encouraging circumstances the rate of taxation has been reduced from nine mills, in 1866, to three mills for 1867.

The railroad interests of the State are of great importance, and occupy a considerable space in the Governor's last annual message. Under the act of the Legislature, the Southwest Pacific Railroad was sold for $1,300,000, of which amount the purchaser has paid into the State treasury $325,000. Since the sale of the road it has become incorporated with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The Platte County Railroad was duly advertised for sale; but before the day of sale arrived, the Western and Atchison, and Atchison and St. Joseph Railroad Companies, which, by the act of February, 1865, held the relation and rights of mortgagors to the road, paid into the State treasury the sum of $100,000, due by the first section of that act on January 1, 1866, together with the interest due on the debt of the road to the State. Being advised that the other debt mentioned in the act was not so secured as to empower him to sell, the Governor gave up the possession of the road to the mortgagors, and they have entered upon the work of extending it. Further legislation will be required to enable the State to foreclose the mortgage, and sell the road for the payment of the existing debt. The Iron Mountain and Cairo and Fulton Railroads were sold for the aggregate sum of $900,000, the purchasers agreeing to expend faithfully $500,000 in the extension of the road within twelve months from the date of the purchase. The North Missouri Railroad, the Kansas City, Fort Scott, and Galveston Railroad, the Kansas City and Cameron Railroad, and the Osage Valley and Southern Kansas Railroad, are in various stages of progress, and, judging from present indications, will be energetically pushed to completion.

The national constitutional amendment was adopted by the Legislature early in January, 1867. In the House the vote stood, 85 to 34; and in the Senate, 17 to 7.

MONACO. (See EUROPE.)

MONTEAGLE, Rt. Hon. THOMAS SPRINGRICE, Lord, F. R. S., formerly Chancellor of the Exchequer, an eminent savant, born at Limerick, February 8, 1790; died at his seat, Mount Trenchard, near Limerick, February 7, 1866. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1833; studied law, and in 1820 represented his native city in Parliament, in the Whig interest, until 1832, when he was chosen for Cambridge, and sat for that borough until his elevation to the peerage, in 1839. He was Under Secretary for the Home Department in 1827, and held the Secretaryship of the Treasury from 1830 to 1834, when he was for a short time Secretary of State for the Colonies. The same year he was made a member of the Privy Council. On the return of Lord Melbourne's administration to office, in April, 1835, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, but resigned in 1839, and be

came Comptroller-General of that department, and the same year was raised to the peerage. He frequently acted as a member of royal commissions on matters of taste and art, and bestowed much time and labor on the work of examining and reporting upon the decimal coinage question. He was a commissioner of the State Paper Office, a trustee of the National Gallery, a member of the Senate of the London University, and of the Queen's University in Ireland.

MOREHEAD, Hon. CHARLES S., formerly Governor of Kentucky, born in Nelson County, Ky., in 1802; died in Louisville, Ky., October 1, 1866. He was educated for the law, and after practising his profession for a few years, was elected to the State Legislature, serving through several terms, when, in 1832, he was appointed Attorney-General of the State, which office he held five years. In 1838 he was again returned to the Legislature, serving six terms, during three of which he was Speaker. From 1847 to 1851 he was a representative in Congress; was again chosen to the State Legislature in 1853, and in 1855 was elected Governor of Kentucky. After serving four years, he retired from public life until 1861, when he was a delegate to the Peace Convention held in Washington.

MOREHEAD, Hon. JOHN M., formerly Governor of North Carolina, born in that State about 1796; died at Rockbridge Alum Springs, Va., August 28, 1866. He was educated for the law, and was a successful and able advocate. He had early identified himself with the Whig party, and followed its noble and eloquent leader, Henry Clay. In 1840, he was the candidate of his party for Governor of North Carolina, and was elected by a handsome majority. He served as Governor from 1841 to 1845, but he was averse to public life, and held no other prominent appointment except that of President of the National Whig Convention in 1848, when General Zachary Taylor was nominated for the Presidency. For some years past he has been in failing health, and his death occurred at the Rockbridge Alum Springs, to which he had resorted in the vain hope of benefit.

