does not profess to be perfect. The learned author, however, says of it that it is "the best list that can be offered." As it is a mere list of names, no good end would be served by quoting it at length. If any of your readers learned in Eastern topography would identify these places and give their modern names he would be doing a good work. K. P. D. E. "THE DUN COW."-The author of 'The Kernel and the Husk,' 1886, p. 150, attempting to show " how some of the miracles of the Old Testamentsuch as the Samson jawbone incident-may be explained as the mere result of misunderstood names, illustrates his subject from Mr. Isaac Taylor's 'Words and Places.' He observes that "the porter at Warwick Castle, when he shows you the bones of the 'dun cow 'slain by Guy of Warwick, hands down an erroneous tradition, probably derived from a misunderstanding of 'dun.' """ A quotation from Words and Places,' 1873, p. 269, given in a foot-note, professes to tell us the most probable origin of the famous "dun Cow." "The legend of the victory gained by Guy of Warwick over the dun cow most probably originated in a misunderstood tradition of his conquest of the Dena gau, or Danish settlement in the neighbourhood of Warwick." So, then, "dun cow" represents an orginal Dena gau! It is a grievous pity that renewed currency should have been given to such an explanation as this. No such combination as Dena gau could have' ever existed anywhere-Dena being an old English gen. pl., whereas gau is a modern German form! Nor is there any satisfactory evidence that the equivalent of the Germ. gau was ever used in Eng; land to denote a district or settlement. The gá that we sometimes hear of is Anglo-Saxon of the ninteenth century-the figment of antiquaries and historians. A. L. MAYHEW. Queries. We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. PAPAL ENVOYS TO ENGLAND.-With reference to the reported mission of Mgr. Ruffo Scilla to congratulate the Queen on behalf of the Pope upon the jubilee of her Majesty's accession to the throne, can any reader of N. & Q.' enlighten me as to any previous missions from the Vatican of a similar or another character since the commencement of the eighteenth century? DIPLOMATICUS. THE JUBILEE.-Did Henry III. ever celebrate a formal jubilee? It is admitted that he lived to spend the fiftieth year of his reign, viz., 1266; but was there any jubilee celebration in the modern sense of the term? The first institution of the jubilee of Christianity in 1300 by Boniface VIII. seems the earliest mention of a jubilee as observed in the western world. Edward III., historians tell us, kept two jubilees, one in the fiftieth year in his age and the other in the fiftieth year of his reign, and they were doubtless attended by all those circumstances of pageantry and magnificence which would delight a monarch so chivalrous and fond of display as the third Edward. J. MASKELL. BURNING QUESTION-What is the origin and precise meaning of this phrase, which is now equally common in English, French (question brûlante) and German (brennende Frage). In which language did it originate? It looks like a quotation which has caught the general fancy; after the wont of such, also, it is probably often used without any precise notion of the original sense. Littré says it is a question which excites passion, and of which it is difficult to treat. this the English meaning? J. A. H. MURRAY. Oxford. Is GILMORE OF LARN.-Is anything known of the family of Gilmore, or Gilmer, of Larn, co. Antrim, Ireland, about the year 1770 to 1780; and, if so, of Margaret Gilmore, born about 1757? can I learn the date of birth and any particulars M. PARNELL. HILL, AT THE COURT OF ST. GERMAINS.-Who was a Hill who followed James II.; and what were his arms? D. ARMS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE PRIOR TO 1581. I should feel obliged if some of your readers would kindly inform me what arms were borne by Sir Francis Drake prior to the grant made to him by Queen Elizabeth, in 1581, I believe. W. S. B. H. CASLANUS, CASLANS, CLAN.