2. STATUTES 112 SUBJECTS AND TITLES OF ACTS-USE. Use of state's highways, including municipal streets, by public utilities, and licensing such use are so inseparable that Acts 1913, c. 76 (Burns' Ann. St. 1914, §§ 10052a-1005224), entitled "An act concerning public utilities," etc., embraces within its title the subject-matter of section 97 thereof (section 10052t3), licensing use of streets. 3. MONOPOLIES 6-STATUTES-VALIDITY. Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052t3, prohibiting licensing public utilities for duplication of service in the absence of certificates of public necessity therefor, does not create a monopoly in the utility granted the first franchise, since it permits a monopoly only so long as public necessity does not require additional service. 4. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 205(1) EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS-PUBLIC UTILITIES. While the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens, the Assembly may, directly or indirectly, for the public welfare, grant or withhold franchises for the use of the public highways, and in thus exercising its police powers the state may make discriminations and distinctions, and judge of the reasonableness thereof. 8. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 42 WHO MAY ASSERT UNCONSTITUTIONALITY. That Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052x3 (Acts 1913, c. 76, § 101), permitting a public utility to surrender its franchise and acquire a permit from the Public Service Commission, is unconstitutional, as impairing the obligation of the contract embraced in the franchise, cannot be asserted by a proposed competitor of the public utility. 9. INJUNCTION 65 - INTERFERENCE WITH FRANCHISE RIGHT. The state, having by Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052t3, prohibited license of a public utility company to give duplicate service in the same territory with another company, in the absence of showing of public necessity, an existing utility, upon showing that another proposes, in violation of law, to enter the field, indirectly affecting the existing company's power to render adequate service, may have injunction preventing such interference until the certificate of necessity is acquired, for in such case the remedy of damages to the existing company is neither adequate nor efficient. 10. INJUNCTION 65 FRANCHISE RIGHT. INTERFERENCE WITH Where, at suit of existing telephone company, erection of exchange and poles duplicating service was enjoined within a town, acts of the proposed competitor in building exchange just outside limits, and of individual defendants in placing poles and wires along the streets, intending to render service for profit within the town, warranted further equitable relief. 11. NUISANCE 72-TELEPHONE POLES AND WIRES-SPECIAL INTEREST. The unlawful erection of telephone poles and wires in the streets of a town, intended to continue in place for an indefinite period, constitutes a nuisance, which, being especially hurtful to a competing telephone company, may be enjoined by the latter. Spencer, C. J., dissenting. Appeal from Circuit Court, Benton County; James P. Wason, Judge. Two suits by the Boswell Telephone Com 5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 87, 88, 205(1)— EMINENT DOMAIN ~2(1)-SPECIAL PRIVI-pany against the Farmers' & Merchants' CoLEGE-JUST COMPENSATION. Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052t3, prohibiting licensing public utilities for duplication of service in any territory, unless certificate of public necessity is acquired, is not a deprivation of the right to hold property or engage in a lawful business, and is not repugnant to Bill of Rights, § 1, securing the rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness, section 21 prohibiting taking property without just compensation, and section 23, prohibiting the granting of special privileges or immunities. 6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 240(1), 296(2) EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS-DUE PROCESS. Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052t3, prohibiting licensing public utilities for duplication of service in any territory unless certificate of public necessity is acquired, is not repugnant to due process of law and equal protection of the laws clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. 