MORISON, Sir ALEXANDER, Kn't, M. D., an eminent English physician, medical lecturer, and author, born at Anchorfield, May 1, 1779; died at Midlothian, N. B., March 14, 1866. He was educated at the High School of Edinburgh. and at the age of fifteen entered the University of Edinburgh. In 1798 he took the diploma of surgeon, and the following year obtained the degree of M. D. from that University. 1801 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and in 1808, a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London, but did not obtain the rank of Fellow thereof until 1841. In 1809 he was appointed medical superintendent of a private asylum for the insane in the county of Surrey. In 1816 he was Physician-in-Ordinary to her Royal

In

Highness, the Princess Charlotte Augusta, and after her marriage held the like office for her husband, Prince Leopold, and subsequently for the Duke of York. In 1827 he was made President of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh, and in 1832 was appointed consulting physician to the Middlesex Asylum at Hanwell, and visiting physician to the Surrey County Asylum. The following year he commenced a course of lectures on mental diseases, in London, which course he delivered for many successive years. In 1835 he was appointed physician to the Royal Hospitals of Bethlehem and Bridewell, and consulting physician to several other asylums for the insane in different parts of England. In this department he was thoroughly enthusiastic, devoting a great deal of time and study to the improvement and management of the insane. After his retirement from active practice he lived chiefly near Balerno, in the parish of Currie. Sir Alexander's published works are numerous; among the most important may be mentioned, "The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases," "Reports of cases in Bethlehem Hospital," "Surrey Lunatic Asylum," etc., etc., and a series of interesting and valuable lectures on mental diseases.

MORRISON, WILLIAM, a Canadian fur-trader, interpreter, and explorer, born in Montreal, C. E., in 1785; died on Morrison's Island, August 7, 1866. In 1802 he commenced his apprenticeship with the N. Y. Fur Company at Fonddu-Lac, and was soon after admitted as a partner. During the years 1803-'15, he explored the entire region of the Northwest, and wintered at many important geographical points. In 1816 he took charge of John J. Astor's business, and remained with him until 1826, when he retired and went to Canada. He has since lived at Berthier. By an Indian wife he had two sons-the eldest of whom has passed a great portion of his life among the wilds of the Rocky Mountains, in Oregon, and California, and accompanied Colonel Fremont in his expedition. The other son is Register of Deeds at Lake Superior. Mr. Morrison's life has been an eventful one; but that which most of all will immortalize his name, is the fact of his being the first white man who discovered the sources of the Mississippi River. This honor has generally been awarded to Mr. Schoolcraft, but the justness of Mr. Morrison's claim is without doubt.

MORSE, Hon. ISAAC EDWARDS, an eminent lawyer, formerly member of Congress from New Orleans, born at Attakapas, Louisiana, May 22, 1809; died in New Orleans, February 11, 1866. His early education was obtained in New Orleans and Middletown, Conn., and subsequently in the Military Academy at Norwich, Vt. In the autumn of 1828 he entered the senior class at Harvard College. Here he at once arrested attention by his striking qualities and his abounding humor. On leaving college he carried with him the kind regards of all. He engaged in the study of law at New Orleans,

and afterward travelled in Europe. On his return he soon emerged in political life, first as a member of the State Senate, then in the Congress of the United States, serving from 1843 to 1851. He was subsequently Attorney-General of the State, and during the administration of President Pierce was a minister to one of the South American States. In all these stations, as well as in his relations, professional, political, and social, he discharged his duties with faithfulness and integrity. He followed the fortunes of his State in her secession from the Union, though the kindly instincts of his nature forbade the harboring of those bitter feelings toward the North in which many of his section indulged.

MUNROE, Rev. NATHAN, a Congregational clergyman and author, born in Minot (now Auburn), Me., March 16, 1804; died at Bradford, Mass., July 8, 1866. His early studies were prosecuted at Gorham, Maine, and in 1830 he graduated at Bowdoin College, with the highest honors of his class. He studied theology at Andover, and was licensed to preach by Woburn Association, April, 1834. For six months following, he occupied the post of Principal of Delaware College with the highest acceptability. But ill-health, that blight upon most of his after labors, compelled him to retire from the institution, and from a career of study and attainment for which he had given the highest promise.