-These terms are used of the upper class of farmers exempt from personal services, but paying heavy taxes to their counts. Here is a short extract taken from the 'Cartulaire de l'Abbeye de Lérins cccv.,' p. 311 (date twelfth century): "Caslani, in Rivo-Nigro, habent quasdam terras et defensetum unum, et ecclesia Sancti Pauli habet ibidem terras et domicaturas." What is the origin of this word? G. A. MULler. Mentone. the title "Walonis Messalini de Episcopis et PresSALMASIUS. I recently picked up a book with byteris contra D. Petavium Loiolitam Dissertatio Prima. Lugduni Batavorum. Ex Officina Joannis Maire, Anno CIO 10 CXLI." At the bottom of the title-page is a MS. note, "Ex dono D (?) Salmasii viri undequaque Celeberrimi et doctrina incomparabilis"; and on the back (it is bound in vellum) "On one side was in the title, in the same handwriting, "Salmasius de in Mevagissey Church. Episcopis." The treatise constantly refers to Sal-scribed the name 'James Bougthen' with three masius, and always with approval, so that he may fleurs-de-lis (the arms of the Bougthens), and on very well be the author under a pseudonym; but the other side Mevagissey, 1651, with "B.I.M.' I cannot find any mention of it among his works. in the centre." I shall feel greatly obliged if any He was living in Leyden in 1641. Can any reader of your readers can give me information respecting of 'N. & Q.' give me any information about it? this James Bougthen, and also the meaning of the B. W. S. three letters B.I.M. EMILY COLE. Teignmouth. ROYAL SALUTES.-In an article of the Daily Telegraph on the subject of the English squadron at Cannes not having returned the French salute, it was stated : "The French authorities naturally requested some explanation. What they received in this way calls back the memory of that mayor of Leicester who, having failed to ring the church bells when Queen Elizabeth was passing through the town, was sternly questioned, and replied that he had sixteen reasons for the omission. The first on the list was that there were no bells to ring, and thereupon, we believe, Her Most Puissant Majesty dispensed with hearing the other fifteen." What authority is there for this story? If true, it is strangely similar to the following, which I have heard from my childhood: A king of France (Louis XIV. ?) arrived at the gates of a city of his kingdom, and was much enraged at not receiving the customary royal salute of twenty-one guns. The mayor, with much trepidation, explained that he had sixteen valid reasons for the omission, the first being that the city possessed neither powder nor cannon. Whereupon his most Christian Majesty graciously intimated that it would be useless to narrate the remaining fifteen. This latter story is always supposed to be the origin of the well-known French saying "Ni poudre ni canons," and is even more appropriate to the Cannes incident than that concerning the mayor of Leicester and good Queen Bess. DRAWOH. Ho, VOCABULUM SILENTII.-There is entombed in Rymer's 'Fœdera,' under date June 20, 1408, the record of a trial by combat before Henry IV. at Nottingham-a most dramatic narrative. But just when John Bolemere, the appellant, has rushed upon Bertrand Ufana, the defendant, manfully with divers kinds of arms, and whilst Bertrand, bravely meeting him, is strenuously defending himself, the king, moved by the valour and probity of the parties, as well as by the request of the king of Scotland and others on their behalf, interposes and stops the conflict. The words in which the king is made to narrate his having done this are as follows: "Eis Pugnæ supersedere Mandavimus, emisso per Nos Silentii Vocabulo consueto, scilicet Ho, Ho, Ho (quod est), Cessate, Cessate, Cessate." Was Ho 66 accustomed vocable of silence" elsewhere than in the tournament? G. N. Glasgow. an CORNISH TOKENS.-In the Western Antiquary for January mention is made of an old token found EARLY PRINTED Book (1588).-Can any reader of N. & Q.' direct me where to find a copy of a book entitled 'Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam vera Descriptio,' 1588? W. S. B. H. LIEUT.-GENERAL MIDDLETON.