Clocks of this sort were in common use all over England. They were, in fact, generally speaking, the only household clocks. They were hung on a hook on the wall by a loop, and had two steadying pins below the loop at the back of the clock, which were pressed into the wall plaster, and thus prevented the clock from being pulled on one side by the heavy single weight. These clocks, being ornamental objects, and very picturesque, were never originally fixed into wooden cases; but they have been ignorantly so arranged in modern times. Izaac Walton may have had one of these brass "birdcage" clocks in its integrity. In 1680, two years before Izaac Walton died, at the age of ninety, W. Clement, a "great clockmaker," and brother of the Clockmakers' Company, improved the mechanism of clocks in certain ways, and was thus able to have a long pendulum, with a heavier "bob," vibrating with more regularity in a smaller arc. This change brought about the necessity for long cases to protect the pendulum. It is hardly likely, even supposing that John Roberts, of Ruabon, was a most pushing and energetic man (he was not a member of the Clockmakers' Company), that he would before 1683 have acquired such celebrity for "inlaid hall clocks," or any other clocks, as to have induced Izaac Walton to send to him for one; nor does it seem probable that a man nearly ninety years old would have troubled himself so much about the flight of time as to order the latest fashion of mechanism to mark it, or at any rate to send all the way to an obscure man, in an obscure town in Wales, for it when he could have got what he wanted much better nearer home. All these facts and considerations bespeak so much improbability, that we are driven to the conclusion that the "inlaid hall clock" under notice could not, without a great stretch of imagination, have belonged to Izaac Walton. ALBERT HARTSHORNE. Bradbourne Hall, Wirksworth. Pendulum clocks were first introduced and made in England by Ahasuerus Fromantil, a Dutch clockmaker in London, in 1661. The first had short, or "bob," pendulums; but in 1680 Mr. William Clement, a clockmaker of London, improved the mechanism of the escapement by introducing the "swing wheel" on a horizontal arbor, with the anchor pallets, by which he was enabled to have a longer pendulum and a heavier "bob," or weight, which beat more regularly in seconds, and vibrated in a smaller arc, and many old clocks were altered in consequence of these two inventions. Tall wooden clock-cases were introduced to protect the pendulum and weights from external interference, which would stop the clock. The early clocks were usually thirty-hour clocks; but eight-day clocks were then made, having a long cord wound round a barrel substituted for the chain which passed over a shifting sheave, and was pulled, not wound, up every day. I understand from private communication that the clock said to have belonged to Izaac Walton has a large square face with brass ornamented corners, and winds up in two places on the face, which shows the day of the month. Izaac Walton died in 1683, and I do not think that the large square-faced clocks were made so early as that date. If so, Izaac Walton must have bought that clock in the last year of his life, which is not very probable. He died at Winchester in 1683, at the age of ninety, and I doubt much whether those clocks had come into general use at that time. I am told that on the case is carved "I. W., 1641." That date is quite out of the question, as pendulum clocks were not then in use, or, indeed, known in England. A careful examination of the movement by an experienced person would soon show whether it is an original piece of work, or an old clock altered at some later time after the invention of the pendulum. OCTAVIUS MORGAN. THE ANGLO-ISRAEL MANIA (7th S. ii. 89; iii. 27).