In 1836, he was ordained pastor of the First church, Bradford, and for some years labored with unusual ability and success. But failing strength again slackened his pace, and finally compelled him to resign his charge in May, 1853, after which he spent four or five years as New-England Secretary of the American Sunday School Union. From this position also he was compelled by failure of health to retire; after which his fine literary abilities were brought into employ as one of the editors of the Boston Recorder, and as the Boston correspondent of The Evangelist. The last three years of his life were employed in efforts for enlarging the plans, the funds and influences of Bradford Academy, and thus advancing the great work of religious education. Mr. Munroe was a great lover of books and had gathered a library of more than six thousand volumes, many of them of rare editions and value.

MUZZEY, REUBEN D., M. D., an eminent American surgeon and author, born in Pelham, N. H., in 1780; died in Boston, June 21, 1866. He was the son of a country physician and farmer, and assisted his father in his double capacity until twenty-one years of age. In 1803, he graduated at Dartmouth College, and in 1809, having received the degree of M. D. from the University Medical School of Philadel phia, he went to Salem, Mass., and practised his profession successfully till 1814. He then accepted the position of professor of the theory and practice of physic at Dartmouth, retaining it till 1819, when he was transferred to the professorship of anatomy and surgery. The

cold climate of New-England proving too severe for his health, he went to Cincinnati in 1838, and for fourteen years filled the place of Professor of Surgery in the Ohio Medical College in that city. He resigned this post in 1852, and became Professor of Surgery in the Miami Medical College, discharging the duties of this position till 1860, when he went to Boston to superintend the publication of his well-known volume, "Health-its Friends and its Foes," taking up his abode with some of his children who were living there. He was an earnest and laborious student of his profession, in which he made some important discoveries. While a student in Philadelphia, he subjected himself to an experiment which demonstrated the incorrectness of Dr. Rush's theory that the human skin had no power of absorption. But his discoveries and achievements were not confined to his youth. In 1830, he proved what Sir Astley Cooper had said was impossible, that intra-capsular fractures could be united. He

NASSAU, until 1866, a German duchy, with an area of 1,802 English square miles, and a population of 468,311. In the German-Italian war Nassau took sides against Prussia, which, consequently, conquered the duchy, and by virtue of a patent, dated September 20, 1866, annexed it to Prussia. On October 8th, the duchy was formally taken possession of by the Prussian authority.

NAVY, UNITED STATES. The attention and efforts of the Naval Department of the Government during the year were given to the reduction of the navy from the war standard, and to organize and establish efficient squadrons abroad. At the close of the year the number of vessels in commission was one hundred and fifteen, carrying one thousand and twenty-nine guns. Of the remaining vessels there were: Number. Guns.

Iron-clads laid up..

"6 not completed.. Steam vessels not completed..

Sailing

64

Wooden vessels on hand

The number of seamen in the service is about 13,600.

The several squadrons, by which the active service is done, are as follows: European, Asiatic, North Atlantic, Gulf, South Atlantic, North Pacific, and South Pacific.

The European squadron, under the command of Rear-Admiral Goldsborough, consists of ten vessels, carrying 113 guns. The limits of this Squadron embrace the Mediterranean, the western coast of Europe, and Africa, as far south as St. Paul de Loando. These vessels have been almost constantly cruising and have visited the rincipal ports of the Baltic and the Mediter

VOL. VI.-34

was the first person to tie both carotid arteries, and gained success on more than one occasion. He operated, with equally happy results, in a case of that rare and frightful disease, hypertrophied tongue. In 1837, he removed the entire shoulder-blade and collar-bone of a patient who was suffering from osteo sarcoma, the first operation of the kind on record. The patient is still living. Out of forty-nine operations in lithotomy, only four were followed by the death of the subjects. He relieved strangulated hernia in thirty-two out of forty. cases. Many other instances of his remarkable skill might be enumerated, but the foregoing must suffice. Dr. Muzzey was early a laborer in the temperance cause, and applied the same principles which induced him to discourage the use of wines and spirits, to articles of diet. For a long period he drank nothing but water, and abstained from animal food. He was a man of large liberality, and gave freely of his professional services to the poor and helpless.

ranean and those on the Atlantic. The ironclad Miantonomah was sent out to join this squadron and made the bearer of the messenger conveying the resolution of Congress congratulating the Emperor of Russia on his escape from assassination. For this purpose this vessel visited the Baltic and its officers were received in the most flattering manner, especially in Russia.