-Who was Lieut.General Middleton, a somewhat distinguished officer of the great Civil War; and what were the services which brought him so rapidly into notice? I have not been able to find out even his Christian name. He was a Scot. Lord Clarendon says that he was only eighteen when first led into rebellion, and that he "lived to wipe out the memory of the ill stains of his youth." He must, therefore, have been still young when he commanded a brigade in Sir William Waller's army at Cropredy Bridge. He subsequently changed sides (hence, I suppose, Lord Clarendon's eulogium), and commanded the royal horse at the battle of Worcester. He was not, of course, the same person as Sir Thomas Middleton R. W. C. of Chirk Castle. BALIOL. In what year did Alexander, brother of John Baliol, King of Scotland, die? What issue, if any, did he have? John Baliol, after he resigned the throne of Scotland in 1299, retired to his Norman estates, where he died in 1314. What estates were these; and where was he buried? I presume these were the identical estates his ancestor held before the T. WALTER SCOTT. Norman Conquest. Aptonfields, Bishop's Stortford, IDRIS.-What is the history and meaning of this Welsh name, which is not mentioned by either Mr. Bardsley or Miss Yonge, though I have met with it several times both as a personal and as a surname ? Is it related to the Greek opis, and has that (or the other) any connexion with the Arabic Idris, the name Abulgazi, in his 'Genealogical History of the Tatars,' says they give to Enoch? In the notes to the work I have just named there is a reference to a Sharif al Idris, or Ebn Edris. Is the name common in the East? C. C. BELL. NEVILLE: CUNDALE.-Was Sir Ralf de Condal, in Richmondshire, second son of John, third Baron Neville of Raby, 1368-1389 (who Foster-Royal Descents' says was ancestor of the Nevilles of Thornton Bridge, co. Durham), the same as Ralf de Condal or Cundal, who held part of Bampton Cundale (31 Hen. VI., Inq. p. m. and 'Hist. Westmoreland,' p. 466, vol. i.)? Cundale is near Bedale, co. York. Ralph de Cundale was fined forty marks (Fin. in Exch., 22 Hen. II.). Henry de Condal or Cundale, one of the Drengi of Westmoreland (Oblata Roll, 2 John). H. CHARLTON FAMILY.-Edward and Mary Charlton were living at Ladbrook, Warwickshire, 1743. Their eldest son, Edward, was married 1771 to Elizabeth The sponsors of baptism of Edw. William, their first born, were, "Wm. Palmer, Esq., Madam Palmer, and the Revd. Williams of Napton." The sponsors to seventh and last child 'ECCE HOMO.'-In the Scots Magazine, vol. lxxvi. at baptism were, 66 Bro Wm Parker & Wife & p. 878, the death is announced at Deptford on Uncle John Palmer & wife," 1783. The courteous August 22, 1814, of Daniel Isaac Eaton, a book-replies to former questions, and the information seller, and it is said of him : LORD MAYOR'S DAY.-In the 'Travels of Tom Thumb over England and Wales,' 1746, the following appears in reference to the celebration : "The Lord Mayor of London, annually chosen out of the Court of Aldermen, is reputed, for the time being, the greatest Citizen in the Universe. The show he makes on the 29th of October, when he goes in State to be sworn at Westminster, every child in the City knows to be very grand." When was the day changed to November 9? St. John's Wood. = WOODPECKER HICKWALL.-Looking through There was a foot-note attached giving the explana- PICUS. so fully and generously given, are hereby thankfully acknowledged; and, as I am personally interested in present questions, replies direct will be esteemed a favour. Query Is anything known of the Charlton Who was Mary and family previous to 1743? who was Elizabeth Charlton ? W. M. GARDner. NATIONAL SUBSCRIPTION.-Can any of your readers inform me if there is any record of a national subscription of any kind in the end of the seventeenth or beginning of the eighteenth century? One of my ancestors-born 1671 and died 1747-8-has always been known in the family as "Tommy 10,000l.," the tradition being that he gave this sum either to the national debt or to pay off the king's debts, neither of which seems possible at that date. L. T. C. BASTINADO.