-The contention is that we English, being mainly Saxons-that is to say, Isaacsons-are descendants of the ten tribes. Now there is an argument on the subject which may be confidently recommended to Bishop Titcomb and his fellowbelievers; and it is this: The Israelites were confessedly a rebellious and stiff-necked people; what they were told to do they would not do, and what they were told not to do they did. One of the things expressly forbidden to them was the eating of swine's flesh. And we English are, and always have been, especially given to swine's flesh. Bacon, ham, pork chops, roast pork, sausages, sucking pig-the very thought of these things makes our mouths water. Nay, in praise of sucking pig one Englishman (and his physiognomy was very Jewish) has even written an essay. My argument, therefore, may be stated thus: The Israelites always did what they were told not to do; and they were told not to eat swine's flesh. A priori, then, we may be sure that they would eat it; and the English do eat it-it is their chief and chosen food. Ergo, the English are Israelites. I do not say that this is perfect as a syllogism; but I do say that it is as good an argument as has yet been adduced in favour of the theory. A. J. M. [A contributor, the remainder of whose communication opens out questions outside our scope, says: "If MR. SAWYER will write to No. 29, Paternoster Row, he this mania.""] will receive a catalogue of the bibliography relating to EARLDOM OF STRAFFORD (7th S. ii. 509).-The Barony of Strafford was conferred in 1835 (not 1830) on General Sir John Byng, son of George Byng (grandson of Admiral Sir George Byng, first Viscount Torrington) by Anne Conolly, daughter the well-known diplomatist of Anne's reign, whose of the Right Hon. William Conolly by Anne, grandfather was brother to the Strafford of Charles daughter of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, | I.'s reign. [Much information to the same effect is thankfully acknowledged.] Bigwood is a patronymic. Then in France we find Then as to lan-. Primarily it is a merely secular term for enclosure, garth, yard, as in ydlan, i.e., "cornyard," and, by transition, applied to the church and its dedicatee, or patron saint. There are many names of places in Cornwall which lead to the inference that primarily no sort of prefix was applied to personal names equivalent to saint in any form. Take Stow-Maries, Essex; Padstow, which might be Llanfair or Lampeter. We have also the prefix llan- without the pretence of any saintship; say Lanchester, which I equate with Plougastel; Lancant, the terminal as in Cantroedd, Cantreff; Llangoedmore, is it not "great wood"? FOLIFATE OR FOLIFOOT FAMILY, CO. YORK (7th S. i. 44, 115).-I hope the following notes may be new to J. W. C., and may help him to ascertain why the Fairfaxes of Walton and Denton quartered the Folifate arms after those of Etton. There can be no doubt that the latter came in through the marriage of Thomas Fairfax of Walton with Elizabeth or Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Ivo de Etton, Lord of Etton and Gilling. Drake (Eboracum,' p. 395) says, "by this marriage Fairfax, though long after, got possession of Gilling Castle." In the Visitation of Yorkshire in 1564 (Harl. Society) the next generation is given as Richard, son of Thomas; but Harrison ('Hist. Yorks.,' p. 257) inserts two descents between these, and says that Thomas Fairfax of Walton purchased the manor of "Folefast" (Folifait) by fine 10 Ric. II. (1386). Now this was about the date when the Folifait heiress married John de Rawdon, ancestor of the Earls of Moira (see N. & Q.,' 7th S. i. 44), it may be that Fairfax and Rawdon married coheiresses of this family. A reference to the fine might help to clear up this point. I add the fol lowing further notes on the family. In 1 Edw. I. (1272) David de Foly fayt had writ of novel disseisin against Henry Prior of Park, &c., touching a tenement in Wighill (Dep. K. Rep., 42, p. 688): In 1300 Alan de Folyfait was surety (manucaptor) for Simon de Kyme, Knight of the Shire for the County of York, 28 Edw. I. ('Parl. Writs,' vol. i. p. 84); in 1316 Alan de Folthwait is certified, pursuant to writ tested at Clipston March 5, as one of the lords of the township of "Folthwait," co. York, 9 Edw. II. ('Parl. Writs,' part ii. p. 412). By Letters Patent 33 Edw. III., at Westminster, Nov. 14, 1359, Alan de Folifayt, William Fairfax, and others, are appointed Commissioners of Array for the Ainsty ('Fœdera,' vol. iii. p. 455), and by Letters Patent 42 Edw. III., tested at Windsor Dec. 20, 1368, the Sheriff of York, John de Folyfayt, and others are ordered to raise archers to be sent to Ireland ('Fœdera,' vol. iii. p. 854). H. D. E. PICTURE OF PURITAN SOLDIERS (7th S. ii. 326, 358, 432).