The Asiatic squadron is limited to the eastern coast of Africa, Asia, and the islands which stud the seas and oceans eastward of the Cape of Good Hope. This squadron is commanded by Rear-Admiral H. H. Bell. It consists of eight vessels carrying 78 guns. The commander of the squadron has been authorized to act in concert with the naval commanders of other nations in the suppression of the piratical depredations on the coast of China. These depredators seek shelter in among the shoaled and most intricate waters. A class of smaller vessels is soon to reënforce this squadron, suitable to penetrate those shallow waters.

The North Atlantic squadron consists of fifteen vessels, carrying 135 guns, under the command of Rear-Admiral Palmer. It is limited to the Atlantic coast and the West India islands.

The Gulf squadron consists of ten vessels, carrying 71 guns, under the command of Commodore John A. Winslow. The vessels have patrolled the Gulf of Mexico, and repeatedly visited all the ports on the coast, from Key West to the Rio Grande, and also the north side of Cuba.

The South Atlantic squadron, which, embraces the southeastern coast of South America and the west coast of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to St. Paul de Loando, is commanded by Rear-Admiral Gordon. It consists

of eight vessels, carrying 75 guns. But one slaver has been fitted out on the coast of Africa during the year, and she was captured on the coast of Cuba with her cargo. It was the opinion of prominent officials at Loando, that the slave trade had expired. The duties of the former African squadron have been performed by the South Atlantic.

The North Pacific squadron consists of ten vessels, carrying 122 guns. It is limited to the coast of North America and the Sandwich Islands, and is under the command of RearAdmiral Thatcher.

The South Pacific squadron consists of seven vessels, carrying 67 guns, and has been under the command of Rear-Admiral Pearson. Its limits extend from Panama to Cape Horn and include Australia.

The Naval Academy has been reëstablished at Annapolis with some enlargement of the grounds and important improvements. The apprentice system, authorized by act of Congress in 1837, has been revived, and promises encouraging results.

The available resources of the department for the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1866, were $142,291,919, and the expenditures $43,324,526, leaving a balance of $98,967,392, to which there have been appropriations.

The effect of the war has been to exhaust the supplies of timber at the different navy yards, and the Secretary urges that an abundance should be obtained, so that in future emergencies the difficulties and embarrassments recently experienced, may be avoided. No preparations exist for the construction of iron and armored vessels, although the material exists in great abundance. Wars in the future for the supremacy on the ocean will chiefly be determined by iron-clad or armored ships. While the American turreted vessels or monitors will be effective for harbor defence, yet in a conflict with a foreign power they would not serve for offence. Armored vessels, for ocean cruising, must necessarily be of large size, which can not, with the requisite strength, be secured in wooden structures. If attempted, the immense mass of timber must rapidly decay, and the cost, resulting from deterioration, will be such as no economical and prudent nation will consent to sustain. The Secretary of the Navy urges the Government to erect its own shops and machinery, and to possess its own establishments for the construction of its iron and armored vessels. Several years of preparation will be required to provide the necessary appliances for such an establishment. The navy yards of Norfolk and Pensacola have been occupied as naval stations since the Government recovered possession, and some repairs have been made at each, but the dilapidated walls and remnants of the former establishments remain in a condition which renders them scarcely fit for occupancy or use. At Pensacola only a few outbuildings and stables escaped destruction. These are now converted into temporary quarters for

the officers on that station. The Government has no depot or station for the iron and armored naval vessels. Most of them have been permitted to remain in the back channel of League Island in the Delaware, where they were placed at the close of the war, as the most available location for their security and preservation.

The changes which have taken place within a few years, both in the character of vessels and guns, have raised many questions as to the most effective means and the best manner of using those means for harbor defence. They embrace the consideration of the value of ironclad vessels, of channel obstructions, and of torpedoes as means of defence. By the Secretary of the Navy, the suggestion was made to the Secretary of War, that a joint army and navy board should be organized for the consideration of these questions, and the adoption of some general principles concerning them; more particularly the extent to which each or all of the means suggested could be advantageously used, the best form of iron-clad vessels, the character of the obstructions, and of torpedocs, also to what department the preparation of these defensive means properly belonged and which should control their use. The Secretary of War concurred, and a board was organized consisting of Rear Admirals C. A. Davis, J. A. Dahlgren, and Com. Alden, of the navy, and Maj.-Gen. J. G. Barnard, Brig.-Gen. Z. B. Tower, and B. S. Alexander, of the army. A preliminary report was made, in which the board advocated the importance of having always on hand a number of iron-clad vessels at each of the great commercial cities, and within the waters of the exterior bays; but without farther information, both as to the offensive and defensive capacities of the forts, and also of the iron-clads, the board was unable to specify the requisite number, or to define precisely the part they should perform in the defence of harbors, especially as that would depend on the degree of success which might be attained in a welldevised system of channel obstructions. On the subject of channel obstructions, a plan submitted by one of their number was favorably received by the board, who recommended that it should be tested experimentally, but such a test would have involved a large expenditure of money, for which there was no adequate appropriation. The board also recommended some general experiments to be made under their direction for ascertaining and settling certain general principles concerning the effect of torpedoes. Being convinced that preliminary experiments were necessary before any definite conclusions on the points submitted could be reached, the board was dissolved by the department.