129-OBLIGATION operative Telephone Company, Boswell, Ind., and against Frederick McVicker and others, consolidated. Decree for complainant in each case, and the defendants appeal. Affirmed. Burke Walker, Elmore Barce, Daniel Fraser, and Will H. Isham, all of Fowler, for appellants. Charles Valentine McAdams and Clyde H. Jones, both of La Fayette, for appellee. HARVEY, J. By order of this court the above causes were consolidated. The Boswell Telephone Company was granted, in 1912, by the town of Boswell, Ind., a franchise to operate a telephone exchange and plant. Thereunder said company operated 7. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF CONTRACTS. in the streets and alleys of said town, until Since contracts or franchises involving November, 1913, when the company surrenstate's welfare are not ordinarily such contracts dered its franchise and accepted from the that exercise of state's police power is an im- Public Service Commission of Indiana an pairment of contract rights therein, Burns' Ann. St. 1914, § 10052t3, prohibiting license for du- indeterminate permit, under which it is still plication of service of public utility, in the ab- operating. The telephone system of the comsence of certificate of public necessity, is not repugnant to Const. U. S. art. 1, § 10, prohibit-pany extended into territory adjacent to said ing states from passing laws impairing the ob- town, and its exchange was, and is, conligation of contracts. nected with a large number of telephones in For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes and beyond said town, and the company has in investment of about twenty thousand dollars in said plant. In April, 1913, the Farmers' & Merchants' Co-operative Telephone Company of Boswell was incorporated, and applied to the town for a franchise to use its streets and alleys. The town board considered the form of such franchise, and advertised that the application for same would be heard by the board on a named date. Thereupon the Boswell Telephone Company, appellee, applied to the circuit court for an order preventing the granting of a franchise to the Farmers' Company; the petition alleging the foregoing facts and that the Farmers' Company had not applied to the Public Service Commission for a certificate of public convenience and necessity, justifying the duplication of investment in a telephone plant in Boswell, and alleging that the granting of such franchise would result in such duplication, and consequent detriment to the plant and service of the petitioner. The Farmers' Company, by affidavit, resisted the granting of such restraining order, alleging that the Boswell Telephone Company was seeking to monopolize the telephone business in said community; that the damage threatened to the Boswell Company was merely that anticipated from prospective competition; that the granting of such order would restrain trade and commerce, and be contrary to public policy; that the Boswell Company had its remedy at law, in that it may appear before the board and resist the granting of said franchise, and recover damages if it suffer injury by the operation of the Farmers' Company. A similar affidavit was filed by the town. The court entered an order restraining the granting by the town of a franchise to the Farmers' Company until the Public Service Commission of Indiana should first grant a certificate of necessity therefor. The Farmers' Company thereupon demurred to the complaint for the reason that (1) the court had no jurisdiction of the subjectmatter; (2) the plaintiff had no legal capacity to sue; and (3) the complaint did not state facts sufficient. Said demurrer was overruled, as was the motion to dissolve the restraining order. Upon its election not to amend, a permanent injunction was entered, with judgment against the defendant. Error is assigned upon each of said rulings. Appellant's first proposition is that section 97 of the Public Utility Act (section 10052t3, Burns 1914) is unconstitutional. That portion of said section here involved reads as follows: "No license, permit or franchise shall be granted to any person, copartnership or corporation to own, operate, manage or control any plant or equipment of any public utility in any municipality where there is in operation a public utility engaged in similar service under a license, franchise or permit without first secur ing from the commission a declaration, after a public hearing of all parties interested, that public convenience and necessity require such second utility." The first reason asserted in support of said proposition is that the title of the act is not sufficient to embrace said section 97, in that the title is "An act concerning public utilities, creating a Public Service Commission, abolishing the Railroad Commission of Indiana, and conferring the powers of the Railroad Commission on the Public Service Commission" whereas section 97 deprives