-Lilly says, in his 'Autobiography,' that his scholar Humphreys having deluded the governor of Colchester many times with hope of relief," had the bastinado," was thrown into prison, and then forced to become a soldier. Does this merely mean that he was well cudgelled? Haverstock Hill. C. A. WARD. "NULLUM TEMPUS OCCURRIT REGI VEL ECCLESIÆ." -Whence the origin of this frequently quoted maxim? Referring the query to a friend in high position at Oxford, he replies that he believes it "to have been originally a maxim of feudal lawyers in the royal interest. Of course it properly refers to the king, not to the church." It was in the last century that Sir James Lowther, before his elevation to the peerage as Earl of Lonsdale, determined to put in force this eminent legal maxim, and procured a lease of the king's interest in the Forest of Inglewood, Cumberland. This act provoked Nullum Tempus Bill, to secure the property of a the passing of a Bill in Parliament, called the subject after sixty years' possession. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. PICTURE QUERY.-Among the engravings sold from the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch on March 15 I see mentioned (Athenæum, No. 3100) a proof engraving of Mrs. William Hope, by C. H. Hodges, sold for 531. Can any reader of N. & Q.' inform me where a copy of this engraving can be seen; and if such a thing is to be had in any other state? RITA FOX. 1, Capel Terrace, Forest Gate. HENRY WARBURTON, M.P. FOR BRIDPORT.I lately came across a print of this gentleman by Mote. Can any reader inform me concerning his parentage and descent? F. W. D. GODSALVE, GODFrey, Crosse, and DAY.-The Gentleman's Magazine gives, "1795, June 20. At Great Baddow, Essex, John Thomas, of Hertford Regiment of Militia, to L. Godsalve, daughter of late Admiral Godsalve, and niece of Dowager Duchess of Athole Strange." Can any correspondent say how Mrs. John Thomas, née Godsalve, was niece of the Dowager (1795) Duchess of Athole Strange? A William Godsalve, of Much Baddow, married Sarah Godfrey, whose sister Mary married, July 15, 1746, at St. John the Evangelist, Westminster, Sir John Crosse, Bart. (see Burke's 'Extinct Baronetage'). Peter Day, whose mother was a Crosse, took the surname of Crosse 1770, and died April, 1780, when John Godsalve, son of William Godsalve, son of William Godsalve and Sarah (Godfrey) took, July 20, 1780, the surname of Crosse. The family of Crosse were from Maulden, co. Beds. REGINALD STEWART BODDINGTON. I canter by the place each afternoon Too short for human vanity, The young Defoy. NOMAD. "To cross the Styx." "To go to kingdom come" (Peter Pindar ?). HUBERT BOWER. May I suggest to MR. DELEVINGNE that Gray's line in 'The Bard,' "Gone to salute the rising morn," has no reference to death? The poet has just been describing the sad desertion of Edward III. on his death-bed; he then asks, What has become of the Black Prince? a question he answers by saying plainly that the prince become of the swarm of gay butterfly courtiers who among the dead." He then continues, What has disported in Edward's "noon-tide beam"? a question he also answers by saying that they have rests gone to salute the rising morn," the "morn" being Richard II., as, indeed, the poet himself explains in the next quatrain, describing, as a note, presumably by Gray himself, says, the " magnificence of Richard II.'s reign." This is how I understand the passage; but I should be glad to hear the opinion of either MR. DELEVINGNE himself or of any one else on the subject. One of Longfellow's poems begins— I like that ancient Saxon phrase which calls and Scott, in 'The Lord of the Isles,' vi. 26, speaks of " that dark inn, the grave." According to Crusius's Lexicon, the Homeric phrase un Ti Táon, which, with various inflections, occurs both in the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey,' is exactly equivalent to the English euphemism "If anything SOME EUPHEMISMS FOR DEATH AND DYING. should happen to him," used daily by people who (7th S. iii. 404.) have little idea that they are quoting Homer. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. The Scriptures contain a very large number of such euphemisms. The following may be added to MR. DELEVINGNE'S list : "Slept with his fathers" (occurs thirty-five times in the Old Testament). " "Put off this tabernacle " (2 Peter i. 14). "Was gathered unto his people" (Gen. xlix. 33). Sleep" (1 Cor. xv. 57). "As the flower of the grass he shall pass away (James i. 10). "Fleeth as a shadow" (Job xiv. 2). The way of all the earth" (Josh. xxiii. 