From some tables of the casualties in the navy during the war, it appears that the num ber of persons wounded during this period was 4,030, of which 3,266 were from gunpowder, 456 were scalded in battle, and 308 drowned in

The facts with regard to the behavior of this vessel in a moderate gale of wind and heavy sea, when a frigate would find it impossible to use her battery, are as follows: Head to the sea, she takes over about four feet of solid water, which is broken as it sweeps along the deck, and after reaching the turret it is too much spent to prevent firing the 15-inch guns directly ahead. Broadside to the sea, either moving along or stopped, her lee guns can always be worked without difficulty, the water which passes across the deck, from windward, being divided by the turrets, and her extreme rolí so moderate as not to press her lee guns near the water. Lying in the same position, the 15-inch guns can be fired directly astern without interference from water, and, when stern to the sea, the water which comes on board is broken up in the same manner as when going head to it. In the trough of the sea her ports will be liable to be flooded, if required to use her guns to windward. This, therefore, would be the position selected by an antagonist who designed to fight a monitor in a seaway. An ordinary vessel, high out of water and lying in the trough of the sea broadside to, is attacked by a wave which climbs up the side, heels her to leeward, and passing underneath assists in throwing her back to windward, when another wave is met and the heavy lee lurch repeated. A wave advancing upon a monitor, in a similar position, finds no side above the water to act against; it therefore climbs aboard without difficulty, heels the vessel a few degrees to windward, and passes quickly to leeward, underneath. The water which has got on board, having no support to push it on, and an inclined deck to ascend, becomes broken water; a small portion going across the deck and off to leeward, but the largest part tumbling back to windward, overboard, without sending against the turret anything like the quantity which first got on deck. The turret guns thus occupy a central position, when, notwithstanding the lowness of the vessel's hull, they are more easily and safely handled in a seaway, than guns of the same height above the water in a broadside vessel. The axis of the bore of the 15-inch guns of this vessel is 6 feet above the

broadside to a heavy sea and moderate gale, was 7° to windward and 4° to leeward, mean 51°, while the average roll at the same time of the Augusta, a remarkably steady ship, was 18°, and the Ashuelot 25°, both vessels being steadied by sail.

A vessel which attacks a monitor in a seaway, must approach very close, to have any chance of hitting such a low hull, and even then the monitor is half the time covered up by three or four feet of water, protecting herself and disturbing her opponent's fire.

From these facts, not unknown to monitor men, and the experience we have derived from the use of such vessels during the war, we may safely conclude that the monitor type of iron-clads is superior to the broadside, not only for fighting purposes at sea, but also for cruising. A properly constructed monitor possessing all the requirements of a cruiser, ought to have but one turret, armed with not less than 20inch guns, two independent propellers, the usual proportion of sail, and constructed of iron.

The comforts of this monitor to the officers and men are superior to those of any other class of vessels in the Navy.

On December 16th, the frigate Ironsides, well known for her services in Charleston harbor during the war, was entirely destroyed by fire at League Island, in the Delaware River.

Perhaps it may not be out of place to mention here that a race of private yachts, from New York to the Isle of Wight, was contested for a stake of $90,000. The yachts Henrietta, Fleetwing, and Vesta, sailed from New York at 1 P. M., on December 11th. The Henrietta entered the harbor of Cowes about noon, December 25th, having made the passage in thirteen days, twenty-two hours and forty-six minutes. The Fleetwing came in a few hours later, and the Vesta on the next morning.

NEALE, JOHN MASON, D. D., a distinguished Anglican clergyman, poet, hymnologist, linguist, and author, born in London, January 24,