municipalities of an inherent right and power to say, in the first instance, whether a franchise shall be granted which will result in such duplication of investment, and said title does not refer to, or purport to affect, the powers of cities and towns. Appellant argues that cities and towns have exclusive control of their streets, their power thereover limited only by necessity, and that this power cannot be destroyed by any such indirect legislation. [1] This proposition overlooks the fundamental point that the streets of a municipality are parts of the general highways of the state, and, as such, the state has primary control thereover when the interests of the public are concerned, and such power thereover as municipalities have, when the interests of the general public are involved, are granted to the municipalities by the state, (Grand Trunk Co. v. South Bend, 174 Ind. 203, 89 N. E. 885, 91 N. E. 809, 36 L. R. A. [N. S.] 850), and may be withdrawn by the state; in effect, an agency for public welfare is thus established and may be thus ended in the municipality. Appellant cites to its said proposition Vandalia, etc., Co. v. State, 166 Ind. 219, 76 N. E. 980, 117 Am. St. Rep. 370. This decision holds that a city or town cannot of its own will deprive itself, by contract, of powers delegated to it for public welfare. So far as it touches the question, this decision holds that as to streets and alleys, when public and general welfare are concerned, the power of cities and towns are not inherent, but are conferred. The decision in Indiana Railway Co. v. Calvert, 168 Ind. 321, 80 N. E. 961, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 780, 11 Ann. Cas. 635, cited by appellant, is to the same effect. See, also, decisions cited to this point in Winfield v. Public Service Commission, 118 N. E. 531, 533; Coverdale v. Edwards, 155 Ind. 374, 380, 58 N. E. 495; State ex rel. v. Stickelman, 182 Ind. 102, 106, 105 N. E. 777. [2] The use of the state's highways, including as a part thereof the streets of municipalities, by public utilities, and the matter of license to so use are so inseparable that "An act concerning public utilities" may properly embrace provisions for the granting or refusal of such licenses, and may name a new agency for the consideration of and action upon applications therefor. The title of said act embraces the subject-matter of section 97. State v. Monarch, etc., 267 Ill. | v. Harless, 131 Ind. 446, 29 N. E. 1062, 15 528, 108 N. E. 716, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 528; Il- L. R. A. 505; Ferner v. State, 151 Ind. 247, lys v. White River, 175 Ind. 118, 93 N. E. 670; Board v. Scanlon, 178 Ind. 142, 98 N. E. 801; Marion v. Simmons, 180 Ind. 289, 102 N. E. 132; Pittsburgh v. Chappell, 183 Ind. 141, 106 N. E. 403, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 627; In re Talbott, 58 Ind. App. 426, 108 N. E. 240; Halstead v. Olney Dean, 182 Ind. 446, 105 N. E. 903; Plank R. Co. v. Hannaman, 22 Ind. 484. [3] Section 97 does not create a monopoly in the utility granted the first franchise. The utility holding the first and only franchise, so long as it is the only franchise, is practically, and only in that sense, a monopoly. That such practical monopoly may exist, see Indianapolis Cable Co. v. Citizens', etc., Co., 127 Ind. 369, 388, 24 N. E. 1054, 26 N. E. 893, 8 L. R. A. 539; City R. Co. v. Citizens' R. Co., 166 U. S. 557, 17 Sup. Ct. 653, 41 L. Ed. 1114. But the utility has no exclusive privilege as between itself and the public welfare or interests. The state may authorize a second. If the state determines not to grant a second, it is not because the first is exclusive, but because, in the state's opinion, public welfare will not be served by the second. Appellant took its charter from the state and asked a franchise from the town, knowing this to be the law. Grand Trunk Co. v. South Bend, etc., 174 Ind. 203, 214–223, 89 N. E. 885, 91 N. E. 809, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 850. Therefore appellee's rights are not in the sense claimed a monopoly. The state has not given to appellee, as appellant asserts, "an exclusive monopoly which it did not have before," and taken "from appellant, and all manner of persons and corporations, a right they did not have before this enactment," because whatever right appellee so took, and whatever right appellant theretofore had, were subject to regulation by the state, and "the mere fact that a statute or ordinance, which may reasonably be regarded as conducive to the welfare of the public, regulates a trade or business, or lays some burden upon it, does not render it unconstitutional." Indiana