-The historical accuracy of the picture exhibited in the Paris Exhibition of 1855 is borne out by the following passages from "A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice for the Tryal of K. Charles I. as it was read in the House of Commons, and attested under the hand of Phelps, Clerk to that Infamous Court. Taken by J. Nalson, LL.D., Jan. 4, 1683." Lond., 1684, fol., p. 103:"His Majesty being taken away by the Guard, as he passed down the stairs, the insolent soldiers scoffed at him, casting the smoke of their tobacco (a thing very distasteful unto him) in his face, and throwing their pipes in his way...... Being brought first to Sir Robert Cotton's, and thence to Whitehall, the Soldiers continued their brutish Carriage toward him, abusing all that seemed to show any respect, or even Pity to him; not suffering him to rest in his Chamber, but thrusting in, and smoking their Tobacco, and disturbing his Privacy." JOHN E. T. LOVEDAY. continues, customary to use them. In a letter from HOTCHKISS FAMILY (7th S. ii. 408).—In the list of prisoners taken in Shropshire, February 22, 1644, by the Parliamentary army, occurs the name of "Moses Hotchkys." "July 25, 1662. Richard Hotchkis, of Lee Brockhurst Co. Salop, Gent., Wid, about 37, and Susan Clarke, of St Botolph, Aldersgate, Sp, abt 33, at own disposal; at Great St Bartholomew, London." The above is in the marriage allegations in the registry of the Vicar-General (Canterbury), just published by the Harleian Society. B. F. SCARLETT. A.M. AND P.M. (6th S. ix. 369, 431, 516; xi. 20, 77).-At the last of these references MR. SYKES calls attention to an early use of the latter of these abbreviations in the very first volume of the Philosophical Transactions (No. 14, p. 242, for July 2, 1666). It was, indeed, used earlier than the other abbreviation; yet (though MR. SYKES appears to have overlooked it) both are used in the Phil. Trans. for 1676 (No. 128, vol. xi. p. 687), where Flamsteed tabulates some observations of his own and of Halley's of spots on the sun in July and August of that year. Flamsteed usually reckons solar time from noon (as astronomers are still accustomed to do), even when TWO-HAND SWORD v. TWO-HANDED SWORD the interval exceeds twelve hours; but in this (7th S. ii. 306, 437).-There can be no doubt of particular case he seems to have thought it desir- this weapon having been once in use about the able to refer the spot observations to the day of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, though not by ordinary reckoning. How illogically the expression those who fought on horseback. In The Fair A.M., or ante meridiem, is applied in this reckon- Maid of Perth' the two-handed sword is mentioned ing, I pointed out in a letter in the Athenæum for as the weapon wielded in the terrible combat on the February 7, 1885. In effect 4 A. M. ought to mean North Inch at Perth between the Clan Quhele and four hours before noon, i. e., 8 o'clock in the morn- the Clan Chattan, circa 1402. In 'Anne of Geiering; whereas it is used as meaning eight hours stein' it is said to be, and no doubt was, the usual before noon, or four hours after the preceding mid-weapon of the Swiss, circa 1474. In the 'Abbot night. It seems, indeed, to have been very soon noticed that "ante" and "post" could not properly be used as it afterwards became, and still Lord Lindsay is said to have presented himself before Mary, Queen of Scots, wearing the same kind of weapon, circa 1570, and he narrates to the unfortunate queen at Lochleven Castle how, when wielded by the hand of Archibald Bell-the-Cat," it sheared through the thigh of his opponent, and lopped the limb as easily as a shepherd's boy slices a twig from a sapling" (chapter xxi.). Besides the examples from the "Waverley Novels " of "two-handed" sword quoted by myself and other correspondents, I find in 'Marmion,' canto v. stanza ii., Long pikes they had for standing fight, At this moment a bronze cast, about fourteen This, as in the passages cited from Milton, is coninches in height, of Richard I. is on the mantel-clusive against the theory of "two-handed" being piece of my dining-room, said to be after a statue of him by Baron Marochetti. His arms, repre- not scan. an editorial alteration, because "two-hand" would JONATHAN BOUCHIER. sented as bared from the elbow, rest upon a large two-handed sword. He is habited in a coat of linked POEMS ATTRIBUTED TO LORD BYRON: MISS FANmail, and pendant from the left side is a battle-axe SHAWE'S ENIGMA (7th S. ii. 183, 253, 298, 389, 457; with a blade, or edge, on each side of the haft-iii. 33).