fund | 19 |
March Editorial in the Christian Recorder | 566 |
March William J Burns to J W H Crim Assistant | 579 |
31 | 582 |
Struve | 586 |
April Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 592 |
April J Harry Philbin to Sanford H E Freund | 598 |
April Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 609 |
April A Rudolph Silverston to the United States | 615 |
December J J Hannigan to the Director Office of Naval | 27 |
September Speech by Marcus Garvey | 28 |
September | 43 |
September Report by Special Agent J G Tucker | 78 |
September William H Ferris to Cyril V Briggs | 90 |
September Cyril A Crichlow to Charles Evans Hughes | 92 |
October Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 125 |
October Article in the Washington Bee | 131 |
Garvey | 135 |
October Article by W A Domingo | 153 |
President Warren G Harding to Marcus | 161 |
November Report by Special Agent J G Tucker | 170 |
November Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 217 |
12 | 255 |
14 | 271 |
December Negro World Advertisement | 282 |
December Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 301 |
December Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 307 |
Intelligence | 311 |
ca December Statement by the UNIA | 317 |
January J Harry Philbin to the Treasurer United | 330 |
Intelligence | 339 |
39 | 362 |
16 | 372 |
21 | 381 |
28 | 395 |
January Report by Special Agent Mortimer J Davis | 427 |
January James Weldon Johnson to Marcus Garvey | 437 |
January Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 443 |
January William J Burns to Edward J Brennan | 462 |
29 | 463 |
20 | 472 |
February Bureau of Investigation Report | 478 |
February Report by Bureau Agent Harold Nathan | 489 |
February Ganesh Rao to the Editor Negro World | 495 |
February Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 504 |
February A W Bennett to the Crisis | 512 |
February John E Bruce to J R Ralph Casimir | 519 |
ca January | 527 |
33 | 533 |
March E Powis Jones to Sanford H E Freund | 541 |
March Report by Special Agent Mortimer J Davis | 557 |
March Sanford H E Freund to the Ship Sales Divi | 565 |
April E Powis Jones to Sanford H E Freund | 622 |
May Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 628 |
September Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 630 |
May John E Bruce to Charles Evans Hughes | 634 |
September Report by Bureau Agent W S Bachman | 637 |
May Confidential Informant 800 to George F Ruch | 642 |
June R B Moseley UNIA Commissioner | 649 |
June Dusé Mohamed Ali to R R Moton | 678 |
June William C Matthews to Sanford H | 686 |
July Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 700 |
July Advertisement for the Negro Times | 706 |
July Marcus Garvey to William Pickens | 715 |
July Report by Special Agent James E Amos | 729 |
Nations | 735 |
July Speech by Marcus Garvey | 743 |
July W E B Du Bois to Marcus Garvey | 750 |
September Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey | 755 |
July Negro World Advertisement | 756 |
August Speech by Marcus Garvey | 766 |
August Convention Brochure | 777 |
August Convention Report | 783 |
August Convention Report | 794 |
August Convention Report | 805 |
August Royal Italian Ministry of External Affairs | 812 |
August Article in the New York Times | 816 |
August Convention Report | 824 |
August Convention Report | 830 |
August J Edgar Hoover to John B Cunningham | 841 |
August Convention Report | 920 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 932 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 942 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 949 |
August Convention Report | 1003 |
August Convention Report | 1016 |
August Convention Report | 1026 |
August Report by Special Employee Andrew M | 1042 |
September Convention Report | 1048 |
Revisions to the Constitution | 1063 |
Delegates to the 1922 UNIA | 1069 |
Finances of the Black Star Line | 1077 |
Report of the UNIA Treasurer | 1086 |
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Common terms and phrases
African Blood Brotherhood Agent America Applause attorney believe Black Star Line Bois Briggs cause colored conference convention Corporation Crichlow Crusader Cyril Briggs disarm Division DJ-FBI dollars empire endorsement Europe fight file 61 four hundred million freedom funds Garvey's give going honor human hundred million Negroes Indian Kanawha Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan Laughter leaders letter libel Liberia Liberty Hall lynching Marcus Garvey meeting ment movement nation native Negro Improvement Association Negro race Negro World October organization Original headlines omitted Orion ourselves Pan-African Congress Phyllis Wheatley political President Harding President of Africa Printed in NW propaganda realize recipient's copy represent Secretary September Shipping Board social equality South Africa speech statement statesmen steamship tell things Thompson tion UNIA United Universal Negro Improvement Washington West Indies white race York City