R. Co. v. Calvert, 168 Ind. 321, page 332, 80 N. E. 961, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 780, 11 Ann. Cas. 635. [4] The foregoing éxplanation of the relations of the state, municipalities, and public utilities, each to the other, and their respective powers and rights, assists in disposing of several of appellant's other propositions, to wit: While the General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens, the Assembly may, directly or indirectly, for the public welfare, grant or withhold franchises for the use of the public highways, and in thus exercising its police powers, the state may make discriminations and distinctions, and judge of the reasonableness thereof. Consumers' Gas Company 51 N. E. 360; State v. Hogreiver, 152 Ind. 652, 53 N. E. 921, 45 L. R. A. 504; Zumpfe | v. Gentry, 153 Ind. 219, 54 N. E. 805; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Garrett, 231 U. S. 305, 34 Sup. Ct. 48, 58 L. Ed. 229; State v. Barrett, 172 Ind. 169, 87 N. E. 7; Barrett v. State of Indiana, 229 U. S. 27, 33 Sup. Ct. 692, 57 L. Ed. 1050; C., I. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Commission, 173 Ind. 469, 87 N. E. 1030, 90 N. E. 1011; Smith v. Indianapolis Ry. Co., 158 Ind. 425, 63 N. E. 849; Pennsylvania Co. v. State, 142 Ind. 428, 41 N. E. 937. In this action we may observe that, while there is conflict of authority and difference of judgment as to whether a healthy apprehension of competition will insure better service by public utilities than will be produced by franchises in any sense or degree exclusive (see N. Y. Tele. Co. v. Averill, 199 N. Y. 128, 92 N. E. 206, 32 L. R. A. [N. S.] 494, 139 Am. St. Rep. 878; State ex rel. v. Stickelman, 182 Ind. 102, 107, 107 N. E. 777), such questions are to be addressed primarily to the Legislature, or to its designated tribunal; and under the statute now being considered each such situation is to be judged in view of its peculiar circumstances, and thus the responsibility rests with the Legislature, or the Public Service Commission, if a franchise is refused to a competitor, to so supervise and regulate the existing utility as to insure the public welfare. [5] In view of the state's supervisory power, appellant is not deprived by section 97 of any inalienable right or liberty to engage in a lawful business, or to hold property; nor is any such right or property taken from it without compensation; nor are privileges or immunities improperly granted. The exercise of the state's police power by the provisions of section 97 is not repugnant to section 1, or section 21, or section 23 of the Bill of Rights. Townsend v. State, 147 Ind. 624, 47 N. E. 19, 37 L. R. A. 294, 62 Am. St. Rep. 477; Selvage v. Talbott, 175 Ind. 468, 95 N. E. 114, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 973, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 724, and cases cited. [6] For the same reason said section is not repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. Chandler Coal Co. v. Sams, 170 Ind. 623, 85 N. E. 341; Booth v. State, 179 Ind. 405, 100 N. E. 563, L. R. A. 1915B, 420, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 987; Hammer v. State, 173 Ind. 199, 89 N. E. 850, 24 L. R A. (N. S.) 795, 140 Am. St. Rep. 248, 21 Ann Cas. 1034; Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190. [7] Section 97 is not repugnant to section 10 of article 1 of the federal Constitution. It has been firmly settled that contracts made or franchises granted, which involve the state's welfare, are not, except in rare instances, such contracts that the exercise of the state's police power regarding the subject-matter thereof is an impairment of contract rights. Such contracts were made sub ject to the state's said power. Grand Trunk Co. v. South Bend, 174 Ind. 203, 89 N. E. 885, 91 N. E. 809, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 850; Indianapolis v. Navin, 151 Ind. 139, 47 N. E. 525, 51 N. E. 80, 41 L. R. A. 337; Butchers' Union Co. v. Crescent City Co., 111 U. S. 746, 4 Sup. Ct. 652, 28 L. Ed. 585; Stone v. Mississippi, 101 U. S. 814, 25 L. Ed. 1079; Chicago, etc., Co. v. Nebraska, 170 U. S. 57, 18 Sup. Ct. 513, 42 L. Ed. 948. has expressly reserved the power to say whether one public service company, in actual operation, shall be freed of competition and obliged to maintain its service, or shall be subject to competition in the interests of better service. Except for this public interest, the existing and proposed utility would be left by the state to care for their own respective interests. Because of this public interest, the state has by section 97 declared [8] Appellant asserts