—It is a shock to learn, as ignorant pera weapon which the Romans called "bipennis." sons like myself now learn for the first time, that His legs are encased in trews and stockings, all of she who wrote the best and most graceful of all one piece, and they are, as Malvolio's were," cross-poetic enigmas was capable of disfiguring its very gartered." But if a licence, according to Horace, first line by using the prosaic and ineffective word is to be granted to poets and painters of "quid-pronounced, and by inserting a weak and superlibet audendi," why not to sculptors also? This, however, certainly cannot be regarded as an example of the equipment of the twelfth century. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. fluous conjunction. It is also unpleasant, though in a more tolerable degree, to find that one correspondent of N. & Q.' objects to the word mutter'd, and another to James Montgomery's inspired suggestion of whisper'd for pronounced. "Mutter'd in hell" is precisely right, for the reasons given by R. R.; and for similar reasons, "whisper'd in heaven" is also precisely right. Whispering has here nothing to do with gossip and tattle, as R. R. supposes: it is used in its higher literary sense-a sense pervading, so far as I know, all classic phrase-of softness, mystery, awe. And where could the soft mystery of an awful whisper be more appropriate than in the very presence of the Most Highest? On the other Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. Your correspondent seems to have overlooked one passage in Sir Walter Scott's Antiquary': "The langest, the langest,' cried Jenny Rintherout, dragging in a two-handed sword of the twelfth century (The Antiquary,' Adam & Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1886), p. 411. I do not remember "two-hand" sword in any of the "Waverley Novels." Certainly the expression "twohanded" is, strictly speaking, indefensible from a grammatical point of view. I do not know whether there are any similar expressions in use. For in-hand, muttering, as R. R. well says, gives just the stance, there are scissors made to be used by the left hand only; are these called "left-hand," or "left-handed," scissors? Perhaps the twohanded sword may have been so called partly with reference to the fact that the large sword to be used with two hands was double-edged. I am not at all sure that the passage quoted by MR. BIRKBECK TERRY from Milton's 'Lycidas,' But that two-handed engine at the door Stands ready to smite once, and smite no more, refers to the two-handed sword of the archangel Michael or to the fiery sword described in the following passage :— High in front advanc'd, The brandish'd sword of God before them blaz'd, The second passage quoted by MR. BIRKBECK 8, Bloomsbury Square. sense of sullen rebelliousness that might be ex- As regards the question raised by your correspondent Mr. DIXON, as to whether the word muttered in Miss Fanshawe's well-known enigma was really written uttered, I have at home a letter written by one of her sisters to my father, sending him a copy of the enigma, and complaining that somebody had spoiled the first line, which she wrote thus: "Twas in Heaven pronounced and 'twas muttered in Hell. Uttered instead of muttered would not change the defect of two different words being used in reference to the same sound. Mr. Fanshawe was the squire of my father's parish, Chipstead, Surrey, during the early period of his fifty-two years' incumbency. In the churchyard there is a tombstone inscribed with some lines, also written by Miss Fanshawe, to the memory of a farmer there. They were about the first I ever learnt by heart, and I can transcribe them now, in this distant land. Whether Mr. Vernon was as good as the poetry I am not old enough to remember. His son was not. Here Vernon lies, who living taught the way Washington, D.C. J. J. AUBERTIN. BISHOP JOHN LEYBURN (7th S. ii. 508).