factures are increasing in the United States, and will probably continue to increase at yet greater rates. It is stated that "in 1870 America had 157,310 looms at work in her cotton factories; to-day (1881) she has 230,232." That was an increase of 72,913 in eleven years that included the four years of the panic, when all machinery and enterprise stood still. Not only increase, but extension also, is the law of American enterprise. New and inviting fields are being developed. It is found better to take the loom to the cotton than to carry the cotton to the loom. Freight saved gives a dividend to the stockholder of the Georgia mill. His returns were regular during all of the depressed period. Assured profits invite capital. In pride and sympathy, Georgia will stand by her enterprise. Upon the Tennessee and the Cumberland, coal and iron ore in great deposits lie in parallel planes. Development has illustrated the cheapness of their manufacture into merchant and railroad iron. There, also, capital is invited, and is going.

Alabama and Tennessee will not be indifferent to developments that add so much to their wealth and influence. Their support will be given, as Pennsylvania's support has always been given, to the furnaces and rolling mills.

The defects in the present law can not become permanent. Policy and justice unite in demanding their correction. They give to Pennsylvania and Massachusetts too greatly the advantage in the active business of the country. Two States must not rule the Union.

Mr. Joseph Hatton, in his "To-day in America," quotes the following criticisms upon our tariff, from the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce of Bradford, England: "The duty on every kind of cloth is uniformly fifty cents per pound weight, and thirty-five per cent. of the value; and taking the average value of mixed woolen goods at one shilling and four pence per pound, the duty amounts to one hundred and fifty-six per cent. of the cost;

and with thirty-five per cent. added, the total of the combined duties amounts to one hundred and ninety-one per cent. ad valorem. Woolens intended for the great mass of the people are taxed so highly that they are virtually excluded. Thus, a superfine black broadcloth may possibly be bought in New York at not more than double its price in Europe; while a good quantity of black pilot, worth one shilling and eight pence per yard, can not be sold to the American laborer at less than four or five times. the price at which an operative in England may procure that good, useful and warm material for his coat."

The same author quotes from Mr. Brown, of the wellknown firm of Stansfield, Brown & Co., to show that the combined tax of fifty cents per pound and thirty-five per cent. ad valorem on serge de Beni and lasting, used largely by American workmen in the manufacture of boots and shoes, is about ninety-four per cent. on the English cost, rendering the price enormous, to the detriment of the customer and injury of the trade; and that the consequence has been the destruction of a large export trade.

Other illustrations might be given of the extreme folly of many of the provisions of our present tariff. They are not only unjust toward foreign countries with which we have a liberal trade of enormous value, but hurtful to our own manufacturers and consumers. Imports should be taxed upon their values. To fix the value of an article by its weight is absurd; the coarser and cheaper fabric is likely to be the heavier. Such vices in our system will disappear when submitted to the judgment of intelligent and just men.

The writer believes that, in many and important lines of manufactures, American capital, labor and improved machinery can now successfully compete with European enterprise, but he does not believe that fact will modify the popular demand for a tariff to meet the ordinary ex

penses of the Government. Therefore it seems to him the more important that, in the mode suggested, the tariff shall be removed from the influences of partisan and personal importunities, and established upon a basis in harmony with the necessity of revenue and the welfare of business.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: You will no doubt regard it as appropriate in responding to this toast to refer to some of the circumstances that especially contribute to our country's greatness and power. Some of the important influences and agencies must, however, be omitted. I can not so much as make mention of all. The railroads, the telegraphs and the telephones have been heretofore sufficiently discussed.

But with your permission and approval, we will take a journey upon some of the great lines of railroads. Shall it be from Boston to San Francisco? Seven days and seven nights will pass as the train flies onward, before we hear the ceaseless murmur of the Pacific. Such a journey from Paris eastward would carry us beyond Europe and far into Asia. The line of our travel marks and measures the great extent of our country. The same flag remains over us. [Applause.]

We start from the landing place of the Mayflower and will stop alongside the great steamers that are in our trade with China and Japan. All the way our hearts are cheered with the music of active industry, and towns and cities are our mile posts. As we pass New York and

Chicago we take off our hats in recognition of the indomitable genius of daring and successful enterprise. [Applause.] All the way, and in every employment and pursuit, health, energy and courage compel success, and the numerous trains we meet carrying our products to their markets, answer the inquiry why the balance of trade with foreign countries has been so largely in our favor. On the summit of the mountains as we gaze upon the distant plains toward the Atlantic and toward the Pacific, the spirit of our country is upon us, and assures us that in every element of wealth and greatness we are to lead all the nations if we but dwell together in peace and harmony. [Renewed applause.]

San Francisco is the New York of the Pacific Coast. It commands the commerce of the East, and the trade of the Pacific Slope, in its gold and silver products of the soil. We will go out upon the bay, and as far as the Golden Gate. This is the great entrance to our country from the Pacific. It can be securely defended, and the defenses already completed are probably impregnable.

We can not remain longer at San Francisco. Of course we will return by the southern route. The next time it will be by the northern route. The train can not wait for us to visit the vineyards and orange groves of Los Angeles, or San Gabriel, or San Bernardino. Fruit of the richest quality and wines of choice flavor and of great value are here produced. I can not conceive of anything, not even the magnolia, more beautiful than the orange. tree, when the ripe fruit and the blossom mingle with foliage of the deepest green. It was a beautiful conception of the Spaniard to call this the land of angels. We will not stop at that ancient seat of our military power, Fort Yuma, at the crossing of the Colorado, except to say good-by to California.

Passing the long line of rail through Arizona and New Mexico and the great State of Texas, we reach New

Orleans. It was here the illustrious patriot and statesman, the anniversary of whose natal day we celebrate, achieved great renown as a warrior. [Great applause.] It is 115 years since the day of his birth, and forty-five since his retirement from public life. Yet his name and fame are cherished with the same devotion by the people as when in their midst he defended their safety on the battle field and protected their rights in the Executive Mansion. [Applause.] We stand beside the Father of Waters. He rages, and his anger is frightful. His punishment of the people on the border is cruel and remorseless. He has broken away from the restraints that held him in his channel. He has driven the people from their farms and seized their lands. What agencies shall be invoked to control the turbulent waters? When it was once my duty to speak and vote on this question, I had difficulty in satisfying myself of the authority of Congress to vote money to maintain the levees. It seemed it was not so much in aid of commerce as to defend and protect agriculture. But I came to the conclusion that as Jefferson had found authority in the Constitution for the purchase of that country I might feel authority to vote for its preservation. The great interests of the country required it. [Laughter.]

Shall we return by way of Washington? Perhaps it would be of interest to witness something of the strife between the belligerent elements of the Republican party. [Laughter.] My sympathies were with the Stalwarts. [Applause.] I thought them the more sincere and honest; and also they seemed at one time to be the "under dog in the fight." [Laughter.]

Our journey is now ended. What have we observed? This we can say: Our country is great and strong, because it has a great and strong population. We have journeyed among the people and observed their characteristics; engaged in useful and honorable industry, they