that section 101 of that one such company in operation shall not the Public Service Commission Act (section be subjected to competition without the 10052x3, Burns 1914), is in contravention of state's consent. This is, in effect, a prohibisection 10 of article 1 of the federal Consti- tion of duplicate use of the streets until the tution, in that the permission thereby grant-state consents. Utilities in actual operation ed a utility to surrender its franchise and are so far interested in their ability to maintake an indeterminate permit tends to impair and restrict the rights of appellant to have the Boswell Company live up to its contract with the town. Appellant alleges no relation of any kind, existing or prospective, between itself and the Boswell Company upon which appellant bases right to compel the Boswell Company to retain its franchise. Appellant says that "its rights, whatsoever they were, in respect to service and accommodation," etc., "is a contract, the obligations of which are protected by the constitutional guaranty." The decision in Westfield v. Mendenhall, 142 Ind. 538, 41 N. E. 1033, cited by appellant, has no application. There the plaintiff sought to prevent the gas company from charging a rate in excess of that provided by the contract between the town and the gas company for the benefit of gas users, including plaintiff. The decision holds that the contract bound both the town and the gas company, so far as their respective rights and the rights of patrons were concerned. But the decision does not hold that even the rates involved in the Westfield contract, or any other phase of the contract concerning the state's general welfare, are beyond the state's police power. If the facts here otherwise brought this case within the purview of that decision, appellant does not allege that it stands as one desiring service of the Boswell Company under any contract. A party whose interests are as remote as those of a proposed competitor cannot with good grace, assert that its rights in the existing franchise contract are such, and will be so far impaired that the statute should be held unconstitutional. Currier v. Elliott, 141 Ind. 394, 39 N. E. 554. [9] Appellant asserts that, at most, the erection of a duplicate telephone plant will constitute only an obstruction of highways, and that the complaint does not state facts sufficient, because the obstruction of a public street is an indictable offense, and neither a private citizen nor a private corporation has legal capacity to sue to abate such a nuisance. This does not fit the situation presented in this case. As we have seen, the public welfare requires adequate telephone service. The state tain adequate service, and thus discharge their obligations to the public, that they are deemed proper parties to proceedings before the commission, which may result in orders indirectly affecting their ability to render such service, and, if aggrieved by an order, have a right of appeal. In our opinion it follows that, when such an operating utility alleges that another such utility and the town in which the first operates are threatening to disregard the state's reserve power, to ignore the state's right to first pass upon questions of the state's welfare, and to thus indirectly affect the complaining utility's power to render adequate service, the latter company has a special interest, and may, as appellee here seeks to do, secure an injunction preventing such interference until the state has expressWilliams V. ed its opinion on the subject. City R. Co., 130 Ind. 71, 76, 29 N. E. 408, 15 L. R. A. 64, 30 Am. St. Rep. 201; City R. Co. v. Citizens' Co., 166 U. S. 557, 17 Sup. Ct. 653, 41 L. Ed. 1114; Indianapolis Cable Co. v. Citizens' Street R. Co., 127 Ind. 369, 24 N. E. 1054, 26 N. E. 893, 8 L. R. A. 539. Under the circumstances shown by the complaint a remedy for damages is neither adequate nor efficient. The purpose of section 97 is not alone protection to an operating utility from money loss, but the underlying purpose is public service, which should not depend upon the delays and uncertainties of an action for damages. Thatcher et al. v. Humble, 67 Ind. 444, 449; Denny v. Denny, 113 Ind. 22, 14 N. E. 593; Alexander et al. v. Johnson, 144 Ind. 82; 41 N. E. 811; Stauffer v. Cin., etc., R. Co., 33 Ind. App. 356, 70 N. E. 543. We find no error in cause No. 23087. The original complaint in cause No. 23076 of those here consolidated alleges that, after the circuit court had enjoined the town of Boswell from granting the Farmers' Company a franchise to erect a telephone plant in the town of Boswell, duplicating that of plaintiff, until the