-This prelate was secretary to Cardinal Howard at Rome. He was consecrated Bishop of Adrumetum on Sept. 9th, 1685. He was the first Catholic bishop resident in this country since the death of Charles I. He was committed to the Tower in 1688. He died June 9th, 1702. His publications are a translation of Digby's 'Treatise of Bodies and of the Immortality of the Soul,' and a 'Pastoral Letter to the Catholics of England, 1688. WALTER LOVELL. See Thompson Cooper's 'Biographical Dictionary,' always useful in its references to Roman Catholic biographies. applied to the sheriff of the county for warrant to compel the slater to restore the pew. The following is Mr. Husband's judgment, of date September 5, 1828: "Finds that the parties having each made choice of certain sittings in the seat in question, then a whole, they must enjoy the same as such, by taking their stations entitled to appropriate a certain portion thereof, and to as they happen to enter the church, and neither of them is put up boards to the exclusion of the other from that portion; Ordains the defender to remove the erection complained of, and to restore the seat to the condition in which it was at the time the choice was made." Mr. Husband was esteemed an excellent judge and of great practical experience, and his rule of law has since prevailed in Perthshire. Crieff. T. S. Full information on this subject is to be found in The History and Law of Church Seats, or Pews,' by Alfred Heales, F.S.A., proctor in Doctors' Commons, 1872, Butterworths, 7, Fleet Street. The following extract from vol. i., p. 110, may be interesting: "The earliest mention we have met with of seating the parishioners according to their degree, under any show of authority (unless we except the remarks by the Judge of the Common-law Court in 1493, as to what he supposed the ordinary might do, and in which he probably only meant to distinguish the two or three great men from the rest of the parishioners), occurs in the year 1577, but it seems to stand alone for a considerable time. It happened at the union of the parishes of All Saints and St. Peter, Maldon, Essex, when (as it will be seen), with the consent of the churchwardens, the Court, held at Prittlewell, did order and decree, that the Churchwardens of St. Peter's should cause and procure the parishners there to repaire orderly to the parishe church of All Saintes, one Sondaies and bollidaies, as the parishners of All Saintes; and that the Churchwardens of either parishe, should joyne together to be placed according to his degree; the Churchwardens in all matters and cause whatsoever, and everie parishner of either parishe agreed to the order.'" At paragraph 190, vol. ii., Mr. Heales says, on the legal aspect of the case: direct that though all are entitled to seats, yet a preference should be shown for persons of the higher social maintained, though not their equal rights, which the standing in the parish; but still the rights of all are early decisions emphatically uphold." EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. PRECEDENCE IN CHURCH (7th S. ii. 361, 495). In parishes in Scotland partly burghal and partly landward, churches are erected at the expense of the heritors and feuars of such parishes, according to their real rents, as appearing in the Valuation Roll for the county. "Various decisions, probably for the sake of satisfying For example: the parish those who were most likely to be exigent (since the church of Crieff was divided, on April 25, 1828, doctrine is not impressed with the stamp of high antiby Charles Husband, of Glenearn, Sheriff Substi-quity, and it appears to want any original legal basis), tute of Perthshire, in terms of a Summons of Division raised at the instance of the heritors and feuars, for its division in terms of their several rights therein. The patroness of the parish-the late Lady Willoughby de Eresby-had the right to select the best pew for her own use, and the remaining pews in the church were divided amongst the heritors and feuars. One pew, of twelve feet in length, was apportioned between the freemasons of Crieff, in respect of their lodge, and a slater, in respect of his dwelling-house. "A SLEEVELESS ERRAND (1st S. i. 439; v. The slater, however, closed up his part of the seat, 473; xii. 58, 481, 520; 7th S. iii. 6).-The statein order to exclude the masons from its use. The ment that "sleeveless errand" is the original phrase masons were indignant at such treatment, and has yet to be proved. I have already shown, in It is to be hoped that the question will be settled shortly, and in accordance with the “early decisions." The issue is of vital importance to the Church. G. H. THOMPSON. Alnwick. " |