14). "To depart" (Philip i. 23). ROBERT F. Gardiner. " Death is an equall doome, To good and bad, the common In of rest. Spenser, Faerie Queene,' ii, canto i. 59. "Death is the shadow of life" (Tennyson,' Love and Death'). "The safe port, the peaceful silent shore" (S. Jenyns). "A prive thef, men clepen Deth" (Chaucer, 'Pardonere's Tale'). "The white fruit whose core is ashes, and which we call death" (O. W. Holmes, 'Professor at the Breakfast Table,' cap. xi.). "Mors janua vitæ." JAMES HOOPER. Oak Cottage, Streatham Place, S.W. MR. DELEVINGNE, who gives us the valuable selections at the above reference, may be interested in being referred to G. E. Lessing's 'Wie die Alten den Tod gebildet' (Berlin, 1769) and Julius Lessing's 'De Mortis apud Veteres Figura' (Berolini, Bonnæ, 1866). R. H. BUSK. COPYING LETTERS (7th S. iii. 369).-Lettercopying presses were invented by James Watt. Dr. Smiles writes, in his 'Lives of the Engineers' (Boulton and Watt, chap. xi.) : : in May, 1780. By that time Watt had completed the details of the press and the copying ink. Sufficient mahogany and lignum-vitæ had been ordered for making 500 machines, and Boulton went up to London to try and get the press introduced in the public offices." Dr. Smiles further records how the bankers and others feared that it could be used for forgeries and denounced it, and that Boulton wrote and said that "the bankers mob him for having anything to do with it: they say that it ought to be suppressed" (!) The original press is preserved in the Watt Room at Heathfield; and at the recent meeting of the British Association in Birmingham some of the old-fashioned presses, with printed instructions how to use them-giving many curious detailswere shown at the exhibition in Bingley Hall. Watt retained his special and personal interest in the invention as "James Watt & Co.," and sold the powders to make the copying-ink, as well as the presses. These were made for large folio paper, and the pressure was given by two large metal rollers, and there were drawers and divisions to hold the damping brushes, &c. There is some evidence tending to show that Priestley had something to do with the improvements, if not the invention, which remains almost unaltered, except that now screw-presses instead of roller-presses are used. The prices of the original presses varied from 10l. to 201., and some of that old form have been made for foreign markets within the last few years. ESTE. The present method of copying letters was discovered by James Watt, who took out a patent in the year 1780, and doubtless the correspondence of the establishment at Soho was so copied ; but I know not if any early examples still exist. GEO. E. FRere. CHARLES O'DOHERTY (7th S. iii. 428).-The arms with which MR. HARDY has been struggling are the ancient arms of O'Doherty or O'Dogherty, as given, s. v., in Burke's 'Gen. Armory' (1878), where they are thus blazoned: Ar., a stag springthe relative crest being a hand couped at the wrist ing gu., on a chief vert three mullets of the first; erect, grasping a sword, all ppr. The motto given appears to belong to another crest, also blazoned for the same family. This sept is stated to be of the same race as O'Boyle. Their possessions were in co. Donegal. After the forfeiture of Sir Cahir O'Dogherty, Lord of Ennishowen, in 1608, an entirely different coat appears to have been granted by Fortescue, Ulster, in 1790, to certain Spanish descendants of the sept. C. H. E. CARMICHAEL. "This invention was made by Watt in the summer of 1778. In June we find him busy experimenting on copy; ing-papers of different kinds, requesting Boulton to send him specimens of the most even and whitest unsized paper,' and in the following month he wrote to Dr. Black, I have lately discovered a method of copying writing instantaneously, provided it has been written the same day, or within twenty-four hours. I send you a specimen, and will impart the secret if it will be of any use to you. It enables me to copy all my business letters.' For two years Watt kept his method of copying a secret; but hearing that certain persons were prying into it, with DATE OF ENGRAVING WANTED (7th S. ii. 447; the view of turning it to account, he determined to anti-iii. 15, 114, 251).—I can supplement the valuable cipate them by taking out a Patent, which was secured information kindly supplied by MR. EVERITT in New University Club, S.W. |