Farmers' Company obtained from the Public Service Commission of Indiana a certificate to the effect that public necessity and convenience required such duplication, said commission refused the application of the Farmers' Company for such are for rendering competitive telephone service in Boswell. Though the statute and the commission's order do not prohibit the erection and operation of an exchange contiguous to the town boundaries, both the statute and the order do prevent the rendering of telephone service within said boundaries. The effect upon the service of the Boswell Company in the town would be as great as if the exchange were located in the town. certificate, and that thereupon said Farmers' effect, forbids. The preparations described Company proceeded to erect an exchange outside of and near the territorial limits of said town, and that the individuals originally made defendants in this action, and who reside in said town, gave out and stated that they would construct their own telephone lines from their residences and places of business in said town to a point outside of said town boundary, and that said Farmers' Company would connect the same with said exchange, and that to accomplish said purpose defendants were threatening to place poles in the streets of said town and extend wires thereon to said exchange; that thereby said Farmers' Company is preparing to render telephone service in said town, notwithstanding the injunction heretofore entered, and in disregard of the order of the Pub lic Service Commission; that such acts will interfere with the income of plaintiff and its ability to render service, and depreciate the value of its telephone system, to petitioner's irreparable injury. In said action a supplemental complaint was filed, making additional individual defendants, alleging that said additional individual defendants had joined the other defendants in making said preparations and threats, and that defendants after the com [10] The circuit court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties; plaintiff's special interests were so far threatened as to justify plaintiff in seeking further equitable relief against the Farmers' Company. Williams v. Citizens', etc., Co., 130 Ind. 71, 73, 29 N. E. 408, 15 L. R. A. 64, 30 Am. St. Rep. 201; Indianapolis Cable Co. 1054, 26 N. E. 893, 8 L. R. A. 539; City R. v. Citizens', etc., Co., 127 Ind. 369, 24 N. E. Co. v. Citizens', etc., Co., 166 U. S. 557, 17 Sup. Ct. 653, 41 L. Ed. 1114. The things threatened and done by individual defendants are not essentially different in their effect upon the service of the Boswell Company; they are using the streets of the town in an extraordinary manner, a manner which is unlawful unless sanctioned by the consent of the state and the town (Williams v. Citizens', etc., Co., 130 Ind. 71, 73, 29 N. E. 408, 15 L. R. A. 64, 30 Am. St. Rep. 201; Coverdale v. Edwards, 155 Ind. 374, 383, 58 N. E. 495; mencement of this action did in the night enter said town, and did there locate and install telephones in their respective residences, and did proceed to run and place tele-State v. Berdetta, 73 Ind. 185, 38 Am. Rep. phone wires and poles within the corporate limits of said town, over and across the pub-117), a manner which the state, in effect, lic streets, alleys, and grounds of said town, has refused, to their knowledge, to permit. and extend same to said exchange where same were connected for telephone service, and said defendants are now "attempting" to operate their said telephone system within said town, and are busily engaged in placing other poles and extending wires thereon for such purpose; that each of said individual defendants knew at the time of said threats and acts that said Farmers' Company had been denied a license to operate in said town; that the acts of defendants are in violation of laws relating to such matters. A temporary injunction was entered, prohibiting said defendants from placing poles or wires in said town and making connections with said exchange after the date of said order, and the Farmers' Company prohibited from, after said date, rendering service over any of said wires in said town. A motion to dissolve and a demurrer to the complaint were overruled. Judgment was rendered on the demurrer and the order was made permanent. Each ruling of the court is assigned as error. The facts here alleged show an intent to ignore the spirit and purpose of the act relating to a duplication of such service (section 97, Public Utility Act; section 10052t3, Burns 1914), and to indirectly accomplish that which the order of the commission, in They are erecting and intend to operate |